chapt 7

Match the author or pair of authors with the appropriate temperament model.

-Chess and Thomas-Easy difficult slow to warmup -Kagan-degrees to inhibition to the unfamiliar -rothbart and bates-extraversion negative affectivity effortful control

In infancy, emotions play important roles in which of the following?

-Communication with others -Behavioral organization

Which of the following are biological influences relating to emotion?

-Maturation of the cerebral cortex -Development of the brain stem -Development of the hippocampus

About ______ children under the age of 6 are in child care in the United States.

15 million

In the United States, separation protest typically begins at about the age of

7 to 8 months.

According to research, which of the following is a common occurrence for couples as they transition into parenthood?

A new gendered division of labor

Erikson

A sense of trust is the foundation for attachment.

The Strange Situation, which was an observational means to identify individual differences in infant attachment, was developed by

Ainsworth

Which of the following people identified three basic types, or clusters, of temperament—easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up?

Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas

Which theorist(s) developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up?

Chess and Thomas

Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament?

Difficult Slow-to-warm-up Easy

is characterized by behavior that reflects the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state that individuals are in, or the transactions they are experiencing.

Emotion

Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development?

Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture.

Which of the following is least likely to influence an individual's emotions?

Environmental quality

Which of the following theorists proposed influential theories of infant attachment?

Erikson Bowlby Freud

Baby Marlow uses mom as a base from which to explore the environment. When mom leaves, he protests mildly, and when mom returns, he reestablishes positive interactions with her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Marlow?

He is a securely attached baby.

Baby Jordan engages in little interaction with his mother and is not distressed when she leaves the room. When she returns, Jordan does not reestablish contact with her and even turns his back on her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Jordan?

He is an insecure avoidant baby.

Research has found that decreases in infants' negative emotionality are linked to which of the following? (Select all that apply).

Higher levels of parental sensitivity Higher levels of parental responsiveness Higher parental involvement

Bowlby

Infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments.

Freud

Infants become attached to the person who provides oral satisfaction

Which of the following statements is true of stranger anxiety?

It appears at about 6 months of age.

Which of the following has been shown to be an outcome of parenting?

Most parents enjoy more positive marital relations before the baby.

Which of the following are self-conscious emotions?

Pride Empathy

Which of the following theorists developed a temperament classification involving extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control?

Rothbart and Bates

Scientists in the field of social neuroscience are most likely to study which of the following factors?

The brain Hormones Mother-infant attachment

Which of the following are the three recognized types of infant cries?

The pain cry The basic cry The anger cry

True or false: Marital relationships, parenting, and infant behavior and development have both direct and indirect effects on one another.

True

True or false: Today there are more young children in child care in the United States than at any other time in history.

True

What type of infant cry has a loud, harsh sound to it, almost like shouting?

anger cry

The term stranger ______ describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know.

anxiety

Developmental social neuroscience involves the brain regions, hormones, and neurotransmitters that are important in motivating mother-infant

attachment

The maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex allows infants to

begin to regulate their emotions.

Which of the following describes reciprocal socialization?

biodirectional

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) ______ child reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.

difficult

Six-month-old Johnny often reacts negatively and cries frequently. He also is not very adaptive. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) __________ child.

difficult

The social system of the family has ______ and ______ effects on the members.

direct; indirect

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n)___________ child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts readily to new experiences.

easy

According to a longitudinal investigation done by Chess and Thomas, of the different temperament, the most children could be classified as

easy

Little Juanita wakes up everyday smiling and ready for the day. She thrives in her routine but is always up for doing something new. Juanita is a(n) ______ child.

easy

Which of the following temperament classifications applies to Rothbart and Bates' model?

effortful control

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called

emotion

Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through

emotions

Insecure avoidant babies

engage in little interaction with the caregiver.

True or false: According to Chess and Thomas' research, all children can be classified as having one of three temperament patterns.

false

The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term

goodness of fit

What emotion would an infant younger than 6 months likely not experience?

guilt

Kagan is responsible for a broad temperament category referred to as ______ the unfamiliar.

inhibition to

A slow-to-warm-up child has a ______ activity level, is somewhat ______, and displays ______ intensity of mood.

low; negative; low

Anger, guilt, and sadness are classified as _________emotions

negative

The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as

personality

Feelings such as joy, enthusiasm, and love are classified as ____________ emotions

positive

One way to describe temperament is in terms of predispositions toward which two of the following?

reactivity

Children and parents socialize one another. This is called

reciprocal socialization.

Social ______ occurs when one can understand the emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a given situation.

referencing

Which type of infant smile does not depend on external stimuli?

reflexive

A_____________(reflexive/social) smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a______________(reflexive/social) smile does.

reflexive, social

Self- ___________ involves variations in the extent or effectiveness of an individual's ability to control their emotions.

regulation

The family system includes the subsystems of generation, gender, and

role

An infant's fear of a caregiver leaving, which results in crying when the caregiver leaves, is called

separation protest.

Which of the following is most characteristic of the temperament category that Kagan referred to as inhibition to the unfamiliar?

shyness with strangers

Which of the following is Chess and Thomas' classification of a child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood?

slow-to-warm-p

Which of the following refers to an infant's ability to "read" the emotions of other people?

social referencing

Ainsworth created the ___________ Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.

strange

The family can be thought of as a constellation of ______ defined in terms of generation, gender, and role.

subsystems

Individuals' behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is referred to as their

temperament

refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding.

temperament

True or false: Trust and the development of self and independence are central to personality development in infancy.

true

A securely attached baby

uses the caregiver as a base from which to explore.