chapt 13, test 11, lecture 10, chapt 9 test, CHAPT 8 TEXT, quizz 7, chapt 6, chapt 5 quizz, chapt 4, chapt 3, chapt 2 question 2, chapter 10, Psy Exam 2 Part 2, Chapter 02 - Where to Start, chapt 14 quizz, EXAM 2 Research Methods

Which of the following is the least accurate statement about the use of statistical tests? A. One of the goals is to allow one to make a decision about whether the obtained results are reliable. B. The likelihood of obtaining significant results increases with decreasing sample size. C. The significance level selected indicates how confident one wants to be when making a decision . D. One is most likely to obtain significant results when the effect size is large.

. The likelihood of obtaining significant results increases with decreasing sample size.

Statistically, significant results mean that the results are: A. very important. B. meaningless. C. likely to be due to chance differences between the groups. D. likely to be due to true differences between the groups.

. likely to be due to true differences between the groups.

The appropriate statistical test for nominal level data of two groups is the: A. t test. B. Pearson correlation. C. chi-square test. D. analysis of variance.

. t test.

Which significance level would minimize the probability of a Type I error? A. .25 B. .10 C. .05 D. .01

01

One method used to demonstrate the reversibility of the effect of the independent variable is a(n): A. quasi-experimental design. B. interrupted time series design. C. control series design. D. ABA design.

ABA design.

Which of the following is a reversal design? A. Pretest-posttest design B. Interrupted time series design C. ABAB design D. Quasi-experimental design

ABAB design

Amelia realized that her 7-year-old daughter, Violet, was especially motivated by money. Amelia began a reinforcement program whereby Violet earned 5 cents every time she brushed her teeth. A month later, Amelia instituted a payment schedule of 10 cents every time Violet went to bed on time without complaining. Once these behaviors were firmly established, Violet began earning money for every book she read. What kind of single-subject design did Amelia employ? A. Across subject multiple-baseline design B. Across behaviors multiple-baseline design C. Across situations multiple-baseline design D. Across subject ABA design

Across behaviors multiple-baseline design

Sophia finds that her son Alex enjoys lemon candy. Sophia encourages Alex when he displays courteous behavior at home. She then starts reinforces this behavior at school, relatives' homes, and church. What type of single-case design does Sophia employ? A. Across situations multiple-baseline design B. Across behaviors ABA design C. Across subjects multiple-baseline design D. Across subjects ABA design

Across situations multiple-baseline design

Which of the following is a variation of the multiple baseline design? A. Across subjects B. Across treatments C. Across effects D. Across experiments

Across subjects

. Professor Aaron finds that when he smiles and makes eye contact with Jeanne, she becomes more responsive to his questions. He tries the same behavior on David, Chris, and B.J. and finds that it also influences their responses to his questions. What type of single-case design did Professor Aaron employ? A. Across situations ABA design B. Across behaviors multiple-baseline design C. Across subjects multiple-baseline design D. Across subjects ABA design

Across subjects multiple-baseline design

Which of the following is a threat to the internal validity of studies using one-group pretest-posttest design? A. Cohort effects B. Statistical regression C. Propensity score matching D. Selection bias

B. Statistical regression

Which of the following is true of single-case designs? A. The procedures for use with a single subject cannot be replicated with other subjects. B. The results are presented as group data with overall means. C. Complex statistical analyses are not required. D. Early interest in single-case designs in psychology came from research on classical conditioning.

Complex statistical analyses are not required

Which one of the following is NOT a quasi-experimental design? A. Nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design B. Interrupted time series design C. Correlated groups design D. Control series design

Correlated groups design

Which of the following are two general methods for studying individuals of different ages? A. Multiple baseline and single-case experimental designs B. Quasi-experimental and nonequivalent control group designs C. Interrupted time series and control series designs D. Cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs

Cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs

In a cross-sectional study, a difference among groups of different ages may reflect developmental age changes; however, these differences may result from _____ effects. A. regression B. nonequivalent C. propensity D. cohort

D. cohort

_____ variance is the deviation of the individual scores in each group from their respective group means. A. Error B. Systematic C. Inferential D. Alpha

Error

A student is interested in the effect of environmental conditions on task performance. She makes participants complete a series of math problems under different conditions of temperature—cold, warm, and hot, and different noise conditions—quiet and noisy. The most appropriate test to analyze the data would be a(n) _____. A. t-test B. Pearson r C. chi-square D. F-test

F-test

Sean wants to test a hypothesis according to which the mean amount of sales dollars will vary between Oak Ridge, Oak Wood, and Oak Park shopping malls. The appropriate statistical test would be the _____. A. Mann-Whitney U B. t-test C. F-test D. Pearson r

F-test

Alistair has obtained statistical significance in his study that examines the relationship between gender and voter preference. Which statement would Alistair NOT make? A. Male candidates receive more votes than female candidates. B. The null hypothesis is rejected. C. The research hypothesis is accepted. D. Female candidates are just as likely to receive votes as male candidates.

Female candidates are just as likely to receive votes as male candidates.

Which of the following is used to determine whether the results held up if an experiment was conducted repeatedly, each time with a new sample? A. Descriptive statistics B. Inferential statistics C. The research hypothesis D. The null hypothesis

Inferential statistics

When asked if he would like to have some fruits along with his breakfast, Milo declines. He then attends an all-day presentation on the nutritional benefits of eating fruits. At the end of the presentation, Milo is again offered some fruits to eat and he accepts. What effect may be responsible for the change in Milo's response? A. History B. Maturation C. Regression toward the mean D. Testing

Maturation

A school administrator wants to examine the effect of student lockers on class tardiness. He compares tardiness records of a school with no lockers to a school with lockers. What type of research design is this? A. Nonequivalent control group B. One-group pretest-posttest C. One-shot case study D. Pretest only

Nonequivalent control group

Teachers at School A were given a substance abuse knowledge test. During the next four months, the teachers attended training sessions on substance abuse. They were then given the knowledge test again. Similarly, teachers at School B were given the substance abuse knowledge test, and four months later they were given the test again. What kind of design was used in this research? A. Pretest-posttest true experimental design B. Nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design C. Interrupted time series design D. Multiple baseline design

Nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design

Dr. Jayden is studying the effect of exercise on cholesterol level. He first measures his patients' cholesterol level before recommending an exercise program and after one month of participating in an exercise program, he measures their cholesterol level again. What type of research design has Dr. Jayden employed? A. Between groups design B. One-shot case study C. Missing control group design D. One group pretest-posttest design

One group pretest-posttest design

A researcher administers a reading test to a group of fourth graders at the beginning of the school year. During the year, the students receive an intensive program designed to improve reading skills. At the end of the year, the reading test is given again and a large improvement in test scores is discovered. Identify the type of study. A. One-shot case study B. One-group pretest-posttest design C. Nonequivalent control group design D. Interrupted time series design

One-group pretest-posttest design

The appropriate statistical test for interval or ratio level data is the _____. A. t test B. Pearson correlation C. chi-square test D. F test

Pearson correlation

Which statistical test would be most appropriate for examining the relationship between temperature and the number of ice cream cones sold? A. Chi-square test B. Analysis of variance C. t test D. Pearson correlation

Pearson correlation

A graduating college student takes the Graduate Record Exam and scores high marks. Six months later the student retakes the exam after completing all undergraduate coursework, but scores relatively low. Other than the boring coursework, what is most likely to account for the lower scores? A. Maturation B. Testing C. Instrument decay D. Regression toward the mean

Regression toward the mean

In one-group pretest-posttest design, which of the following will occur whenever researchers gather a set of extreme scores taken at one time and compare them with scores taken at another point in time? A. Regression toward the mean B. Propensity score matching C. Selection differences D. Testing effects

Regression toward the mean

. Which of the following describes a sequential design? A. Studying a group of 5 year olds over a 10 year period B. Comparing reasoning abilities of 5, 8, and 10 year-olds C. Measuring motor abilities of a child when she is 2 years old and then measuring her abilities again when she is 5 years old D. Studying groups of 10- and 15-year-olds, and then studying these individuals 2, 4, and 6 years later

Studying groups of 10- and 15-year-olds, and then studying these individuals 2, 4, and 6 years later

If exposure to an earlier assessment affects behavior when a participant is assessed a second time, which of the following types of effects might the researcher suspect is the cause? A. History B. Instrument decay C. Testing D. Maturation

Testing

A researcher wants to test the effect of alcohol on driving performance. Participants first drive through an obstacle course before drinking any alcohol. The participants then drink 8 ounces of alcohol and drive the course again. After each trial, the number of traffic cones hit is recorded. The researcher finds that the number of traffic cones hit is greater before rather than after the participants drank the alcohol. What may best account for the change in performance? A. Maturation B. History C. Testing effect D. Instrument decay

Testing effect

Which of the following best describes a longitudinal study on children's development? A. The same children are tested at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years of age. B. Children belonging to the age groups 1, 3, 5, and 10 are tested simultaneously. C. Some children are tested at 1, 3, and 5 years of age while other children are tested at 3, 5, and 10 years of age. D. The children tested at 3 years of age are compared with those tested at age 5.

The same children are tested at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years of age

evy reports that individuals who follow her diet plan lose more weight than individuals who follow Jake's diet plan. In actuality, there is no difference in weight loss between those following Tevy's diet plan and those following Jake's diet plan. In this case, Tevy's claim illustrates a _____ error. A. Type IV B. Type III C. Type II D. Type I

Type I

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true is called a _____ error, whereas not rejecting a false null hypothesis when it is false is called a(n) _____ error. A. beta; alpha B. Type I; Type II C. minor; major D. significant; insignificant

Type I; Type II

Ethan concludes that there is no difference in the driving ability of drivers who have consumed one can of beer and those who have consumed three cans of beer. However, there actually is a difference in the driving ability of the drivers. In this case, Ethan has made a(n) _____ error. A. null B. alpha C. Type I D. Type II

Type II

What is the advantage of the pretest in the nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design? A. The pretest accustoms the participants to the procedures of the study. B. Participants who experience a pretest generally score higher on a posttest. C. When groups are not equivalent, researchers can look at changes from pretest to posttest scores. D. If the pretest scores are different, the study can be discontinued immediately.

When groups are not equivalent, researchers can look at changes from pretest to posttest scores.

. In developmental research, a cohort is: A. someone who shares an individual's living quarters. B. someone who has many similar characteristics as the individual under study. C. a group of people born at about the same time, exposed to the same events in a society. D. a group of people who lived apart, influenced by different demographic trends.

a group of people born at about the same time, exposed to the same events in a society.

Adrian found no significant difference in the amount of money spent on entertainment on those students who live on campus versus those who live off campus. Based on this finding, Adrian would: A. accept the null hypotheses. B. reject the null hypotheses. C. accept a Type I error. D. reject a Type I error.

accept the null hypotheses.

A Type II error occurs when one: A. rejects the null hypothesis when it is false. B. rejects the null hypothesis when it is true. C. accepts the null hypothesis when it is true. D. accepts the null hypothesis when it is false.

accepts the null hypothesis when it is false.

. Before employing inferential statistics, Alberto selects the probability level required for statistical significance. This level is referred to as the _____ of the test. A. null hypothesis B. research hypothesis C. intuitive level D. alpha level

alpha level

. Inferential statistics _____. A. are used to generally describe the data B. are used to make conclusions about the data C. focus mainly on scales of measurement D. focus mainly on standard deviations

are used to make conclusions about the data

. A researcher records the number of motorcycle fatalities before and after the implementation of a mandatory helmet law. During the same period, she compares this number to the number of motorcycle fatalities of three states that do not have mandatory helmet laws. This research design would be an example of a(n) _____ design. A. true experiment B. single case C. interrupted time series D. control series

control series

. A way to improve the interrupted time series design is to use a _____ design. A. control series B. reversal series C. multiple baseline D. single-case

control series

Ronan goes to several elementary schools where he tests students who are in the first grade, third grade, and sixth grade to examine the effect of age on a reasoning ability task. In his research, Ronan has used a _____ method. A. longitudinal B. sequential C. cross-sectional D. time analysis

cross-sectional

When a researcher _____ the probability of making a Type I error, he or she _____ the probability of making a Type II error. A. increases; increases B. decreases; increases C. decreases; decreases D. decreases; does not affect

decreases; increases

When comparing two group means, the _____ refers to the number of scores free to vary once the means are known. A. null hypothesis B. research hypothesis C. statistical significance D. degree of freedom

degree of freedom

Single-case experiments were developed from a need to: A. have a design that examines a measurement at only one point in time. B. measure only a single dependent variable. C. determine whether a manipulation has an effect on a single research participant. D. overcome selection differences that occur in nonequivalent control group design.

determine whether a manipulation has an effect on a single research participant.

Dr. Afzal finds that students who work less than 10 hours a week have significantly higher test scores than students who work more than 10 hours a week. In order to determine the magnitude of the effect of work hours on test scores, he should calculate an estimate of the _____. A. critical value B. effect size C. null effect D. halo effect

effect size

The probability of making a Type II error increases when the: A. significance level is set very high. B. effect size is small. C. sample size is large. D. probability of a Type I error is high.

effect size is small.

When examining the strength of the relationship between study time and test score, the null hypothesis would suggest that the true population correlation is: A. greater than 0.00. B. less than 0.00. C. equal to 0.00. D. 1.00.

equal to 0.00

The expected value of t under the null hypothesis _____. A. equals 1 B. equals 0 C. depends on the degrees of freedom D. varies depending on the alpha level

equals 0

Which of the following statements is true of a null hypothesis? A. The population means are not equal. B. The difference in means is not due to random error. C. The mean of the experimental group is not equal to the mean of the control group. D. The mean of the placebo treatment is equal to the mean of the experimental treatment group.

he mean of the placebo treatment is equal to the mean of the experimental treatment group.

A researcher assesses participants' attitude toward marijuana, presents them with a persuasive communication favoring liberalization of marijuana laws, and then reassesses their attitude toward the drug. However, between assessment 1 and assessment 2, the President also advocates liberalization of marijuana laws. If the researcher doesn't use a control group, any differences that he or she observes are likely to be caused by _____ effects. A. maturation B. history C. regression D. testing

history

Events that occur between the first and second measurement period but are not part of the manipulation are called _____ effects. A. history B. maturation C. testing D. cohort

history

The research hypothesis states that the: A. independent variable has no effect. B. independent variable has an effect. C. dependent variable has no effect . D. dependent variable has an effect.

independent variable has an effect.

A researcher employs inferential statistics to examine the difference in mean scores obtained by fourth grade boys and girls in a standardized math test. In this case, inferential statistics: A. summarize and describe the important characteristics of the data. B. test the research hypothesis. C. indicate the strength of the relationship between the math scores of boys and girls. D. indicate the probability that the difference between means reflect random error.

indicate the probability that the difference between means reflect random error.

Aden finds that, on an average, men have higher starting salaries than women. In order to conclude that the differences in starting salaries are true differences and not a result of random error, Aden would employ the use of _____ statistics. A. qualitative B. descriptive C. inferential D. ordinal

inferential

Arafa has collected data on the relationship between physical attractiveness and judgments of personality characteristics. In order to determine if the results obtained from the sample are representative of the population, Arafa will need to employ _____ statistics. A. qualitative B. descriptive C. inferential D. ordinal

inferential

A restaurant is interested in examining the effect of increasing the price of hamburgers on its sales. During the first six months of the year, it measures the number of hamburgers sold each day. It then increases the price and records the number of hamburgers sold each day for the last six months of the year. This quasi-experimental design would be an example of a(n): A. nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. B. interrupted time series design. C. control series design. D. nonequivalent control group design.

interrupted time series design

Clara examines the number of traumatic head injuries that occurred in California for five years before and after the passage of a law that made it mandatory for riders to wear a helmet. Clara's research design would be classified as a(n): A. nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. B. nonequivalent control group design. C. control series design. D. interrupted time series design.

interrupted time series design.

The null hypothesis: A. is used because it is a very precise statement. B. is rejected when there is a high probability that the obtained results are due to random error. C. does not allow one to know the probability of the outcome of the study occurring. D. states that the independent variable did have an effect.

is used because it is a very precise statement.

A multiple baseline design is often used when: A. it is impossible or unethical to effect a reversal of treatment. B. random assigning of subjects to groups was done incorrectly. C. the researcher wants to correlate several behaviors with the one of interest. D. the chances are high there will be a high mortality rate among the participants

it is impossible or unethical to effect a reversal of treatment

In order to study personality development, a researcher studies the same individuals at 7, 14, 21, and 30 years of age. In this case, the researcher is using the _____ method. A. longitudinal B. sequential C. cross-sectional D. time analysis

longitudinal

The Terman Life Cycle Study began in 1921 and tracked California schoolchildren with particular intelligent scores. This study measured aspects of the individuals' cognitive and social development until their death. This is an example of a(n) _____. A. cross-sectional study B. interrupted time series design C. control series design D. longitudinal study

longitudinal study

The interrupted time series design involves: A. making an observation immediately before and immediately after a treatment is instituted. B. using time as the independent variable. C. making observations over an extended period of time before and after a treatment is instituted. D. comparing treatment and control groups over an extended period of time.

making observations over an extended period of time before and after a treatment is instituted.

A researcher studying the gender-based differences in the use of disciplinary practices predicted that men use power-oriented practices more frequently than women. In this case, the research hypothesis would suggest that: A. women use power-oriented practices more than men. B. men use power-oriented practices more than women. C. there is no difference between men and women in the use of disciplinary techniques. D. gender does not influence the kind of disciplinary practice used.

men use power-oriented practices more than women.

A consumer analyst asks participants to rate the comfort of the ride for two brands of all-terrain tires—Trail Cushion and Mud Handler. Trail Cushion is rated more comfortable with a mean of 5.5 than Mud Handler, which is found to have a mean of 4.3. The Type I error would be to conclude that Trail Cushion is: A. more comfortable than Mud Handler when a true difference in comfort exists. B. no more comfortable than Mud Handler when Trail Cushion is actually more comfortable. C. no more comfortable than Mud Handler when no difference in comfort exists. D. more comfortable than Mud Handler when the two tires are equally comfortable.

more comfortable than Mud Handler when the two tires are equally comfortable.

A consumer analyst asks participants to rate the health benefits of two health drinks—EnerG and Supreme. EnerG is rated more nutritive with a mean of 5.5 than Supreme, which is found to have a mean of 4.3. The Type II error would be to conclude that EnerG is: A. more nutritious than Supreme when a true difference in health benefits exists. B. no more nutritious than Supreme when EnerG actually provides more health benefits. C. no more nutritious than Supreme when no difference in health benefits exists. D. more nutritious than Supreme when the two brands provide similar health benefits.

no more nutritious than Supreme when EnerG actually provides more health benefits.

The use of existing natural groups of participants often results in: A. nonequivalent groups. B. regression toward the mean. C. many independent variables. D. equal numbers of males and females.

nonequivalent groups.

According to the _____ hypothesis, the independent variable has no effect. A. null B. research C. practical D. significant

null

The sampling distribution is based on the assumption that the _____ hypothesis is _____. A. null; true B. null; false C. research; true D. research; confounded

null; true

At the beginning of the term, researchers measured the attitudes of students taking a class in cross-cultural communication. At the end of the term, the students' attitudes were measured again. This is an example of a(n) _____ design. A. nonequivalent control group B. independent groups C. one-shot case study D. one-group pretest-posttest

one-group pretest-posttest

. Ethan has developed a scale to measure a person's fear of earthquakes. After the occurrence of an earthquake, he surveys 1000 individuals and finds the mean score to be 7.8 out of a possible 10 (the higher the score, the greater the fear). Ethan concludes that fear increases after people experience an earthquake. This study is an example of a: A. true experiment. B. one group pretest-posttest design. C. control group design. D. one-shot case study

one-shot case study

A researcher wants to test a hypothesis according to which the mean rating of guilt will be higher for unattractive defendants than for attractive defendants. The appropriate statistical test would be the _____. A. Pearson r B. two-tailed t-test C. one-tailed t-test D. chi-square

one-tailed t-test

With three independent variables and a single dependent variable, the most appropriate statistical test for analyzing the data would be the _____. A. chi-square test B. one-way analysis of variance C. t test D. Pearson correlation

one-way analysis of variance

A desired probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis is the _____. A. Type I error B. Type II error C. effect size of the test D. power of the test

power of the test

. The likelihood of the occurrence of some event or outcome is referred to as: A. reactivity. B. reliability. C. variability. D. probability.

probability.

When testing the differences between means, the null hypothesis suggests that any observed difference is due to _____. A. manipulation B. systematic variance C. error variance D. random error

random error

Selection differences are less likely to occur when researchers: A. use pre-existing groups found in natural settings. B. randomly assign participants to groups. C. allow participants to assign themselves to groups. D. use nonequivalent control group design.

randomly assign participants to groups.

According to her statistical analysis, an investigator found that significantly more men than women used punishment to discipline their children. Thus, the investigator would: A. accept the null hypothesis. B. reject the null hypothesis. C. make a Type II error. D. make a Type I error.

reject the null hypothesis.

A Type I error occurs when one: A. rejects the null hypothesis when it is false. B. rejects the null hypothesis when it is true. C. accepts the null hypothesis when it is true. D. accepts the null hypothesis when it is false.

rejects the null hypothesis when it is true.

When testing the differences between means, the _____ hypothesis suggests that population means are not equal. A. null B. research C. practical D. significant

research

If a researcher proposes that there is a difference in the hiring preferences between veterans and nonveterans, such a situation represents the _____ hypothesis. If the researcher proposes that there is no difference in the hiring preferences between veterans and non-veterans, such a situation represents the _____ hypothesis. A. null; research B. research; null C. inferential; descriptive D. descriptive; inferential

research; null

Kazbour and Bailey (2010) conducted a study to evaluate an intervention to increase the use of designated drivers in a bar. First, the researchers tracked the number of patrons serving as or being with a designated driver. The researchers then implemented a treatment to increase the use of designated drivers, and finally measured how many bar patrons used a designated driver after the intervention was removed. This is an example of a _____. A. developmental research B. cross-sectional study C. reversal design D. one-shot case study

reversal design

ll statistical techniques rely on _____ to determine the probability that the results are consistent with the null hypothesis. A. Type I errors B. Type II errors C. sampling distributions D. statistical significance

sampling distributions

A compromise between the longitudinal and cross-sectional methods is the _____ method. A. sequential B. multiple baseline C. single-case D. reversal

sequential

A _____ result is one that has a very low probability of occurring if the population means are equal. A. simplistic B. significant C. specifiable D. systematic

significant

The larger the F ratio, the more likely the results are _____. A. significant B. invalid C. dissimilar D. manipulated

significant

. In a _____ design, a subject's behavior is measured over time during a baseline control period. A. single-case B. control series C. propensity score D. nonequivalent control group

single-case

All statistical techniques rely on _____ to determine the probability that the results are consistent with the null hypothesis. A. Type I errors B. Type II errors C. sampling distributions D. statistical significance

statistical significance

A researcher wants to know if cholesterol levels are lower in vegetarians or nonvegetarians. Which statistical test would be most appropriate for this data? A. Chi-square test B. Analysis of variance C. t test D. Pearson correlation

t test

The _____ is commonly used to examine whether two groups are significantly different from each other. A. t test B. Mann-Whitney U test C. Chi-square test D. r test

t test

In a multiple baseline across situations design, _____. A. several different behaviors of a single subject are measured over time B. the same behavior is measured in different settings C. the behavior of several subjects is measured over time D. all subjects are exposed to a particular situational variable

the same behavior is measured in different settings

The null hypothesis is rejected whenever: A. past studies prove it wrong. B. there is a low probability that the obtained results could be due to random error. C. the independent variable fails to have an effect on the dependent variable. D. the researcher is convinced that the variable is ineffective in causing changes in behavior.

there is a low probability that the obtained results could be due to random error.

A one-tailed statistical test is used when: A. the data are from a ratio scale. B. the data are from an ordinal scale. C. there is a specific prediction regarding the direction of difference between groups. D. there is no prediction regarding the direction of difference between groups

there is a specific prediction regarding the direction of difference between groups.

A researcher assesses the length of the prison sentence for physically attractive and physically unattractive defendants. He believes that attractive defendants will receive shorter prison sentences than unattractive defendants. The null hypothesis would suggest that: A. there is no difference in the length of the prison sentence received by attractive and unattractive defendants. B. physically attractive defendants will receive longer prison sentences than physically unattractive defendants. C. physically attractive defendants will receive shorter prison sentences than physically unattractive defendants. D. some other variable such as gender is responsible for the difference in the length of prison sentence.

there is no difference in the length of the prison sentence received by attractive and unattractive defendants.

When comparing the differences in the ratings of responsibility for an automobile accident between male and female drivers, the null hypothesis would suggest that: A. women are more responsible drivers than men. B. there is no difference in the ratings of responsibility between male and female drivers. C. men are more responsible drivers than women. D. there is a difference in the ratings of responsibility between male and female drivers.

there is no difference in the ratings of responsibility between male and female drivers

Regression toward the mean refers to the fact that: A. extreme scores tend to change toward the less extreme mean. B. statistical regression results from changes that occur systematically over time. C. participants should be selected based on extreme scores taken at one time. D. mean scores of pretest and posttest measures will be the same after manipulation.

xtreme scores tend to change toward the less extreme mean