Chapter 04: Conciousness.

Identify the type of brain activity at each stage of sleep. (Answers can be used more than once.)

Alert wakefulness: beta waves. Just before sleep: alpha waves. Stage 1: theta waves. Stage 2: sleep spindle and K-complex. Stage 3-4, slow-wave sleep: delta waves. REM: beta waves.

Identify the health benefits associated with practicing meditation.

Associated Health Benefits: - preservation of gray matter as people age. - reduced blood pressure. - reduced stress hormones.. - improved immune system functioning. - improved attention. - reduced cholesterol levels. Not Associated Health Benefits: - faster reflexed. - increased muscle strength.

Match each term about awareness to the correct definition.

Controlled Processing: type of consciousness needed to perform slow, deliberate, and intentional tasks. Automatic Processing: type of consciousness needed to perform quick, automatic behaviors or habits. Change Blindness: failure to notice large changes in one's environment. Consciousness: subjective experience of the world. Subliminal Perception: processing sensory information without conscious awareness.

Which of the following examples would lend support to the restorative theory of why sleep is adaptive?

Correct Answers: - Johnny is 9 years old and sleeps a lot every night. He experiences a growth spurt and is 2 inches taller the next month. - When Priscilla fractured her ankle, she took extra naps during the day and slept through the night. - When Ibrahim is sick, he sleeps for two straight days. Incorrect Answers: - When it gets dark outside, the rabbits go to sleep in their burrow. - Gabriel works double shifts packing truck shipments, but he gets three hours of sleep every night. - Half of a dolphin's brain sleeps at one time while the other half is awake.

Which of the following scenarios support the dissociation theory of hypnosis?

Correct Answers: - Jomo was looking at a black-and-white picture after being hypnotized. When he was asked to imagine it in color, parts of his visual cortex involved in color perception became active. - Following hypnosis, Berta was able to undergo dental surgery with milder anesthesia than she would normally have required. Incorrect Answers: - Kaleb, Marisol, and Tyler made themselves look ridiculous by performing a skit as directed by a hypnotist.

Which of the following are happening during REM sleep?

Correct Answers: - There is high activity in the occipital lobe. - The brain produces beta waves. - People's eyes dart around. - Muscles are paralyzed. Incorrect Answers: - The brain produces delta waves. - Brain wave activity is low.

MDMA, also known as Molly or ecstasy, has been popular at nightclubs and raves since the 1990s. Which of the following are effects of this drug?

Correct Answers: - boost of energy. - mild hallucinations. - memory impairment from long-term use. - possibility of death if pills contain other dangerous substances. Incorrect Answers: - especially harmful for people with PTSD.

Which of the following are the adaptive functions of sleep?

Correct Answers: - facilitate learning. - repairing damage. - maintaining inactivity during times of danger. Incorrect Answers: - shutting off the brain. - allowing breathing and the heart to rest.

Jamie has been having trouble sleeping. Which of the following behaviors may interfere with his ability to sleep?

Correct Answers: - having a beer with his roommate before bed. - counting sheep. - napping in the daytime to catch up on lost sleep. - going on late-evening runs. - updating his Facebook page before bedtime. Incorrect Answers: - having a warm bath.

Which of the following are effects of marijuana?

Correct Answers: - impaired memory formation. - impaired motor coordination. - distorted perceptions. - slower reaction times. Incorrect Answers: - depressed mood. - nausea.

Mateo is listening to a song through one earbud. He repeats the lyrics to himself as he tries to learn the song. He doesn't hear the conversation going on right next to him until his name is mentioned. Which of the following concepts explain what Mateo does and doesn't hear?

Correct Answers: - selective listening. - selective attention. - shadowing. Incorrect Answers: - automatic processing. - change blindness.

Which of the following could be effects of two to three days of sleep deprivation?

Effects: - Joni keeps nodding off while reading a novel, even though she likes the book. - Anastasiya is supposed to be counting bacteria on microscope slides, but she finds it impossible to concentrate. Not Effects: - Jamal finds a 50-pound bag of flour unexpectedly hard to lift. - Jacob has trouble following complicated directions to assemble furniture.

Identify the examples that support the theory that sleeping is adaptive because it facilitates learning.

Examples: - When Shanti spent a semester studying and traveling in a different country she had more dreams. - Suhana dreams about the speech she needs to give. The next day she remembers all of her main points, earning an A on her speech. - David takes a nap after studying and gets a higher grade on his exam than his roommate who stayed up all night studying. Not Examples: - Devon was depressed. After an all-night study session, he unexpectedly felt better. - Jayana did not sleep well for three days but still ran her best time in the road race.

Match each type of altered consciousness to the corresponding example.

Flow Activity: When Sami is concentrated on writing music, she loses track of time and feels fulfilled. Hypnosis: Margaret is in a highly suggestible state. She follows instructions and performs actions as directed. Concentrative Meditation: Paula focuses her attention on her breath while sitting quietly. Mindfulness Meditation: David sits quietly observing his thoughts without reacting to them or pursuing them. Religious Ecstasy: After the monks have chanted for many hours, they feel euphoric and outside themselves. Escapist Activity: As soon as her homework is done, Sarah watches six episodes of a TV comedy.

Match each drug class to its effects on the brain and body.

Hallucinogens: alter perceptions and thoughts. Opioids: lessen the experience of pain. Stimulants: increase physical activity and mental processes. Depressants: decrease physical activity and mental processes.

Match each sleep disorder to its main symptom.

Insomnia: Janet lies awake for hours, unable to fall asleep. Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Bruce's wife complains that he snores loudly during sleep, repeatedly wakes up to breathe, and is sleepy during the day. REM Behavior Disorder: While dreaming that he was fighting in a boxing match, Joseph found that he was actually punching his pillow. Somnambulism: Anna was found walking down to her basement while she was in deep sleep. Narcolepsy: Sundil was worried when his date seemed to suddenly fall asleep and went completely limp.

Match each dream theory or term to the correct description or definition.

Manifest Content: the literal content of a dream. Freud's Interpretation of Dreams Theory: dreams can be used to access unconscious conflicts. Latent Content: what a dream symbolizes. Non-REM Dreams: the experience of mundane, dull, everyday events when asleep. REM Dreams: illogical, bizarre and highly visual experiences when asleep. Activation Synthesis Theory: dreams are caused by random neural findings combined with memories.

Match each drug class to the associated reaction.

Opioid: Margarita is experiencing no pain and feels a sense of euphoria. Hallucinogen: Aviva feels as if time has slowed to a crawl. The furniture in the room seems to be turning into animals. Depressant: Tomas feels relaxed and less anxious. He has trouble with motor coordination. Stimulant: Romeo feels a burst of energy, decreased fatigue, and decreased need for sleep.

Identify the true and false statements about hypnosis.

True Statements: - Susceptibility to hypnosis can be measured using standardized tests. - People cannot be hypnotized against their will. Hypnosis can cause people later to act in ways they have trouble explaining. False Statements: - People can be made to perform actions they find immoral while hypnotized.

Place the brain waves in order from fastest to slowest

beta; alpha; theta; delta.

According to Hobson, dreams begin with __________, which the brain attempts to interpret. Later, Hobson identified the __________ as responsible for dreams' emotional content, and the deactivation of the __________ as responsible for dreams' chaotic character. Critics argue that dreams generally make __________ sense than Hobson's hypothesis would suggest.

random neuron firings; limbic system; prefrontal cortex; more.