Chapter 1-4 Sociology Quizes

The notions that human societies evolve and that social competition inevitably results in social progress, was promoted by which of the following theorists? a. W.I. Thomas. b. Auguste Comte. c. Emile Durkheim. d. Herbert Spencer.

d. Herbert Spencer.

Sociology is best understood as the study of ___________________________. a. interactions and social relations between people in society. b. what nineteenth century social theorists thought about society. c. the likes and dislikes of individuals in groups. d. how people do things

a. interactions and social relations between people in society

The expected outcome of the health care system is a lower rate of sickness. As such, a lower rate of sickness is an example of a(n) _______________ function. a. manifest b. mechanical c. organic d. latent

a. manifest

In Mead's theory, the _________ represents the self as a social object. a. me b. superego c. I d. ego

a. me

The expected outcome of the health care system is a lower rate of sickness. As such, a lower rate of sickness is an example of a(n) _______________ function. a. mechanical b. manifest c. organic d. latent

a. mechanical

As a part of human culture, religion is an example of: a. nonmaterial culture. b. culture shock. c. material culture. d. human nature.

a. nonmaterial culture.

Leonard sees society as a constant struggle over a limited amount of resources. He is most likely to see the world through the ________________ paradigm. Select one: a. conflict theory b. functionalist theory c. symbolic interactionism d. anomic

a. conflict theory

Which agent of socialization is largely responsible for primary socialization? a. family b. mass media c. religion d. schools

a. family

Joshua would like to sleep but he knows that he should get up and go to class. He gets up, starts to get ready, decides today's lecture is not really that important, and crawls back into bed. He has followed his: a. "me" rather than the me b. "I" rather than the "me" c. biorhythms. d. self.

b. "I" rather than the "me"

Sam owns a large factory that creates toys for children. According to Karl Marx, Sam is a member of the __________________. a.Contagion b.Bourgeoisie c.Dramaturgy d.Proletariat

b. Bourgeoisie

Durkheim theorized that the rapidly changing conditions of modern life lead to anomie. What does anomie mean? a. A kind of social solidarity based on interdependence. b. The transfer of destructive urges to socially useful activities. c. Anger and disillusionment with progress. d. Normlessness, or a loss of social connections.

d. Normlessness, or a loss of social connections

Emile Durkheim's of concept social solidarity refers to what I called in class, __________: Select one: a. social shifts. b. bureaucracies. c. "sticky" positivism. d. "social glue".

d. "social glue".

Who is considered to be the "father of sociology"? a. Emile Durkheim b. Karl Marx c. Herbert Spencer d. Auguste Comte

d. Auguste Comte

Michael views society as an unequal system that brings about conflict and change. Michael's beliefs are in line with which social theory? a. Functionalism b. Dramaturgy c. Symbolic Interactionism d. Conflict Theory

d. Conflict Theory

In his work data to explore the role of social forces on the individual act of suicide _______________ used data to make cross country comparisons.

d. Emile Durkheim

Jennie lost her job at a credit card company clearinghouse shortly after the 2008 financial crisis. An examination of the situation using the sociological imagination would focus on which of the following? Select one: a. What other societies have credit card company clearinghouses? b. How many people lost their jobs at the credit card company clearinghouse because of poor management? c. How will Jennie personally handle her new situation of unemployment? d. How was Jennie's private trouble (loss of her job) tied to a public issue (the 2008 financial crisis)?

d. How was Jennie's private trouble (loss of her job) tied to a public issue (the 2008 financial crisis)?

Juan explained that history, biography, and social structure should be considered when trying to understand why women are more likely than men to pursue a career within the field of nursing. Juan is using which approach? a. Manifest Dysfunction point of view b. Micro approach c. Maternal Instincts d. Macro approach

d. Macro approach

Adam was expelled from the university for cheating. According to the Student Code of Conduct, "any student who cheats or attempts to cheat on a test can be expelled from the university." The expulsion was a: a. Positive, Informal Sanction b. Negative, Informal Sanction c. Positive, Formal Sanction d. Negative, Formal Sanction

d. Negative, Formal Sanction

According to the theoretical position developed by Karl Marx, what is the engine of social change at the center of society? a. Conflict between social groups. b. Exploration beyond the boundaries of a given society. c. Shared moral values. d. Development of technology.

a. Conflict between social groups.

The theorist whose ideas are most in line with social Darwinism (survival of the fittest) was ___________________________. a. Herbert Spencer b. Emile Durkheim c. Robert Merton d. Talcott Parsons

a. Herbert Spencer

This founder of the Chicago settlement house Hull House was an advocate for immigrants and social justice. Because of the success of Hull House, this sociologist received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931. Select one: a. Jane Addams b. Emile Durkheim c. William Edward Burghardt (W. E. B.) Du Bois d. Harriet Martineau

a. Jane Addams

As a social theorist, __________________, was social activist, and writer who suggested that capitalistic societies would move to socialism once workers developed class consciousness and united against the elites (upper class members) of society. a. Karl Marx b. Harriet Martineau c. Jane Addams d. W.E.B) DuBois

a. Karl Marx

According to sociologists using symbolic interaction theory: a. Meanings depend upon relationships, actors negotiate their self-concept, and to understand human behavior we must learn what that behavior means to the individual actors. b. meanings depend upon relationships. c. actors negotiate their self-concept. d. to understand human behavior we must learn what that behavior means to the individual actors.

a. Meanings depend upon relationships, actors negotiate their self-concept, and to understand human behavior we must learn what that behavior means to the individual actors.

Social norms known as __________ distinguish between right and wrong; and other social norms known as ______________ distinguish between polite and rude. a. Mores; folkways b. Folkways; mores c. Taboos; mores d. Prescriptive norms; proscriptive norms

a. Mores; folkways

Charles Cooley's concept of the looking-glass self hypothesizes that: a. People base their images on how they think other people see them. b. Self-esteem is directly correlated with body image. c. The media encourages society to base their appearances on visible public figures. d. Personal identity isn't influenced by outside social forces.

a. People base their images on how they think other people see them.

Which of the following is the best statement representing a key U.S. value? a. People should be free to pursue their own goals and dreams. b. There are some things people were never meant to do. c. Think of others before you think of yourself. d. What was good enough for my parents is good enough for me.

a. People should be free to pursue their own goals and dreams.

Raj is giving an in-class presentation on how shared values and norms bind Americans together. This represents the: ____________________________ perspective. a. Stuctural-Functionalism b. Conflict c. Symbolic Interactionism d. Cultural

a. Stuctural-Functionalism

The self-concept is best defined as: a. an individual's thoughts regarding her/his personality and social roles. b. the selfish, conceited part of the self. c. the spontaneous, creative part of the self. d. the way other people perceive us.

a. an individual's thoughts regarding her/his personality and social roles.

Durkheim referred to community standards of morality as: Select one: a. collective conscience. b. social participation. c. the Protestant Ethic. d. patterned regularities.

a. collective conscience.

Viewing society as constantly changing in response to social inequality is the central idea of which theoretical perspective? a. conflict b. functionalism c. exchange d. interactionism

a. conflict

To achieve the balance between the id and the superego, Freud said a child must: a. respond successfully to a series of developmental stages associated with biological changes. b. learn to read. c. have a parent who teaches him right from wrong. d. learn to interpret his/her own dreams.

a. respond successfully to a series of developmental stages associated with biological changes.

A theory that explain how schooling helps prepare young people for the work they will do as adults represents the: a. structuralist (structural-functional) approach. b. social-conflict approach. c. sociobiology approach. d. symbolic-interaction approach.

a. structuralist (structural-functional) approach.

Emile Durkheim is remembered for finding that ______ are influenced by ______, not just by individual choices. Select one: a. suicide rates; social factors b. political decisions; money and power c. economic factors; investment strategies d. marriage rates; racial factors

a. suicide rates; social factors

Ann is interested in the ways in which symbols such as body language words and gestures affect communication. As a result she enrolls in an etiquette class. Ann's actions reflect: Select one: a. symbolic interactionism b. conflict theory c. value-driven sociology d. class consciousness

a. symbolic interactionism

Adherents of the ________________ approach study specific cases of how individual people behave in particular face-to-face social settings. a. symbolic interactionist b. conflict c. exchange d. functionalism

a. symbolic interactionist

When Karl Marx discussed the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, he was referring which groups in society? a. the workers and the owners (i.e., capitalists). b. people involved in crime versus market relationships. c. the rational and non-rational actors in society. d. socialists and feudalists.

a. the workers and the owners (i.e., capitalists).

Standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good, and beautiful are called: a. values. b. mores. c. folkways. d. norms.

a. values.

Which of the following is a valid critique of conflict theory? Select one: a. Its arguments often appear circular. b. Conflict theorists overlook the fact that conflict is not inherent in every social situation, and in some cases, everyone benefits more from cooperation than from conflict. c. It is inherently conservative because it encourages us to think of societies as fixed systems that need to be preserved in their current state. d. It fails to theorize about the role of social structures in interaction.

b. Conflict theorists overlook the fact that conflict is not inherent in every social situation, and in some cases, everyone benefits more from cooperation than from conflict.

In his classic study The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Max Weber argued which of the following? Select one: a. Typically, highly educated Protestants were more financially responsible than members of other faiths. b. Countries with many Protestants influenced by Calvinist beliefs tended to adopt industrial capitalism earlier than other countries. c. Protestant ideas encouraged the exploitation of workers for the benefit of early capitalists. d. Capitalism was unknown in Europe until Protestantism emerged.

b. Countries with many Protestants influenced by Calvinist beliefs tended to adopt industrial capitalism earlier than other countries.

The theorist that developed the symbolic interactionist perspective is: a. Karl Marx. b. George Herbert Mead. c. Erik Erickson. d. Robert Merton.

b. George Herbert Mead

How does Karl Marx differentiate between members of the proletariat and the bourgeoisie? a. Members of the proletariat benefit directly from their own labor while the bourgeoisie do not. b. Members of the bourgeoisie own the means of production while the proletariat possess only their own labor. c. Members of the proletariat have to repress their deepest desires for a safer, more constructive existence in a community. d. Members of the proletariat have a greater sense of solidarity than the bourgeoisie.

b. Members of the bourgeoisie own the means of production while the proletariat possess only their own labor.

Sherry is in her mid-eighties and is moving to a nursing home. She is used to getting up at 5 o'clock each morning and making breakfast for herself. Her new roommate likes to sleep until 7 o'clock and breakfast is not served at the nursing home until 8 o'clock. What is Sherry most likely to experience through this transition? a. A shift in her reading habits. b. Resocialization. c. A shift in her desire to enjoy life. d. Impression management.

b. Resocialization.

Alton is a sixteen-year-old boy. His behavior is regulated by the rules of his parents, his school, his religion and the law. These mechanisms that keep Alton in check provide an example of: a. Dysfunctions b. Social Control c. Solidarity d. The Sociological Imagination

b. Social Control

Rhonda is a sociology student who babysits several children from her neighborhood. While one child is doing very well in school, the other is doing poorly. Rhonda looks beyond each individual child to explain their success and failure. She believes that the various opportunities offered by society explain the differences in their academic performance. Rhonda's thought process illustrates which theory? a. Solidarity b. The Sociological Imagination c. Functionalism d. Social Control

b. The Sociological Imagination

According to Mills, an important aspect of the sociological imagination is a. An understanding that nothing can be done about public issues. b. The idea than an individual can understand his or her own life situation best by understanding the larger social and historical context. c. An understanding of the fact that most individuals indeed are powerless and trapped. d. An understanding that historical circumstances are not relevant to sociological analyses.

b. The idea than an individual can understand his or her own life situation best by understanding the larger social and historical context.

Sociologists are most likely to study which of the following? Select one: a. The influence of the mass media on brain wave patterns b. The influence of the mass media on social relationships c. The development of the acting profession in Hollywood d. The development of the television as an engineering marvel

b. The influence of the mass media on social relationships

A key figure in the development of American sociology was __________________, an African American sociologist, who was interested in racial inequality in the United States. a. John Bellamy Foster b. W.E.B. Du Bois c. Harriet Martineau d. Jane Addams

b. W.E.B. Du Bois

John's military experience has taught him to be organized, punctual, and respectful in his daily life and interactions with others. The military is part of what sociologists would refer to as: Select one: a. the social construction of reality. b. a social structure. c. a social burden. d. a social life.

b. a social structure.

The practice of understanding another culture on its own terms and using its own standards is called: a. cultural diffusion. b. cultural relativism. c. cultural integration. d. ethnocentrism.

b. cultural relativism.

An act of kindness, such as opening the door for an elderly man, illustrates conforming to: a. taboos. b. folkways. c. proscriptive norms. d. mores.

b. folkways.

The interactionist perspective focuses on: a. who benefits from particular social arrangements. b. how people make sense of the world in which they participate. c. how social inequalities produce conflict. d. the dysfunctional aspects of society.

b. how people make sense of the world in which they participate.

Sociology emerged in the as an attempt to make sense of the chaos left in the wake of the___________________________. a. Pilgrims of the 1700s b. industrial revolution of the 1800s c. flight of people from urban areas in the 1800s d. Reconstruction of the 1890s

b. industrial revolution of the 1800s

Sociologists who are members of the American Sociological Association are guided by five general principles that include ______ and ______. Select one: a. applied research; pure research b. integrity; social responsibility c. kindness; social facts d. fiscal responsibility; professionalism

b. integrity; social responsibility

The "self": a. is an individual's thoughts regarding her/his personality and social roles. b. is the complex whole that includes unique attributes and normative responses. c. represents the individual as a social object. d. represents the power of leadership on people's decisions.

b. is the complex whole that includes unique attributes and normative responses.

Ethnocentrism refers to: a. understanding another culture using its own standards and values. b. judging another culture using the standards of your own culture. c. people taking pride in their ethnicity. d. claiming that another culture is better than your own.

b. judging another culture using the standards of your own culture.

An unexpected outcome of the public education system in the U.S. is that children learn to be patriotic. Learning patriotism is a(n) ___________________ function of public education. a. organic b. latent c. manifest d. mechanical

b. latent

Many people fall in love and marry someone they meet in college. Sociologists would refer to this mate selection phenomenon as _____________of attending college. a. a manifest function b. latent function c. an irrelevant function d. the social tragedy

b. latent function

According to Robert Merton, the unintended, and often unrecognized, functions of a social system are: a. manifest functions b. latent functions c. functions d. dysfunctions

b. latent functions

According to sociologists using the symbolic interaction theory, in order to understand human behavior, we must: a. be willing to behave in that way ourselves. b. learn what the behavior means to the individual actors. c. conform to group pressure. d. understand that meanings associated with behaviors are static and do not change.

b. learn what the behavior means to the individual actors.

According to Robert Merton, the obvious functions we openly intend a social system to perform are: a. dysfunctions b. manifest functions c. latent functions d. functions

b. manifest functions

The intangible world of ideas created by members of a society is referred to as: a. material culture. b. nonmaterial culture. c. high culture. d. norms.

b. nonmaterial culture.

The _________ is the totality of our beliefs and feelings about ourselves. a. status b. self-concept c. I d. me

b. self-concept

Due to the outsourcing of jobs in the textile industry from the United States to other countries, Jamie is struggling to find a job in her chosen career of fashion design and as a result has to live with her parents. Jamie complains that her parents still treat her as a child although she is now 25 years old and desires to get married to her boyfriend. To understand Jamie's situation, sociologists use the: Select one: a. sociological method. b. sociological imagination. c. scientific method. d. humanistic approach.

b. sociological imagination.

A ______ is an organized set of concepts and relationships among those concepts offered as a(n) ______ of some phenomenon. Select one: a. research method; macro-level study b. theory; explanation c. variable; hypothesis d. research method; micro-level study

b. theory; explanation

Gary believes that society is best viewed as a system of interrelated parts. Gary's beliefs are in line with the ____________________________. a. Conflict Theory b. Social Darwinism c. Structural Functionalism d. Symbolic Interactionism

c. Structural Functionalism

Which theoretical perspective emphasizes the functions that social structures perform for the entire society? For instance, it would emphasize the importance of families for socialization and social organization. Select one: a. Symbolic interaction theory b. Conflict theory c. Structural functionalist theory d. Macro-exchange theory

c. Structural functionalist theory

The Amish are a Christian denomination living in America. They believe in simple living, their clothing is very plain, and they strongly resist modern technology. This group is different from the larger population because of their distinct values, beliefs, and norms. As such, the Amish make up a: a. Counterculture b. Material culture c. Subculture d. Non-material culture

c. Subculture

Gwendolyn's research focuses on how students interact with each other in their everyday lives on campus. Gwendolyn's research is in line with which theory? a. Conflict Theory b. Social Darwinism c. Symbolic Interactionism d. Functionalism

c. Symbolic Interactionism

A subculture refers to: a. people who embrace popular culture. b. a part of the population lacking culture. c. cultural patterns of a group that set it apart from dominant culture. d. people who embrace high culture.

c. cultural patterns of a group that set it apart from dominant culture.

What is the term for the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that together constitute a people's way of life? a. society b. social structure c. culture d. social system

c. culture

The fact that education is unequal in the United States and creates predictable barriers for low-income students could be best seen as a ______ of the educational system, according to structural functionalists. Select one: a. functional imperative b. latent function c. dysfunction d. manifest function

c. dysfunction

Jenny thinks that society is like system of interrelated parts where people in one area affect other areas. Jenny's ideas are in line with: Select one: a. conflict theory b. Social Darwinism c. functionalism d. symbolic interactionism

c. functionalism

In a study comparing orphans from high-quality orphanages to those from low-quality orphanages it was found that those from low-quality facilities were more likely to exhibit autistic and quasi-autistic patterns. It can be concluded that this was caused by: a. inadequate medical care. b. inadequate hygiene. c. inadequate individual attention. d. inadequate diet.

c. inadequate individual attention.

Manifest functions are those consequences that are______________________: a. dysfunctional. b. unrecognized consequences of a process. c. intended consequences of a social process. d. the result of individual motivation.

c. intended consequences of a social process.

The concepts of the looking-glass self and role-taking are important in the ______________________ theory. a. Freudian b. structural c. interactionist d. Piaget

c. interactionist

Cultural transmission refers to the process of: a. learning culture. b. using writing to enshrine cultural patterns. c. passing cultural patterns from one generation to another. d. using the oral tradition.

c. passing cultural patterns from one generation to another.

Durkheim demonstrated that suicide rates vary across groups. For example, he found that Protestants have higher rates of suicide than Catholics. Sociologists regard this as convincing evidence that ______________________________. a. the tendency to suicide is genetically determined. b. Catholics are more religious than Protestants. c. social factors must be invoked to explain suicide rates. d. suicide is the result of psychological abnormalities.

c. social factors must be invoked to explain suicide rates.

The term "cultural lag" refers to the fact that: a. some people are more cultured than others. b. the rate of cultural change has been slowing. c. some cultural elements change more quickly than others. d. some societies advance faster than others do.

c. some cultural elements change more quickly than others.

In Mead's theory, the "I" is the: a. selfless, other-centered part of the self. b. self as social object. c. spontaneous, creative part of the self. d. self of which we are aware.

c. spontaneous, creative part of the self.

Frank views gun violence as disruptive to the stability of a society, whereas Manny worries that gun control laws will allow a few in the government to expand their power over the masses. Frank's viewpoint resembles the assumptions of ______, whereas Manny's viewpoint resembles the assumptions of ______. Select one: a. conflict theory; structural-functional theory b. structural-functional theory; symbolic interactionism c. structural-functional theory; conflict theory d. symbolic interactionism; conflict theory

c. structural-functional theory; conflict theory

Which theoretical approach would state that the stability of U.S. society rests on core values shared by most people? a. the symbolic-interaction approach b. the sociobiology approach c. structuralist (structural-functional) approach. d. the social-conflict approach

c. structuralist (structural-functional) approach.

Jill is attending her first school dance. She doesn't know the new steps, imagines that her date is disappointed in her and feels that she is a complete failure. This is an example of: a. impression management. b. peer pressure. c. the looking glass self. d. positive reinforcement.

c. the looking glass self.

Which of the following most closely conveys the point of the Sapir-Whorf thesis? a. Every word exists in all other languages. b. Most words have the same meaning if spoken in different languages. c. Language involves attaching labels to the real world. d. People see the world through the cultural lens of language.

d. People see the world through the cultural lens of language.

Tabitha and Samantha are discussing the collapse of Mayan civilization. Tabitha says, "Only weak societies become extinct, so the Mayans must have been weak." Tabitha's views are in line with which theory? a. Social Laws b. Social Dynamics c. Social Statics d. Social Darwinism

d. Social Darwinism

Donna studies male-female relationships in the workplace. She has found that female managers have different communication styles than their male counterparts. Donna explains this trend as varying cultural expectations of males and females that are constructed within the work environment between people as they communicate. Which of the following theoretical perspectives is associated with this explanation? Select one: a. Conflict theory b. Sociological perspective c. Structural-functional theory. d. Symbolic interactionism

d. Symbolic interactionism

Reginald sexually molested his daughter Regina. The act of incest is socially unacceptable and is therefore regarded as a: a. Folkway b. Sanction c. Norm d. Taboo

d. Taboo

Socialization refers to: a. learning to have a good time at parties and social events. b. the unchanging features of the self-concept learned in childhood. c. negotiating our self-concept as adults. d. a lifelong process of learning new roles and renegotiating our self-concept.

d. a lifelong process of learning new roles and renegotiating our self-concept.

Sociologists define a symbol as: a. any material cultural trait. b. cultural patterns that cause culture shock. c. any gesture that conveys insult to others. d. anything that carries meaning to people who share a culture.

d. anything that carries meaning to people who share a culture.

An organization based on rationality, having a clear division of labor, written rules and regulations, impersonality, hierarchical lines of authority, and selection and promotion based on competence is called a ______. Select one: a. work ethic b. verstehen c. structure d. bureaucracy

d. bureaucracy

The line at the grocery store is very long. When Mrs. Jefferson finally makes herway to the front of the line, the cashier's cell phone rings. The cashier answers the call and talks on the phone for 3 minutes before ringing up Mrs. Jefferson's order. By making her customers wait to be served, the cashier has violated a: a. more b. sanction c. taboo d. folkway

d. folkway

Structural-functional analysis tends to call structures that preserve the status quo _________ and those that challenge the status quo as _________. Select one: a. undesirable; desirable b. dysfunctions; functions c. operational structures; disruptive structures d. functions; dysfunctions

d. functions; dysfunctions

Which of the following statements is a good example of cultural lag? a. older people trying to make younger people respect tradition b. virtual culture replacing traditional culture c. a slowing in the rate of social change d. gaining the ability to modify genetic patterns before understanding the possible social consequences of this kind of work

d. gaining the ability to modify genetic patterns before understanding the possible social consequences of this kind of work

In Freudian theory, the superego: a. is the natural, unsocialized biological portion of the self. b. refers to the self as a social object. c. is an individual's thought regarding her/his personality and social roles. d. is composed of internalized social ideas about right and wrong.

d. is composed of internalized social ideas about right and wrong.

The fact that education keeps a number of young people from competing full time in the job market because they are enrolled during the day in schooling is an example of a ______. Select one: a. manifest function b. functional imperative c. dysfunction d. latent function

d. latent function

Stabilizing or positive consequences of social structures that are intended and recognized are referred to by sociologists as: Select one: a. dysfunctions. b. patterned regularities. c. latent functions. d. manifest functions.

d. manifest functions.

Tameka is studying mate selection among college students at her school. She learns that most female students are interested in males that they consider to be intelligent, handsome, and funny. This focus on the individual or small-scale factors of mate selection reflects a(n) ___________ approach. a. macro b. manifest c. latent d. micro

d. micro

Sociologists refer to the expectations, or rules of behavior, that develop out of a society's values as ___________. a. mores b. folkways c. laws d. norms (social norms)

d. norms (social norms)

Through _________, new babies learn the norms and values of the society in which they live. a. dream interpretation b. biological cues c. institutionalization d. socialization

d. socialization

Karl Marx called the difference between what manufacturers are paid for goods or services and what they pay workers to produce them ______. Select one: a. exchange value b. the means of production c. absolute surplus d. surplus value

d. surplus value

Much of Durkheim's scholarly work was devoted to understanding: Select one: a. social conflict. b. the economic causes of behavior. c. the instability of society. d. the stability of society. Feedback

d. the stability of society.