chap 4

A nurse tends to a patient with a sunburn. Upon examination, she sees blisters and red skin. What degree of burn does the patient most likely have?

2nd

What type of burn does a patient have if blisters are present and the affected area is painful?

2nd degree

If a person has third-degree burns on both anterior and posterior surfaces of the lower limbs, what percentage of the body surface area is burned? 4.5 percent 9 percent 18 percent 36 percent

36 percent

True or False Synovial membrane occurs in pairs with a parietal and visceral layer.

False

True or False The epidermis is made mostly of dense (fibrous) connective tissue.

False

True or false The ABCDE rule is used for classifying burns.

False, used for classifying skin cancers

Subcutaneous fatty layer Dermis Hypodermis Epidermis

Hypodermis

Which structures are located in the epidermis? Merkel cells or disc shair follicles sweat glands sebaceous glands

Merkel cells or disc

Upper layer of the dermis that forms dermal papillae Keratinocyte Melanocyte Stratum corneum Papillary layer of dermis Stratum basale Epidermal dendritic cell Subcutaneous tissue

Papillary layer of dermis

Deepest layer; site of rapid cell division and melanin production Stratum basale Stratum granulosum Stratum corneum Stratum spinosum Stratum lucidum

Stratum basale

Which layer of the epidermis forms the nail bed? stratum spinosum stratum lucidum stratum corneum stratum basale stratum granulosum

Stratum basale

Thick superficial layer of flat, keratinized, dead cells; responsible for dandruff Stratum basale Stratum granulosum Stratum corneum Stratum spinosum Stratum lucidum

Stratum corneum

Cells flatten and fill with keratin, resulting in a grainy appearance Stratum basale Stratum granulosum Stratum corneum Stratum spinosum Stratum lucidum

Stratum granulosum

Clear layer found only in thick skin; cells full of keratin Stratum basale Stratum granulosum Stratum corneum Stratum spinosum Stratum lucidum

Stratum lucidum

Live keratinocytes connected by desmosomes produce pre-keratinStratum basale Stratum granulosum Stratum corneum Stratum spinosum Stratum lucidum

Stratum spinosum

Hypodermis: Keratinocyte Melanocyte Stratum corneum Papillary layer of dermis Stratum basale Epidermal dendritic cell Subcutaneous tissue

Subcutaneous tissue

Which of the following is an indication of melanoma? a symmetrical mole a pigmented spot that contains areas of different colors a pigmented spot on the skin that is smaller than the size of a pencil eraser a pigmented spot that has smooth borders a pigmented spot that is all black

a pigmented spot that contains areas of different colors

The sebaceous and sweat glands associated with the skin are classified as ________ glands because they release secretions to the skin's surface via ducts. serous endocrine mucous exocrine

exocrine

t or f Collagen and elastic fibers are common in the epidermis of the skin.

false

t or f The reason that the nail bed appears pink is the presence of a large number of melanocytes in the underlying dermis.

false

t or f When an individual is exposed to extremely low air temperatures, the capillaries of the skin will dilate so that blood will flush into skin capillary beds and heat will radiate.

false

Part complete Where does hair growth occur? hair cuticle hair shaft hair cortex hair matrix hair medulla

hair matrix

When James shaves his face, which portion of the hair is removed? hair shaft hair root hair matrix hair follicle

hair shaft

The Staphylococcus infection of the skin that causes pink, water-filled, raised lesions is known as ________. psoriasis contact dermatitis cold sores impetigo

impetigo

What is the function of epidermal dendritic cells? stimulate the sensory nerve endings associated with touch receptors absorb ultraviolet radiation produce keratin ingest foreign substances and activate the immune system

ingest foreign substances and activate the immune system

Which of the following abnormal skin colors results from liver disorders? bruising jaundice erythema pallor cyanosis

jaundice

Although you get wet while swimming, which tough protein within the skin prevents it from soaking up moisture like a sponge? carotene keratin serous fluid melanin mucus

keratin

Where are mucous membranes found? covering the brain lining the inside of the stomach covering the heart lining the abdominal cavity wall lining joint cavities

lining the inside of the stomach

Which effect of aging is accelerated by smoking and sun exposure? decreasing oil production loss of subcutaneous tissue thinning of the skin loss of skin elasticity

loss of skin elasticity

The white crescent area located over the nail matrix is called the ________. matrix lunule cuticle bed

lunule

Hair color is due to a pigment known as ________. melanin carotene keratin hemoglobin

melanin

What skin disorder is recognized using the ABCDE rule? melanoma psoriasis impetigo squamous cell carcinoma basal cell carcinoma

melanoma

Type of membrane adapted for absorption or secretion. mucous serous synovial cutaneous

mucous

Type of membrane that lines open body cavities. mucous serous synovial cutaneous

mucous

Which of the following membranes lines body cavities that are open to the exterior? synovial pleura mucous serous cutaneous

mucous

What type of membrane is composed of epithelium resting on the lamina propria, a loose connective tissue membrane? mucous membrane serous membrane synovial membrane cutaneous membrane

mucous membrane

Which cavity would be lined with a mucous membrane? oral cavity abdominal cavity thoracic cavity joint cavity

oral cavity

Fingerprints and footprints in the epidermis are created by dermal papillae present in the ________. subcutaneous tissue hypodermis stratum lucidum papillary layer of the dermis reticular layer of the dermis

papillary layer of the dermis

What is the function of the keratin found within skin cells? sensory perception absorbs ultraviolet radiation produces vitamin D prevents water loss

prevents water loss

Under which of the following conditions would a decubitus ulcer form? third-degree burns prolonged bed rest after a severe back injury exposure to human herpes virus 1prolonged exposure to UV light

prolonged bed rest after a severe back injury

Acne is an infection of the __________ glands. sebaceous apocrine eccrine exocrine

sebaceous

Which of the following contains chemicals that kill bacteria and prevent bacterial invasions of the skin? melanin hemoglobin keratin sebum sweat

sebum

Which of the following is a lubricant that keeps skin soft and moist and also contains chemicals that kill bacteria? sebum sweat carotene melanin

sebum

Peritoneum, pericardium, and pleura are examples of this type of membrane. mucous serous synovial cutaneous

serous

The pleura and pericardium are examples of ________ membranes that cover organs in a body cavity closed to the exterior. serous mucous synovial cutaneous

serous

Type of membrane that contains a visceral and a parietal layer. mucous serous synovial cutaneous

serous

Type of membrane that secretes fluids around organs. mucous serous synovial cutaneous

serous

Which membrane is constructed of a visceral and parietal layer? serous mucous peritoneum cutaneous synovial

serous

What type of membrane lines the compartments of the ventral body cavity and produces a lubricant that allows organs to move against neighboring organs without friction? mucous membrane cutaneous membrane synovial membrane serous membrane

serous membrane

What type of membrane provides lubrication to the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities? cutaneous membrane serous membrane synovial membrane mucous membrane

serous membrane

What type of tissue makes up the epidermis of the skin? dense connective tissue simple squamous epithelium adipose tissue stratified squamous epithelium

stratified squamous epithelium

Layers of skin from deepest to closest to surface:

stratum basale stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum lucideum stratum corneum BSGLC

What layer is affected when a scrape affects the most superficial epidermal layer? stratum lucidum stratum corneum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basale

stratum corneum

Which layer of the epidermis is composed of flattened, dead, keratin-filled cells? stratum basale stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum corneum stratum lucidum

stratum corneum

The ________ membrane lines the fibrous capsule surrounding joints. serous synovial cutaneous mucous

synovial

Type of membrane that lines the fibrous capsules surrounding joints. mucous serous synovial cutaneous

synovial

Which of the following reduces friction in movable joints, such as the knee? sebum sweat synovial fluid serous fluid keratin

synovial fluid

Which membrane is composed of areolar connective tissue and NOT an epithelial tissue? serous membrane synovial membrane cutaneous membrane mucous membrane

synovial membrane

Which of the following membranes is composed of loose areolar connective tissue? serous membrane synovial membrane mucous membrane pleural membrane cutaneous membrane

synovial membrane

t or f Apocrine gland secretions are normally odorless, and may be milky or yellowish in color.

true

t or f Sebaceous glands and sweat glands are cutaneous glands associated with the skin.

true

t or f The connective tissue composing the dermis is made of two regions: the papillary and the reticular areas.

true

t or f The rule of nines is used to estimate how much of the body surface is burned.

true

A physician estimates the volume of fluid lost in a severely burned patient by ________. using the "rule of nines" observing the tissues that are usually moist performing enzyme studies measuring urinary output and fluid intake blood analysis

using the "rule of nines"

Which important metabolic compound is produced by skin cells? urea carotene sweat vitamin D

vitamin d

Which type of skin cancer is the least malignant but most common? impetigo squamous cell carcinoma malignant melanoma basal cell carcinoma

basal cell carcinoma

All of the following homeostatic imbalances include reddening of the skin EXCEPT __________. contact dermatitis psoriasis athlete's foot boils

boils

Which of the following stimulates eccrine sweat glands to release sweat? hormones, especially male sex hormones high temperatures cold temperatures dry skin both by high temperatures and by hormones, especially male hormones

both by high temperatures and by hormones, especially male hormones

There are three types of skin cancers. Which one(s) are derived from epithelial cells of the epidermis? both types of carcinoma (basal cell and squamous cell) basal cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma melanoma

both types of carcinoma (basal cell and squamous cell)

What pigment found in skin originates from outside the body? melanin hemoglobin carotene jaundice

carotene

What provides toughness to the dermis and holds water in this skin layer? Merkel cells collagen fibers elastic fibers epidermis dendritic cells melanocytes

collagen fibers

What causes hair to stand up and the skin to dimple when one is cold or frightened? sebaceous glands hair follicles contraction of arrector pili muscles apocrine sweat glands

contraction of arrector pili muscles

The outermost layer of the epidermis is keratinized and known as stratum ________. spinosum basale corneum granulosum

corneum

Type of membrane that forms the skin. mucous serous synovial cutaneous

cutaneous

The only dry membrane is the ________. mucous membrane serous membrane cutaneous membrane basement membrane synovial membrane

cutaneous membrane

What condition occurs when hemoglobin is deprived of oxygen? jaundice pallor erythema cyanosis

cyanosis

Part complete Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of ________. evaporation osmosis diffusion absorption filtration

diffusion

What type of cutaneous gland produces sweat that cools the body upon evaporation from the skin? salivary gland oil gland apocrine gland sebaceous gland eccrine gland

eccrine gland

Which glands play a role in thermoregulation? hair follicles eccrine glands apocrine glandss ebaceous gland

eccrine gland

Contains sensory receptors, blood vessels, and nerves Dermis Hypodermis Epidermis

Dermis

Cell responsible for alerting and activating an immune response to a bacterial or viral invasion Keratinocyte Melanocyte Stratum corneum Papillary layer of dermis Stratum basale Epidermal dendritic cell Subcutaneous tissue

Epidermal dendritic cell

Protective outer layer Dermis Hypodermis Epidermis

Epidermis

Which of the following is a vital function of the skin? The skin converts modified epidermal cholesterol to vitamin D. The skin aids in desiccation. The cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy. The skin aids in the transport of materials throughout the body. The skin absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases.

The skin converts modified epidermal cholesterol to vitamin D.

True or False Apocrine glands are associated with hair follicles in the armpit and genital regions.

True

True or False Both serous fluid and synovial fluid serve as lubricants in their respective locations.

True

True or false Both nails and hair are produced by stratum basale of the epidermis.

True

How is the rule of nines used by a clinician? to estimate fluid lost by the body by determining the extent of burns to determine whether the patient can survive the burns to diagnose the type of skin cancer to identify whether a burn is first-, second-, or third-degree

to estimate fluid lost by the body by determining the extent of burns

True or False: Basal and squamous cell carcinoma are both considered nonmelanoma types of skin cancer.

true