Chap. 2 - Europe (GEOG 1030)

Has the Emissions Trading Scheme been successful in reducing the amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere?

It has had mixed results, but has been sucessful in limiting the rate of growth in CO2 emissions.

peninsula extending from the southern Alps in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south

Italian Peninsula

What 3 river basins became focused on a thriving network of entrepot seaports?

Rhine, Seine, and Thames

Religious Diversity in Europe

Roman Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church - centered in Constantiople, eastern Euripe and much of Balkans Islamic - spread in southern Spain, and parts of Balkans After Protestant Reformation - came to dominate much of northern Europe

What three major groups of languages spread throughout Europe?

Romance family of languages (Roman Empire) Germanic family of languages - English is one of them Slavic family of languages - dominates eastern Europe

Who were amond the first to demonstrate the effectiveness of drainage schemes to reclaim land?

Romans

largest of the Euripean peninsulas

Scandinavian Peninsula (Norwary, Sweden, northwestern part of Finland)

The geography of Europe has been characterized by regionalism and boundary disputes throughout the 20th and into the 21st century. What is one example of this?

Scotland (in UK) Scotland has made movements to become independent from the UK

What is weather like in the Mediterranean Basin (area surrounding Med. Sea)? Spring weather in the Mediterranean Basin? Summer in the Mediterranean Basin? October in Mediterranean Basin?

cool winters, overcast skies, intermitten rain temperature rises rapidly and rainfall is more abundant dry, hot, air and sunny skies with little rain temperature drops, severe rain

What 2 aspects of Europe's physical geography have been fundamental to its evolution as a world region and have influenced the evolution of regional geographies within Europe itself?

1. Europe is situated between the Americas, Africa, and the Middle East 2. Europe consists of a collection of peninsulas and islands

Factors leading to the prosperity of the Southern Crescent

deindustrialization of traditional manufacturing regions in northwestern Europe turned towards the Southern Crescent where land was less expensive and labor was cheaper

What industrial technologies were present in The Third Wave of industrialization? Where did it happen?

electricity, electrical engineering, telecommunications spread to remoter parts of UK, France, Germany, most of Netherlands, etc. (even as far as Russia)

What problems has the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) brought with it?

environmental problems due to farming

When Eastern Europe reintegrated, 130 million consumers were added to the European economy. In some areas the reintegration was better than others. What were some reasons some countries did not have as much success?

ethnic conflict in some countries countries with poor resource bases, weakly developed communications and transportation infrastructures, and political regimes, geographical isolation, etc.

The decline of the Roman Empire, beginning in the 4th century C.E., was accompanied b y a long period of rural reorganization and consolidation under a system called what?

feudal system

Describe the landscape of the North European Lowlands? This has made it attractive for what?

flat or gently undulating \ farming and settlement

What is much of the Northwestern Uplands covered with?

forests southern parts - conifers (pine, spurce, fir) mixed with deciduous trees northern parts - dominantly conifers far north - treesless stretches of tundra, lichens, dwarf willows

What type of knowledge acquired during this Age of Discovery was crucial to the expansion of Euripean political and economic power in the 16th century?

geographical knowledge

What helps make the farmland rich near the mountains and valleys of the Alps?

glacial outash deposits

Personal taxes are high in Europe, but many services and benefits are given in return. Name some

high quality medical care public transportation systems social housing etc.

The Alps are a valuable source of _____________ power to Switzerland, France, and Austria.

hydroelectric

Describe the landscape of the Central Plateaus Describe the landscape of the Central Plateaus in central Spain

rolling hills, steep slopes, deeply carved river valleys plateaus and high plains, long narrow mountain ranges

The first phase of colonial exploitation was achieved by what innovations?

shipbuilding - faster and depended less on winds navigation - quadrant and astrolabe inventions, knowledge of Atlantic winds naval ordnance (military weapons) - casting iron guns

What industrial technologies were present in The First Wave of industrialization? Where did it happen? What resources were used?

steam engines, cotton textiles, ironworking few regions in Britain coal, iron ore, water

What influences Europe's climate?

surrounding seas its arrangement of islands and peninsulas contribute to little seasonal extremes of heat/cold

Why is weather in northwestern Europe unpredictable?

swirling movement of air masses as they pass over the Atlantic, and widely varying temperatures of bodies of land and water

Mountain range between northwestern Europe and Italy

the Alps

Some cases of irredentism has led to wars and conflict. What region has this been obvious?

the Balkans

What mountain-building episode about 400 mioosion years ago composed the Northwestern Uplands?

the Caledonian

What contributed to an accumulation of capital that was one of the main preconditions for the emergence of industrial capitalism in Europe in the 18th century?

the flow of profits from overseas colonies and trading posts back into domestic agriculture, mining, and manufacturing

What importance do small towns play in Europe?

they can absorb metropolitan overspill - tourism, as specialized fishing, mining and agriculture centers, etc.

What things were made easier due to the numerous short land routes across Europe's major peninsulas?penetration of the seas deep into the European landmass causing

trade and communication

The Industrial Revolution caused competition between several of the most powerful and heavily industrialized European countries. In order to continue to be powerful, industrial nations pursued a second phase of overseas expansion creating ______________ empires. This scramble for territorial and commercial domination led to _____________ to protect their own interests.

trading imperialism

What mode of transportation links the Golden Triangle and the Southern Crescent?

trans-European high-speed rail system

During the premodern period, the shallow seas that penetrated deep into the European landmass enabled what?

transportation of goods by sailing

True or False - Due to the Mediterranean climate range of weather conditions (cold, hot, drought, wet, etc.) delicate plants cannot survive, and successful planting crops is a challenge.

true

True or False - Some cases of regionalism have led to violence, social disorder , or even civil war.

true

True or False - The population of the world as a whole is increasing fast, but the population of Europe is stable. It boomed with the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th and 19th centuries. Now both death rates (people living longer due to improved health care, etc.) and birth rates are low.

true

What is weather like in northwestern Europe?

unpredictable

Between 100 ce to 1300 ce, what led to significant transformation of the European landscape?

warmer climate and avances in agricultural knowledge and practices

What type of effect do the seas provide?

warming effect in winter cooling effect in summer

The peninsula that lies east of Italy, separated from it by the Adriatic Sea. It borders parts of the Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic and the Ionian Sea in west and by the Aegean Sea in south.

Balkan Peninsula

What cultural contrast occurred because of the Little Ice Age? Why did this happen?

Beer-Wine Division wine in southern Europe beer and liquor in northern Europe Because of the Little Ice Age, grape vines (viticulture) could only be cultivated in southern Europe so they kept drinking wine, while the northern Europeans satisfied their needs with grain based beverage like beer and liquor.

Two of Europes largest Islands located in the northwest

Britain and Ireland

The idea of modern national states can be traced to what period in Europe between the late 17th and late 18th centuries where ideas about human rights and democracy were developing.

Enlightenment Period

The development of what has helped maintain purchasing power during periods of recession?

welfare states

The moist Atlantic clmiate supports lush agricultureal landscapes and the population is densely settled and intenxively farmed in this area of the North European Lowlands? Farther weat, the Lowlands are characterized by a ___________ climate and lowland river basins with a rolling cover of sandy river deposits and __________. There are no ________. This area also features residual regions of ___________, semiarid, treeless, grassland, plains with landscapes that are infinitely monotonous.

western parts drier loess woods steppe

mountainous region that's most associated with the countries of Spain and Portugal

Iberian Peninsula

What further steps did the EU take in 1999 to create political and economic harmonization. Who did not join this?

common European currency - euro (Masstricht Treaty) UK, Sweden and Denmark (don't use euro)

4 advantages the Golden Triangle has that helped it to be prosperous

1. good location for shipping and trade (near river systems, and sea lanes) 2. includes major capital cities 3. includes industrial heartlands of England, France, and Germany 4. concentrated populaton provides both a work force and consumers

Examples of ecological disasters that accompanied the industrialization of Europe. Today European cities have been the forefront of progressive environmental policies.

1. increase in population meant need for more food and thus more farmland. To get more farmland, polders were made which destroyed wetland habitat 2. Coal mining destroyed the land 3. Unbanization - ruined rural landscapes, large amounts of waste deposited 4. unregulated manufacturing - air pollution 5. Acid rain - lots of forest cleared and remaining forests suffered from acid rain 6. Polluted rivers and streams

What factors affected domestic landscapes from the 16th century onward?

1. repopulation 2. reforms to land tenure systems 3. advances in science and technology to agricultureal practice

Describe the climates of the following: 1. Northwest Europe 2.Eastern Europe 3.Southern Europe 4.Spain and north of Black Sea 5. Parts of Italy and Balkans

1. wetter conditions 2. colder and drier 3. drier, winter rains 4. dry conditons 5. humid subtropical climates, wetter than Medeterranean, but warmer than climates to the north

What are the Central Plateaus formed from? What lies here?

250-300 million year old rocks that has been eroded Europe's major coalfields

Tariff-free market within the EU (the creation of a unified external tariff) to help bolster the agricultural sector

Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)

Why will is cost the EU to expand?

Currently, the EU subsidies to new member countries account for more than 40% of the total budget. So the more new countries the more $ they will need.

The gold and silver plundered from the Americas allowed Europe to live above its means, demanding goods of all kinds creating the basis for what age of prosperity for most of the 16th century?

Golden Age of prosperity

The foundations of Europe's human geography were laid by which empires?

Greek and Roman

At the heart of European philosophy are the curiosity, open-mindedness, and rationality of the _____________; the civic responsibility and political individualism of both ___________ and ______________; and the sense of the significance of the free individual spirit that is found in teh __________________________ tradition.

Greeks Greeks and Romans Judeo-Christian

True or False - In the Northwestern Uplands, many valleys were deepened and straighjtened by ice, leaving spectacular glaciated landscapes (cirques, fjords, moraines, etc.)

True

In the 12th and 13th centuries, drainage and resettlement schemes were developed in Italy, France, and England. What brought this medieval colonization to a halt?

Little Ice Age and catastrophic loss of population due to the Black Death plague

Name some world cities in the 17th century. Name some world cities in the 18th century. Name some world cities in the 19th century. What is Europe's preeminent world city today?

London, Amsterdam, Genoa, Venice, etc. Paris, Rome, Vienna Berlin Manchester London

What 2 subregional maritime economies was Europe organized before the mid-15th century?

Mediterranean and Baltic

Highest peak of the Alpine System

Mont Blanc

What physical feature do geopraphers sometimes use to mark the boundary between Europe and Asia? However, what is the most significant factor used to separate Europe from Asia? As a result, the eastern boundary of Europe is often demarcated through _________ and ____________ boundaries, rather than physical features.

Mountain ranges of the Urals human factors (ethnicity, language, and ethical values that stem from different forms of Christianity) political, administrative

True or False - The Alpine System is the product of the most recent of Euripe;s mountain-building episodes (occured about 50 million years ago)

True

carries great quantities of warm water from the tropical Gulf Stream as far as the UK

North Atlantic Drift

This region sweeps in a broad crescent from southern France, through Belgium, the Netherlands, and southwestern England into northern Germany, Denmark, and the southern tip of Sweden. Then into Poland and Czechia, all the way into Russia.

North European Lowlands

Which of the 4 physiographic regions has the most ancient rocks? What mountains are included in this region?

Northwestern Uplands mountains of Norway, Scotland, and uplands of Iceland, Ireland, and Wales

4 physiographic regions of Europe

Northwestern Uplands The Alpine System the Central Plateaus Northern European Lowlands

The Alpine System occupies a vast area of Europe across the ____________ part of Europe.

Southern (see pg. 53)

True or False - The Mediterranean and North Sea provided relatively sheltered sea lanes, fostering seafaring tradions in the peolpe all around their coasts.

True

What terrible act led to NATO to declare war against Yugoslavia in March 1999?

The Serbia leader was practicing ethnic cleansing and was murdering Kosovar Albanians

This treaty brought an end to Europe's interminable religious wars by making national states the principal actors in internation politics and establishing the principle that no state has the right to interfere in th internal politics of any other state. What did this undermine the dominace of?

Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 gret European continental empires

True or False - Europe has warmed significantly more that the global average.

True

True or False - Europe's rivers, the Danube, The Dneiper, the Elbe, the Rhine, the Seine, and the Thames, all played key roles in shaping human geography in the region.

True

True or False - Feudal systems were almost wholly agricultural and most production was for people's immediate needs (no output found its way to wider markets - only made what they needed)

True

What disrupted Europe's economic development in the 20th century?

WWI Great Depression WWII the Holocaust Cold War between Eastern and Western Europe (western Europe economy recovered due to U.S. aid)

What industrial technologies were present in The Second Wave of industrialization? Where did it happen? What resources were used?

coal-powered steam engines, steel products, railroads, machine tools, etc. rest of Britain, parts of northwest Europe - larger towns near railroads and near larger ports coal, iron ore, limestone, etc.

What is the traditional staple of the Alpine region's economy?

agriculture

After WWII, the Soviet Union created a buffer zone between their homeland and the major Western powers in Europe. Churchill called this what? This allowed no movement (or very little) of people, goods, and information. In the economies of the Soviet Union and their satellite states, state power was used by ___________________ classto create ______________ economies.

an Iron Curtain bureaucratic command

Who established the foundations of contemporary European culture?

ancient Greeks

What innovations in business and technology contributed to the consolidation of Europe's new merchant capitalist economy in the 15th and 16th century?

business - banking, loan systems, company partnerships, etc. technology - windmill, spinning wheels, paper manufacture, etc. key enginerring breakthroughs - water mills, clocks, firearms, glass manufacturing, metal processing

In the North European Lowlands what is found under the lowlands of England, France, Germany, Poland, Belgium, the Netherlands and northern Germany? Beneath the North Sea and under the lowlands of southern England, Netherlands, and northern Germany?

coal Oil and natural gas

The upheavals associated with the transition to ____________ societies, together with the opportunities presented by _______________ and ______________ and the dislocations of two world ___________, have dispersed Europe's population around the globe.

industrial colonialism imperialism wars

Within Europe, what caused migration of people in the 19th century?

industrialization (people moved from rural areas to cities for better jobs) geopolitical conflict (wars force people to move)

One of the most predictable aspects of Europe's future geographies concerns what?

its aging population the number of people over 65 yrs. compared to working age is expected to be 50% by 2050

What mineral deposits in the Alps have been locally important?

lead, copper, iron, coal, and salt

What is quarried in the Alpine for cement?

limestone

What are some of Europe's exports?

machinery, motor vehicles, aircraft, plastics, pharmaceuticals, iron, steel, etc.

What was one key factor in the rise of Europe as a major world region in the 15th century?

merchant capitalism the entrepreneures were merchant traders and merchant bankers

Recent streams of migration in Europe (Western and Norwestern) have been what kind of people? In the 1980s and 90s what kind of people were migrating in Europe?

migrant workers refugees from war, and those fleeing countries in economic collapse in Russia and Eastern Europe

Watersheds allowed canal building to take place easily, which increased what?

mobility of river traffic

What is weather like in the east (continental Europe)? If there is any weather variation, what is it influenced by?

more settles with extremes of summer heat and winter cold direction land surface faces and elevation above sea level

What crops do well in the Mediterranean climate?

olives, figs, almonds, lemons, oranges, wheat, barley

What brought back the Euripean economies after the Little Ice Age?

overseas exploration and trade

What inventions helped Britain establish a global empire?

railways, barbed wire, refrigeration

Farmers in the Northwestern Uplands depend on pastoralism. What does this mean? What type of settlement is in these areas?

raise hearding animals, and supplement with a little produce grown on valley floors low density of settlement