Chap 25 Anatomy

The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces

urea.

Lipoproteins that are primarily sent to skeletal muscles and adipose tissues are called

very-low-density lipoproteins.

Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of

vitamin A.

The element that is necessary for the proper function of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is

zinc.

The complete catabolism of fatty acids is through the process called

beta-oxidation.

The trace element needed as a cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis is

copper.

The first steps of catabolism generally take place in the

cytosol

The citric acid cycle is an aerobic process because

oxygen is needed to remove carbon atoms as carbon dioxide.

The vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A is

pantothenic acid.

Lipoproteins are water-soluble because of a superficial coating of

phospholipids and proteins.

When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the ________ state.

postabsorptive

Lipids

provide energy for cells with modest energy demands.

The formation of GTP from GDP in the citric acid cycle is an example of

substrate-level phosphorylation.

The main purpose of the citric acid cycle is to

supply hydrogen atoms to the Electron Transport System.

The major steps in oxidative phosphorylation include all of the following except

the breaking of carbon-carbon covalent bonds.

The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during

the citric acid cycle.

Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.

the mitochondria

The vitamin whose deficiency causes beriberi is

thiamine.

The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin

A.

All of the following occur during the postabsorptive state except that

levels of blood glucose are elevated above normal.

All of the following are true of beta-oxidation except that

lipids are converted into glycogen molecules.

Urea is formed in the

liver.

Lipoproteins that carry mostly cholesterol to peripheral tissues are called

low-density lipoproteins.

A cation that often acts as a cofactor for enzymes is

magnesium.

The term ________ refers to an unhealthy state resulting from inadequate intake of one or more nutrients that becomes life-threatening as the deficiencies accumulate.

malnutrition

The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called

metabolism

Inorganic ions released through the dissociation of electrolytes are called

minerals.

The citric acid cycle occurs in the

mitochondrial matrix.

Catabolism of protein is not a practical source of quick energy because of all of the following except that

most individuals have little protein to spare before harming vital organs.

In oxidative phosphorylation, energy for the synthesis of ATP is directly obtained from the

movement of hydrogen ions through channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

The vitamin that is part of the coenzyme FAD is

riboflavin.

The major cation in extracellular fluid is

sodium.

During the absorptive state,

the liver forms glycogen.

In order to determine the LDL level in a patient's blood, it is necessary to measure

total cholesterol level, HDL level, and triglyceride level.

In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is

transferred to a keto acid.

What is the role of NADH in metabolism?

transport hydrogen atoms to coenzymes

During lipolysis,

triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.

The removal of amino group from a protein to prepare it to enter the citric acid cycle is termed

deamination.

Carbon and oxygen atoms are removed as carbon dioxide in a process called

decarboxylation.

Most of the ATP from metabolism is produced in the

electron transport system.

The study of the flow of energy and its transformations is called

energetics

Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called ________ fatty acids.

essential

Protein malnourishment may occur if the diet is deficient in

essential amino acids.

Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are examples of

essential fatty acids.

Frank has diabetes mellitus and his blood pH has dropped. What is the most likely cause of his acidosis?

excess ketone formation

In glycolysis, each molecule of glucose that is catabolized gives a net yield of how many molecules of ATP?

2

The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin

K.

The two most important coenzymes for glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are

NAD and FAD.

In the ETS, ________ accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another.

a coenzyme

All of the following occur during glycolysis, except

a molecule of carbon dioxide is produced.

In order for glycolysis to proceed, which of the following need not be present?

acetyl-CoA

Lipogenesis is common for organic molecules because the intermediate ________ is formed in most nutrient metabolic processes.

acetyl-CoA

Compounds that cells can use to make glucose include all of the following, except

acetyl-CoA.

Lipogenesis generally begins with

acetyl-CoA.

The end products of aerobic respiration are

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

The electron transport system doesn't produce ATP directly instead it uses the hydrogen ion

chemiosmosis.

The major anion in body fluids is

chloride.

Lipoproteins that are formed within the intestinal epithelium to transfer dietary fats into circulation are called

chylomicrons.

The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are

chylomicrons.

Oxygen is an important molecule in which of the following?

citric acid cycle and ETS

The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is

folic acid (folate).

During the citric acid cycle, both NAD and FAD ________ a hydrogen atom and become ________.

gain; reduced

During the postabsorptive state, ________ stimulate(s) lipid catabolism.

glucocorticoids

Fatty acids and many amino acids cannot be used for ________ because their catabolic pathways produce acetyl-CoA.

gluconeogenesis

The process of synthesizing glucose from noncarbohydrates is called

gluconeogenesis.

Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ________ yields energy the quickest.

glucose

Which of these is not a nitrogen compound?

glycerol

An element that is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes is

iron.

In the citric acid cycle, a 2 carbon molecule and a 4 carbon molecule combine to produce

citric acid.

Intermediary molecules that accept electrons and transfer them to another molecule are called

coenzymes

The end products of glycolysis are

ATP, NADH, and pyruvic acid.

The chemical equation that correctly summarizes the overall reaction in oxidative phosphorylation is

2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O

How many net ATP molecules are produced by the complete metabolism (all pathways) of one glucose molecule?

30-32 ATP

Following a meal, the absorptive state lasts approximately

4 hours.

Removal of the amino group from amino acids in the first step of their catabolism requires a coenzyme derived from vitamin

B6.

________ are the largest lipoproteins, ranging in diameter up to 0.5 μm.

Chylomicrons

Inadequate exposure to sunlight could result in decreased amounts of vitamin ________ in the body.

D

The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin

D.

The vitamin that prevents breakdown of vitamin A and fatty acids is vitamin

E.

________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

Metabolism of amino acids in the citric acid cycle yields

approximately the same energy as carbohydrate metabolism.

The citric acid cycle

begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid.

Cyanide gas is lethal because it

blocks the final electron acceptor in the ETS.

Eating disorders are common among girls and young women. They result from a psychological problem that causes inadequate or excessive food consumption. Two major eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and

bulimia.

A cation that is essential for muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting is

calcium.

The strategy of eating starchy foods for several days before an athletic event is known as

carbohydrate loading.

On a tour of African countries, Mark contracts a bad case of traveler's diarrhea. Because he can't eat very much, his body starts to use energy sources other than carbohydrates. This would

glycogenesis.

The process of glycogen formation is known as

glycogenesis.

A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as

gout.

All of the following complement the actions of glucocorticoids in the postabsorptive state except

insulin.

During starvation,

muscle proteins are used as an energy source.

The vitamin that is part of the coenzyme NAD is

niacin.

All the available nutrient molecules distributed in the blood form a

nutrient pool

The ________ of the mitochondrion contains large-diameter pores that are permeable to ions and small organic molecules such as pyruvic acid.

outer membrane

Nitrogen compounds of the body include all of the following except

oxaloacetate.

An ion that is a necessary component of high-energy compounds and nucleic acids and a structural component of bone is the ________ ion.

phosphate

The major cation in cytoplasm is

potassium.

A vitamin obtained that is a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is

pyridoxine (B6).

When NAD+ is ________ it becomes NADH. When NADH is ________ it becomes NAD+.

reduced; oxidized

The function of the citric acid cycle is to

remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes