Chap 22
Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration?
Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area.
Atmospheric pressure is also known as which of the following?
Barometric pressure
The _______ of the lung is the broad concave surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm.
Base
Select two examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from the list below.
Chronic bronchitis Emphysema
Irritants in the lower respiratory system may stimulate which of the following?
Coughing
Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration?
Intercostals Diaphragm
What happens to free carbon dioxide from blood that diffuses into alveoli?
It is exhaled.
More than half of the body's blood platelets are made by megakaryocytes in the ____
Lungs
contain the brainstem respiratory centers
Medulla oblongata Pons
Which best defines alveolar gas exchange?
Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane
Which is another word for nostrils?
Nares
The auditory tubes open in the _____
Nasopharynx
Which term refers to the most superior portion of the pharynx, posterior to the nasal cavity, and extending to the soft palate?
Nasopharynx
Which gas has the greatest partial pressure in inspired air?
Nitrogen
Which two terms describe the anterior openings of the nasal cavity? Select two answers from the list below.
Nostrils Nares
What are the two layers of the pleura?
Parietal and visceral
What is the serous membrane that encloses each lung?
Pleura
Besides keeping food out of the airway, the larynx is also responsible for which of the following?
Producing speech
The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the _____ system
Respiratory
What structure of the medulla oblongata and pons contain respiratory centers?
Reticular formation
COPDs are almost always caused by ______.
cigarette smoke
The principal muscles of respiration are the ______ and the intercostal muscles.
diaphragm
Movement of air out of the lungs is called _______
expiration
During the respiratory cycle, the intake of air is called _______
inspiration
Which term refers to the conducting zones of the respiratory system because they are incapable of gas exchange?
Anatomical dead space
Where is the trachea located?
Anterior to the esophagus
About how much air is in the anatomic dead space?
150mL
How many C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage make up the trachea?
16 to 20
About what percentage of atmospheric air is made up of oxygen?
21%
How many oxygen molecules are bound to a fully loaded hemoglobin molecule?
4
An average tidal volume is about ______ mL of air.
500
Which term refers to an acid-base imbalance in which the blood pH is lower than 7.35?
Acidosis
A general term for a drop in the pH of blood below 7.35 is _______
Acidosis or acidic
The back-and-forth movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane is called ________ gas exchange
Alveolar
Which term refers to relaxed, quiet breathing?
Eupnea
In systemic gas exchange, carbon dioxide loading releases what in the erythrocyte?
Hydrogen ions
Which type of hypoxia can be caused by decreased oxygen availability at high altitudes or by drowning?
Hypoxemic
Which term refers to a deficiency of oxygen in a tissue?
Hypoxia
Which form of lung cancer is most likely to become metastatic?
Small-cell carcinoma
Which aspect of the lung is known as the apex?
Superior
Which term refers to the exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body's cells?
Systemic gas exchange
What does oxygen bind to in the hemoglobin molecule?
The heme group
Which best summarizes the Bohr effect?
The rate of O2 unloading is increased in metabolically active tissues due to increased acidity.
Oxygen loading in the lungs decreases hemoglobin's affinity for H+. How does this promote alveolar gas exchange?
The released H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood.
The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a respiratory cycle is called the ________ volume
Tidal
Functions of the larynx.
To keep food and drink out of the airway To produce sound
When the diaphragm contracts and lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops. True or False
True
