Chap 25 questions
The process that breaks down organic substrates, releasing energy that can be used to synthesize ATP or other high-energy compounds, is __________.
catabolism
In resting skeletal muscles, a significant portion of the metabolic demand is met through the __________.
catabolism of fatty acids
During beta-oxidation, __________.
fatty acids are converted into molecules of acetyl-coA
Which of the following is an important energy source during periods of starvation, when glucose supplies are limited?
free fatty acids
The most important factors in good nutrition are to obtain nutrients __________.
in sufficient quantity and quality
Lucy, a 35-year-old woman, says she CANNOT lose the fat around her abdomen because it is brown fat. You correct her by saying that the only people with brown fat are __________.
infants
Before the large vitamin B12 molecule can be absorbed, it must be bound to __________.
intrinsic factor
The trace minerals found in extremely small quantities in the body include __________.
iron, zinc, copper, and manganese
Which of the following selections includes ONLY essential amino acids for a growing child?
leucine, lysine, valine, tryptophan, arginine
Lipids circulate through the bloodstream as __________.
lipoproteins and free fatty acids
Which organ produces most of the urea in the body?
liver
Which of the following foods are DEFICIENT in dietary fiber?
milk and meat
The four processes involved in heat exchange with the environment are __________.
radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation
LDLs are absorbed by cells through the process of __________.
receptor-mediated endocytosis
In terms of the movement of electrons, the gain of electrons is called _______, whereas the loss is called __________.
reduction........oxidation
If excess glucose still remains in the circulation after glycogen formation, the hepatocytes use glucose to __________.
synthesize triglycerides
The carbon dioxide released by the lung into the atmosphere was very likely produced within by __________.
the TCA cycle
An individual's basal metabolic rate ideally represents __________.
the minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person
In the beta-oxidation of an 18-carbon fatty acid molecule, the cell gains __________.
144 ATP
For each glucose molecule converted to 2 pyruvates, the anaerobic reaction sequence in glycolysis provides a net gain of __________.
2 ATP for the cell
36 ATP molecules can be produced during cellular respiration from a single glucose molecule. How many of those require oxygen for their production?
34
For each glucose molecule processed during aerobic cellular respiration, the cell gains __________.
36 ATP
The efficiency rate for the complete catabolism of glucose is about __________.
42 percent
Which of these is not required for glycolysis? A. pyruvic acid B. ATP C. inorganic phosphate D. glucose
A
Which of the following individuals does NOT need to modify his or her daily activities to help regulate cholesterol levels?
A 40-year-old woman who weighs 135 pounds, has a total cholesterol level of 150 mg/dL, and does not have a history of atherosclerosis
A diet deficient in essential fatty acids would __________. A. cause a decrease in the production of prostaglandins B. slow growth C. alter the appearance of the skin D. All of the listed responses are correct
All of the listed responses are correct
Why is it that lipids CANNOT provide large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in a short period of time? A. Lipid reserves are difficult to mobilize. B. Most lipids are processed in mitochondria, and mitochondrial activity is limited by the availability of oxygen. C. Lipids are insoluble, and it is difficult for water-soluble enzymes to reach them. D. All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct
In which of the following is excess cholesterol from body cells carried?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Why can lipogenesis use almost any organic substrate?
Lipids, amino acids, and carbohydrates can be converted to acetyl-CoA.
Which of the following are coenzymes that deliver hydrogen ions and electrons to the ETS in the inner mitochondrial membrane?
NADH and FADH2
Under normal circumstances, if you eat three meals a day, the body will spend approximately 12 hours in the __________.
absorptive state
Excess cholesterol leaves somatic cells and is absorbed by __________, which then transport the cholesterol back to the liver.
HDLs
No kidding: The town of Nederland, Colorado, has a winter festival called Frozen Dead Guy Days. A man named Bredo Morstoel, a native Norwegian, was born in 1900 and died in 1989. After his death, his grandson had his body cryogenically frozen and stored it in a shed in Colorado until a future date when he supposedly will be resuscitated. Why will this thawing procedure NOT bring Mr. Morstoel back to life? A. Death had already occurred before the freezing process. B. The ratio of surface area to volume is low in Mr. Morstoel's body, meaning that ice crystals would have formed during the freezing process. C. Freezing temperatures cause water to expand, which would burst cell membranes. D. All of the listed responses are correct. Mr. Morstoel could be brought back to life by reversing the cryogenic process. Where can I get my tickets to Nederland?
All of the listed responses are correct.
The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is __________. A. 70 cal/hr or 1680 cal/day in the average individual B. measured by monitoring respiratory activity C. the minimum resting energy of an awake, alert person D. All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
The factors that make protein catabolism an IMPRACTICAL source of quick energy include which of the following? A. Proteins are more difficult to break apart. B. Proteins are important structural and functional cellular components. C. One of the by-products, ammonia, is a toxin that can damage cells. D. All of the listed responses are correct
All of the listed responses are correct.
To examine the metabolic state of an individual, results may be expressed as __________. A. calories per hour B. calories per day C. calories per unit of body weight per day D. All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Which of the following people would be in positive nitrogen balance? A. athletes in training B. a pregnant woman C. growing children D. All of the listed responses are correct
All of the listed responses are correct.
The enzyme that removes the amino group from amino acids requires a co-enzyme derived from vitamin __________.
B6
Glucose enters cells by facilitated diffusion; it is trapped in the cytoplasm by conversion to glucose-6-phosphate. Are these two statements true or false?
Both statements are true
Glycolysis yields pyruvic acid; the pyruvic acid is then decarboxylated in mitochondria before entering the TCA cycle. Are these two statements true or false?
Both statements are true.
Catabolism is represented by processes such as __________. A. contraction B. endocytosis C. intracellular transport D. All of these are catabolic processes.
D
Which of these is not part of anabolism? A. storage of glycogen B. hormone synthesis C. secreting an enzyme D. muscle contraction
D
Which of these statements is not true about beta-oxidation? A. It yields large amounts of ATP B. It takes place in mitochondria C. Two-carbon fragments are formed. D. Lipid molecules are converted into glucose molecules
D
Why is hypervitaminosis involving water-soluble vitamins relatively UNCOMMON?
Excessive amounts are readily excreted in the urine.
What is the function of the urea cycle?
Reduce the concentration of ammonia
Why are minerals, vitamins, and water classified as essential nutrients?
The body cannot synthesize the nutrients in sufficient quantities.
What is the original source of the CO2 ,which releases during citric acid cycle?
The glucose from the diet
Why is it that fatty acids and many amino acids CANNOT be converted to glucose?
Their catabolic pathways produce acetyl-CoA
Phoebe grew up in Alaska's interior and used to play with her friends at recess in temperatures of −20°F. In fact, her school was not canceled until the temperatures reached −50°F. Which of the following terms describes her adaptation to Alaska's frigid winter climate?
acclimatization
Synthesis of fatty acids starts with __________.
acetyl-CoA
Metabolism refers to __________.
all the chemical reactions in the body
Milk and eggs are complete proteins because they contain __________.
all the essential amino acids in sufficient quantities
When blood glucose concentrations are elevated, the glucose molecules are __________.
catabolized for energy
The first step in a sequence of enzymatic reactions in the tricarboxylic acid cycle is the formation of __________.
citric acid
Which of the following is a nitrogen compound important in energy storage in muscle tissue?
creatine
Glycolysis occurs in the ______and converts glucose to _________while generating ATP and NADH.
cytoplasm.....pyruvic acid
Which of the following hormones exhibits its influence most during the postabsorptive state?
glucagon
The synthesis of glucose from nonglucose precursors is known as __________.
gluconeogenesis
Through the process of __________, each glucose yields two pyruvate ions
glycolysis
About 40% of the energy content of nutrients is captured as ATP. The remainder is lost as __________.
heat
During open-heart surgery, which of the following thermoregulatory changes will be induced on the patient's body?
hypothermia
NAD, a key coenzyme used in the process of producing ATP, is produced from which water-soluble vitamin?
niacin
A cell with excess carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids will break down carbohydrates to __________.
obtain energy
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport system?
oxygen
In glycolysis, six-carbon glucose molecules are broken down into two three-carbon molecules of __________.
pyruvic acid
Although small quantities of lipids are normally stored in the liver, most of the synthesized triglycerides are bound to __________.
transport proteins
What is the primary function of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)?
transporting the triglycerides to peripheral tissues
The ammonia that is removed from an amino acid during deamination is converted to the less toxic form of __________.
urea
Neurons must be provided with a reliable supply of glucose because they are __________.
usually unable to metabolize other molecules
Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin necessary for synthesis of visual pigments?
vitamin A
