Chap 17 - Blood (Q/A)

The hormone erythropoietin, which regulates erythropoiesis, is itself regulated by: (1) hypoxic conditions, which are required for production of the hormone (2) the kidneys, which secrete erythropoietin (3) bone marrow, which secretes erythropoietin (4) stimulation of the rate of cell division in erythroblasts (5) shifting of production away from making stem cells (6) speeding the rate of maturation of red blood cells (7) stimulating the spleen and liver to produce more red blood cells (8) accelerating the rate of hemoglobin synthesis (a) 5, 6, 7, 8 (b) 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 (c) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (d) 1, 3, 5, 7 (e) 2, 4, 6, 8

(b) 1, 2, 4, 6, 8

For erythropoiesis to proceed normally, the myeloid tissues must receive adequate supplies of which of the following? (1) amino acids (2) calcium (3) iron (4) vitamin B12 (5) vitamin K (6) vitamin A (a) 2, 3, 5, 6 (b) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (c) 1, 3, 4 (d) 2, 4, 6 (e) 1, 3, 5

(c) 1, 3, 4

Which of the following is not a reason for erythrocytes' flattened "doughnut" shape?

It gives them flexibility so that they can pass through the circulation more easily.

When neither anti-A sera nor anti-B sera clot on a blood plate with donor blood, the blood is type ________.

O

Which blood type is called the universal donor?

O

Which of the following is a pivotal molecule associated with the external surfaces of aggregated platelets and is involved in the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of blood clotting?

PF3

Select the correct statement regarding blood cell formation.

Red marrow is the main site of blood cell formation throughout adult life.

Fred's blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean?

There are no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma.

Which of the following is characteristic of all leukocytes?

They are nucleated.

Which of these is not a normal plasma protein?

Thromboplastin

A condition of leukocytosis indicates over 11,000 white blood cells per cubic millimeter in the blood.

True

Which blood cell lacks a nucleus? a) RBC b) megakaryocyte c) lymphocyte d) monocyte e) basophil

a) RBC

The blood type of an individual is determined at the cellular level by a) the age and physical condition of the individual. b) the presence or absence of specific components in the erythrocyte cell membranes. c) the sex of the individual. d) the metabolic rate of the individual. e) none of the above.

b) the presence or absence of specific components in the erythrocyte cell membranes.

Blood assists in directly defending the body against toxins and pathogens by a) warming the tissues immediately surrounding injury sites. b) transporting white blood cells to injury or infection sites. c) decreasing the pH of injured or infected tissues. d) increasing the swelling of injured tissues. e) doing all of the above.

b) transporting white blood cells to injury or infection sites.

A cell that is only slightly larger than an RBC, and contains a relatively large round nucleus and very little cytoplasm, is a(n) a) basophil. b) leukocyte. c) lymphocyte. d) eosinophil. e) none of the above.

c) lymphocyte.

The molecule that binds oxygen contains globin proteins with four attached a) oxygens. b) fibrinogens. c) iron ions. d) heme groups. e) acids.

d) heme groups.

A condition related to the insufficient production of clotting factors is known as a) embolitis. b) hemolytic disease of the newborn. c) iron-deficient anemia. d) hemophilia. e) polycythemia.

d) hemophilia.

Plasma proteins that are important in body defense are the a) albumins. b) fibrinogens. c) metalloproteins. d) immunoglobulins. e) clotting proteins.

d) immunoglobulins.

A sample of damaged tissue indicated the presence of basophils. This finding signifies that the tissue is a) infected by parasites. b) normal. c) being rejected. d) inflamed. e) none of the above.

d) inflamed.

Blood cells that appear to be too large are referred to as a) lymphocytic. b) normocytic. c) microcytic. d) macrocytic. e) none of the above.

d) macrocytic.

Macrophages, Langerhans cells, and microglia are derived from a) neutrophils. b) eosinophils. c) lymphocytes. d) monocytes. e) RBCs.

d) monocytes.

The major differences between plasma and interstitial fluid include a) plasma has much lower protein levels. b) plasma oxygen levels are higher than those of interstitial fluid. c) plasma has a much higher protein concentration. d) plasma has very different ion concentrations. e) B and C.

e) B and C.

Which of the following are produced in the bone marrow? a) stem cells that produce lymphocytes b) basophils c) granulocytes d) monocytes e) all of the above

e) all of the above

Which of the following is not a cause of bleeding disorders?

excess secretion of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

Which of the following is not a phase of hemostasis?

fibrinolysis

The slowest step in the clotting process is ________.

formation of prothrombin activator

Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis?

hypoxia of EPO-producing cells

When can erythroblastosis fetalis not possibly happen in the child of an Rh negative mother?

if the father is Rh-

Thromboembolic disorders ________.

include embolus formation, a clot moving within the circulatory system

Complications of aplastic anemia generally do not include ________.

increase of leukocytes as a result of erythrocyte loss

All of the following can be expected with polycythemia except ________.

low blood viscosity

Which of the following is a protective function of blood?

maintenance of body temperature

Which of the following is a regulatory function of blood?

maintenance of normal pH in body tissues

As red blood cells age ________.

membranes "wear out" and the cells become damaged

No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in ________.

monocytes

An individual who is blood type AB negative can ________.

receive any blood type in moderate amounts except that with the Rh antigen

Heparin is used clinically to

reduce clotting.

Platelets ________.

stick to the damaged area of a blood vessel and help seal the break

Blood is a ________.

suspension

Place the following in correct developmental sequence: 1. reticulocyte 2. proerythroblast 3. normoblast 4. late erythroblast

2, 4, 3, 1

Which sequence is correct for the following events? 1. fibrinogen → fibrin 2. clot retraction 3. formation of thromboplastin 4. prothrombin → thrombin

3, 4, 1, 2

What is the average normal pH range of blood?

7.35-7.45

Which of the statements below is an incorrect or false statement?

Blood typing for the Kell, Lewis, and Duffy factors is always done before a blood transfusion.

Basophils increase in number when parasitic invasion occurs.

False

Diapedesis is the process by which red blood cells move into tissue spaces from the interior of blood capillaries.

False

Hemoglobin is made up of the protein heme and the red pigment globin.

False

Myelocytic leukemia involves a cancerous condition of lymphocytes.

False

The RBC "graveyard" is the liver.

False

The immediate response to blood vessel injury is clotting.

False

The process of fibrinolysis disposes of bacteria when healing has occurred.

False

Which of the following is true about blood plasma?

It is about 90% water.

What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production?

Kidney

A person with type B blood could receive blood from a person with either type B or type O blood.

True

All lymphocytes are leukocytes, but not all leukocytes are lymphocytes.

True

Each heme contains an atom of iron and can transport one molecule of oxygen.

True

Hemorrhagic anemias result from blood loss.

True

Leukopenia is an abnormally low number of leukocytes.

True

Positive chemotaxis is a feedback system that signals leukocyte migration into damaged areas.

True

White blood cells are produced through the action of colony-stimulating factors.

True

Which of the following is (are) most true of leukocytes? a) They are attracted to the specific chemical stimuli emitted by invading pathogens, damaged tissues, and other white blood cells. b) They enter peripheral tissues through the openings in fenestrated capillaries. c) They are mostly located in the bloodstream, which they use as a rapid means of transport to peripheral tissues. d) They have very long life spans. e) All of the above are true.

a) They are attracted to the specific chemical stimuli emitted by invading pathogens, damaged tissues, and other white blood cells.

Surface antigens are a) agglutinogens. b) antibodies. c) immunoglobulins. d) agglutinins. e) all of the above.

a) agglutinogens.

Eosinophils a) are an important component of the immune response. b) represent up to 70 percent of the white blood cell population. c) are agranular leukocytes. d) are among the largest of the white blood cells. e) are none of the above.

a) are an important component of the immune response.

The parietal pericardium a) is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. b) is bound to the cardiac muscle tissue of the heart. c) secretes pericardial fluid. d) lines the pleural cavities. e) None of the above.

a) is composed of dense irregular connective tissue.

Cholesterol is a form of a) lipoprotein. b) fibrinogen. c) globulin. d) albumin. e) A and B.

a) lipoprotein.

Plasma contains all of the following except a) red blood cells. b) proteins. c) immunoglobulins. d) water. e) none of the above.

a) red blood cells.

Platelets can initiate the clotting process by a) releasing enzymes and other factors at the appropriate times. b) breaking down cellular debris by phagocytosis. c) coagulating plasma proteins and cellular debris into a plug. d) attracting white blood cells to the site of the injury or infection. e) doing none of the above.

a) releasing enzymes and other factors at the appropriate times.

The most abundant plasma protein is ________.

albumin

Lymphocytes

are the primary cells of the lymphatic system. and are responsible for specific immunity.

Which of the following statements is true? a) Basophils are agranulocytes. b) All lymphocytes are leukocytes. c) Monocytes are granulocytes. d) All leukocytes are lymphocytes. e) All of the above are true.

b) All lymphocytes are leukocytes.

Anemia caused by lack of bone marrow activity is called a) pernicious anemia. b) aplastic anemia. c) hemorrhagic anemia. d) hemolytic anemia. e) none of the above.

b) aplastic anemia.

Which of the following lab values is in the normal range for adults? a) 2 → 3 million cells per milliliter b) blood temperature about 100 →100.5 degrees c) blood pH 6 → 6.5 d) 6 → 9 liters of blood e) none of the above

b) blood temperature about 100 →100.5 degrees

To what type of tissue does blood belong? a) nervous tissue b) connective tissue c) muscle tissue d) epithelial tissue e) Blood does not fit into any of the typical categories.

b) connective tissue

A round cell with distinct bright orange-red granules is called a(n) a) basophil. b) eosinophil. c) lymphocyte. d) agranulocyte. e) none of the above.

b) eosinophil.

Heparin is used clinically to a) prevent bleeding. b) make the blood more viscous. c) cause clotting. d) reduce clotting. e) do none of the above.

b) make the blood more viscous.

Progenitor cells form a) hemocytoblasts. b) only specific types of blood cells. c) all the different types of blood cells. d) stem cells. e) none of the above.

b) only specific types of blood cells.

Formed elements of the blood include all of the following except a) red blood cells. b) plasma proteins. c) white blood cells. d) platelets. e) there are no exceptions; all of the above are correct.

b) plasma proteins.

An elevated hematocrit constitutes what condition? a) hypervolemia b) polycythemia c) hypovolemia d) rouleaux e) anemia

b) polycythemia

Which of the following would be classified as hypovolemic for the average adult male? a) 6 liters b) pH = 8 c) 3 liters d) pH = 6 e) 8 liters

c) 3 liters

Which of the following is not a reason for erythrocytes' flattened "doughnut" shape? a) It allows them to "stack" together to pass through small blood vessels more efficiently. b) It gives them flexibility so that they can pass through the circulation more easily. c) It allows them to bind with leukocytes to facilitate the transport of both. d) It increases the surface area available for gas diffusion. e) It allows the minimum distance for diffusion of gases.

c) It allows them to bind with leukocytes to facilitate the transport of both.

Rhogam is used to prevent a) agglutination. b) antibody reactions. c) Rh- incompatibility. d) a transfusion reaction. e) none of the above.

c) Rh- incompatibility.

Why is oxygen able to diffuse out of the bloodstream and into the peripheral tissues passively? a) The plasma has higher quantities of dissolved proteins. b) There is a higher concentration of oxygen in the tissues than in the bloodstream. c) There is a lower concentration of oxygen in the tissues than in the bloodstream. d) Oxygen has the unique ability to diffuse in or out of any tissue at any time. e) None of the above are reasons for passive diffusion of oxygen.

c) There is a lower concentration of oxygen in the tissues than in the bloodstream.

To find out the amount of each type of leukocyte it is necessary to do a) a complete blood count (CBC). b) a lymphocyte count. c) a differential count. d) an RBC count. e) all of the above.

c) a differential count.

What blood cell type is activated in response to a damaged blood vessel? a) monocytes b) lymphocytes c) basophils d) neutrophils e) none of the above

c) basophils

A low white cell count could cause all of the following problems except a) impaired immune response. b) inefficient toxin removal from the tissues. c) diminished transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. d) a reduced rate of diapedesis. e) there are no exceptions; all of the above could result from a low white cell count.

c) diminished transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Which is the most common type of white blood cell? a) eosinophil b) basophil c) neutrophil d) lymphocyte e) monocyte

c) neutrophil

A round cell whose nucleus resembles a string of beads is a(n) a) macrophage. b) eosinophil. c) neutrophil. d) monocyte. e) RBC.

c) neutrophil.

Slightly less than one percent of the RBC population are (the) a) erythroblasts. b) proerythroblasts. c) reticulocytes. d) mature RBCs. e) none of the above.

c) reticulocytes.

_____ exists when the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced. a) Polycythemia b) Hypovolemia c) Hypervolemia d) Anemia e) Reduced viscosity

d) Anemia

Besides transporting respiratory gases, what other functions are performed by erythrocytes? a) They assist in phagocytizing foreign pathogens. b) They carry antigens to the peripheral tissues. c) They participate in the immune response with white blood cells. d) None; transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide is their only function. e) Erythrocytes do both B and C.

d) None; transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide is their only function.

The universal donor blood type is a) A. b) Rh+. c) B. d) O. e) AB.

d) O.

The white blood cells that contain granules with histamine are called a) lymphocytes. b) eosinophils. c) neutrophils. d) basophils. e) erythrocytes.

d) basophils.

The process of moving toward an area due to chemical signals is called a) DIFF. b) diapedesis. c) phagocytosis. d) chemotaxis. e) none of the above.

d) chemotaxis.

Composition of the plasma and the interstitial fluid differs chiefly in the concentration of a) glucose and other sugars. b) sodium ions. c) water. d) dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide. e) all of the above.

d) dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide.

What formed element in the blood is flattened and circular, lacks a nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes, and is red in color because of the presence of hemoglobin? a) eosinophil b) platelet c) basophil d) erythrocyte e) lymphocyte

d) erythrocyte

The class of protein involved in clotting is (the) a) transport globulins. b) albumins. c) globulins. d) fibrinogens. e) none of the above.

d) fibrinogens.

The serous membrane lining the pericardial cavity is the a) myocardium. b) endocardium. c) mediastinum. d) pericardium. e) pleura.

d) pericardium.

An abnormal condition in which lipids accumulate in the blood vessel walls, blocking blood flow, is called a(n) a) embolus. b) transfusion. c) thrombus. d) plaque. e) none of the above.

d) plaque.

If body tissues are damaged, blood loss tends to be minimized by all of the following mechanisms except a) smooth muscles contract to decrease the diameter of the cut area. b) the blood coagulates. c) blood clots to seal the damaged blood vessel walls. d) the injured tissues release hemoglobin. e) there are no exceptions; all of the above are correct.

d) the injured tissues release hemoglobin.

When an agglutinin meets its specific agglutinogen, what will occur? a) The blood type will change from that of the agglutinin to that of the agglutinogen. b) These cell elements cause the cells to repel one another, thus spacing themselves out in the blood. c) The blood cells will clump together in a process called agglutination. d) A cross-reaction will occur. e) C and D will happen.

e) C and D will happen.

Compared to water, whole blood is a) about five times more viscous. b) sticky. c) resistant to flow. d) cohesive. e) all of the above.

e) all of the above.

Development of lymphocytes involves (the) a) colony-stimulating factors. b) bone marrow. c) lymph nodes. d) thymus. e) all of the above.

e) all of the above.

Megakaryocytes produce a) proteins. b) enzymes. c) membranes. d) platelets. e) all of the above.

e) all of the above.

Lymphocytes a) are the primary cells of the lymphatic system. b) are slightly smaller than red blood cells. c) make up 50 → 60 percent of the white blood cell population. d) are responsible for specific immunity. e) are A and D.

e) are A and D.

The reduction in the number of oxygen-binding sites on hemoglobin would result in which of the following? a) polycythemia b) hypoxia c) anemia d) anoxia e) more than one of the above

e) more than one of the above

The special type of hemoglobin present in fetal red blood cells is ________.

hemoglobin F

Blood volume restorers include all of the following except ________.

packed cells

A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and large pale cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of ________.

pernicious anemia

Which of the choices below is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood?

pluripotent stem cell (hemocytoblast)

Sickling of red blood cells can be produced in those with sickle-cell anemia by ________.

travel at high altitude and vigorous exercise

All of the following conditions impair coagulation except ________.

vascular spasm

James has a hemoglobin measurement of 16 g/100 ml blood. This is ________.

within normal range.