Chaper 20: Urinary System

Water excretion in the urine is ______ solute excretion.

independent of

Movement of certain substances from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules is called tubular ______.

secretion

During tubular reabsorption, materials that are useful to the body are moved from the ______ into the ______.

tubular fluid; blood

Effects of aging on the kidneys include which of the following?

-a gradual decrease in size of the kidneys -a loss of glomerular function -a gradual decrease in blood flow through the kidneys

Which functions does the urinary system regulate?

-removal of metabolic wastes -excretion of drugs -volume of body fluids -pH balance

List three substances typically found in glomerular filtrate.

-uric acid -glucose -amino acids

Urine produced in the nephron will pass through all of the following structures. Place them in the correct order, with the structure closest to the nephron at the top.

1. calyces 2. renal pelvis 3. ureter 4. urinary bladder 5. urethra

A kidney is approximately ______ centimeters long, 6 centimeters wide, and 3 centimeters thick.

12

Pair each letter with the correct kidney structure.

A : renal capsule B : renal cortex C : renal medulla

Match the letter with the correct kidney structure.

A : renal papilla B : renal pyramid C : renal column

True or false: A very small percentage (<10%) of the original glomerular filtrate will be reabsorbed as the fluid flows through the nephrons and collecting ducts.

False

In the kidney, describe the movement of substances during tubular reabsorption.

Substances move from the tubular fluid to the blood.

The composition of glomerular filtrate is most like that of which body fluid?

Tissue fluid

True or false: Aging causes a gradual decreases in the size of the kidneys, beginning as early as age 20, becoming obvious after age 40, and continuing until death.

True

Name the posterior pituitary hormone that has the direct effect of increasing water reabsorption from distal tubules and collecting ducts.

antidiuretic hormone

The kidney is shaped like a(n) ______.

bean

The hollow muscular organ is located in the pelvic cavity posterior to the symphysis pubis that is part of the urinary system is the urinary ______.

bladdar

The rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from plasma is called renal ______.

clearance

What is the effect of hydrostatic pressure of blood on filtration?

favors filtration

Pores, called ______, are located in the walls of glomerular capillaries and are important in allowing glomerular filtration.

fenestrae

During the first step of urine formation, the material that enters the glomerular capsule is called glomerular ______.

filtrate

The fluid called glomerular ______ is produced by the process of glomerular filtration.

filtrate

The process by which blood pressure forces fluid through the glomerular capillary walls into the glomerular capsule is called glomerular ______.

filtration

Pores, called fenestrae, are found in the walls of the ______ and are important in allowing glomerular filtration.

glomerular capillaries

Within the renal corpuscle, the colloid osmotic pressure (COP) is a pressure drawing fluid into what?

glomerular capillaries

If someone's renal clearance is abnormally low, it might indicate which type of condition?

glomerular damage

The amount of fluid per minute entering the nephrons of both kidneys is the ______ ______ rate (GFR).

glomerular filtration

The rate of 120-125 milliliters per minute of fluid entering the nephrons of both kidneys is called the ______ rate.

glomerular filtration

Urine formation begins with a process called ______, in which water and other small dissolved molecules and ions are moved from the glomerular capillary plasma into the glomerular capsule.

glomerular filtration

The process by which the glomerular capillaries filter plasma is called ______ ______.

glomerular; filtration

In glomerular filtration, substances move from the ______ into the ______.

glomerulus; nephron

What is the main driving force behind glomerular filtration?

hydrostatic pressure of blood

Within the renal corpuscle, is colloid osmotic pressure an inward pressure drawing fluid into the capillaries or an outward pressure forcing fluid out of the capillaries to the glomerular capsule?

inward

The renal artery brings blood to which structure?

kidney

Each ureter carries urine from a(n) ______ to the ______.

kidney; urinary bladder

Regulating the volume and composition of body fluids is the primary function of the ______.

kidneys

The process of expelling urine from the urinary bladder is called urination or ______.

micturition

What is an alternate medical name for the process of urination?

micturition

As tubular fluid flows through the renal tubules, ______ of the fluid is reabsorbed.

most

The volume of glomerular filtrate is ______ the volume of urine formed and excreted.

much greater than

Which prefix means "pertaining to the kidney"?

nephr-

Which is the term for the functional units of the kidneys, responsible for urine production?

nephrons

The functional units of the kidneys, responsible for filtration of the blood, are the ______.

nephrons or nephron

The word element "nephr-," as in the term nephron, means ______.

pertaining to the kidney

The kidneys are on the ______ wall.

posterior abdominal

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

regulate composition and volume of extracellular fluid

The blood vessel that supplies blood to the kidney is called the ______ artery.

renal

Hydrogen ions move from the plasma of the peritubular capillary into the fluid of the renal tubule by the process of ______.

tubular secretion

What is the process by which substances move out of the peritubular capillary and move into the renal tubule?

tubular secretion

The byproduct of amino acid catabolism in the liver that is excreted in urine is ______.

urea

The waste product produced by amino acid catabolism, and excreted from the body through urine, is ______.

urea

Which compound is the most abundant nitrogenous waste in the blood and urine?

urea

As urine leaves the kidney, which structure will it enter first?

ureter

The tubular organ carrying urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder is the ______.

ureter

The tubular structure indicated in the figure is the ______.

urethra

In the figure, the tubular structure indicated by the arrow is the

urethra or prostatic urethra

What is the hollow muscular organ that lies just posterior to the symphysis pubis?

urinary bladder

The system that removes certain salts and nitrogenous wastes is the ______ system.

urinary or renal

The excreted fluid that contains wastes, along with excess water and electrolytes is called ______.

urine

The fluid formed by the kidneys and excreted from the body is called ______.

urine

The kidneys lie on either side of the ______ column in a depression high on the ______ wall of the abdominal cavity.

vertebral, vertebrae, or spinal; posterior

Antidiuretic hormone increases the permeability of cells in the last portion of the distal tubule and in the collecting duct to ______.

water

The composition of urine reflects the ratio of solutes to ______ being eliminated by the kidneys.

water