Chapter 1-4

Which conquerors destroyed Jerusalem in 586 B.C.E. and established the Babylonian captivity?

Chaldeans

Which cave in southern France, discovered in 1994, contains three hundred paintings of animals?

Chauvet

Which of the following was NOT a major source of slaves in the Hellenistic world?

Citizens who could not pay their debts were sold into slavery.

What was the basic unit of early Mesopotamian civilization?

City-state

In which area was the Antigonid kingdom based?

Macedonia

What was the focus of most laws in the Code of Hammurabi?

Marriage and family

Which of the following is NOT true of Egyptian social life?

Marriages were based on love and personal attraction.

In Hellenistic cities, the primary cultural influence was

Greek

Which of the following is NOT true of Greek colonization?

Greek colonies were trading posts rather than permanent settlements.

Which statement best describes the Hellenistic era?

Greek culture was extended and imitated throughout the ancient Near East.

Which migration was an important development in the Hellenistic period?

Greek migration to Hellenistic cities

Which group dominated the ruling class during the Hellenistic period?

Greeks

Which of the following was Alexander's last battle against the Persian king Darius?

Guagamela

Who was one of the few female pharaohs of Egypt?

Hatshepsut

Which of the following was NOT one of Philip II's military reforms?

He abandoned the phalanx formation as too ineffective and inefficient.

What was astronomer Aristarchus of Samos's contribution to science in the Hellenistic era?

He developed a heliocentric view of the universe.

Which factor worked against Alexander the Great's conquests in Asia?

He faced difficulties in convincing his troops to fight so far from home.

What do the surviving works of the Greek historian Polybius demonstrate?

He followed Thucydides in seeking rational motives for historical events.

How did Alexander the Great facilitate the spread of Greek culture?

He founded many new cities.

How did Isocrates view Philip II?

He hoped that Philip would unite the Greek world in a campaign against Persia.

What role did the vizier play in Egyptian government?

He oversaw various government departments, such as public works and justice.

How did Demosthenes depict Philip in his Philippics?

He portrayed Philip II as a looming threat to Greek freedom.

What was Alexandrian scholar Euclid's most famous achievement?

He systematized the study of geometry.

What was the primary difference between the philosophy of the Greek classical period and philosophy during the Hellenistic period?

Hellenistic philosophy dealt more with human happiness disassociated from the life of the polis.

Who was credited with having been the first to separate medicine from philosophy?

Hippocrates

Which statement best describes Solon's reforms?

His reforms allowed for men and women to participate in politics.

How did the shift to an agricultural society during the Neolithic Age affect relationships between men and women?

Men's work took them further away from home; women's work increasingly confined them to household labor.

Who wrote the best example of Hellenistic "New Comedy"?

Menander

What administrative format was used in the Old Kingdom?

It was divided into provinces called nomes and governed by nomarchs.

What made the religion of the Jews different from that of their Greek and Eastern counterparts in the Hellenistic world?

It was monotheistic rather than syncretistic.

Which statement best describes the style of Hellenistic sculpture?

It was more emotional and realistic than classical Greek sculpture.

How did Egyptian society compare to Mesopotamian society?

It was more rural.

Which of the following statements is NOT true of the Chaldean Empire?

It was the longest-lasting of the great Near Eastern empires.

How did Athenians respond to male homosexuality?

It was tolerated in part as a means by which mature men instructed young males about the masculine world of politics and patronage.

Which statement best describes the nature of Greek comedy?

It was used to express political views as evidenced by Aristophanes.

How did Greek religion change during the Hellenistic period?

Its followers became very receptive to the eastern religious mystery cults.

Who led a revolt against the Seleucid monarchy in Judea in the 160s B.C.E.?

Judas Maccabaeus

Which location was the center of the Minoan civilization?

Knossus

Which statement best describes Mesopotamian religion?

Mesopotamian religion had many gods and people were created to do manual labor for the gods.

The conquest of which region shaped early Spartan history?

Messenia

What was an important accomplishment of Philip II?

Military reforms

Which form of government was dominant during the Hellenistic period?

Monarchy

Which of the following was NOT true of Greek religion?

Myths served no particular social function.

Nebuchadnezzar II was one of the most influential

Neo-Babylonian kings.

To fulfill their obligations under the covenant, what did the Hebrews have to do?

Obey the law of God.

What made Sumerians feel a deep sense of despair?

Ongoing wars and the burning of cities

What is the most likely reason the Celts began to migrate south and west in the fifth century B.C.E.?

Overpopulation

Which country did Alexander target as his first conquest?

Persia

Which Near Eastern empire was the most tolerant and efficient?

Persian

Who ruled in the perfect type of society did Plato imagined in The Republic?

Philosopher-kings

Who wrote the treatise "On Chastity"?

Phintys

Who were the greatest international sea traders of the ancient Near East?

Phoenicians

What was the result of the Peloponnesian War?

The defeat of Athens and the collapse of its empire

What was an important Phoenician contribution to the ancient Near East?

The development of a simplified alphabet and system of writing

What claim did supporters of the heliocentric model of the universe make?

The earth rotated around the sun.

What did supporters of the geocentric model of the universe claim?

The earth was at the center of the universe.

What resulted from the Lycurgan reforms?

The establishment of a permanent military state in Sparta

According to Egyptian theology, from what source did a king - or pharaoh -- derive his authority?

The fact that he was perceived as a divine instrument of order and harmony

Where did Sumerian kings derive their authority to rule?

The gods

According to the Sumerians, who owned the cities?

The gods and goddesses

What was the main focus of Homer's Iliad?

The honor and courage of Greek aristocratic heroes in battle

Which of these developments emerged during the Paleolithic Age?

The invention of such tools as the spear and bow and arrow

What was the fundamental institution of Greek society?

The polis

Which of the following is true of Greece from ca. 750 to ca. 500 B.C.E.?

The polis evolved into the central institution in Greek life.

What was the major cause of the Persian Wars?

The revolt of the Ionian Greek colonies in Asia Minor

What did the term arete mean to the Greeks?

The striving for excellence

How was punishment viewed under the Code of Hammurabi?

The system of justice was based on "an eye for an eye."

With which of these statements would a Zoroastrian agree?

The universe is the site of a cosmic struggle between good and evil.

Shortly after taking the throne, Alexander dealt swiftly and harshly with a Greek rebellion by sacking the city of

Thebes

Which statement best describes the economic life of the Hellenistic world?

There was a significant shift in industry and manufacturing from Greece to the east.

Which statement most closely describes the Hellenistic economy?

There was little economic innovation.

The narrow pass where 9000 Greek hoplites under the leadership of Spartan king Leonidas held a Persian army of over 150,000 men for two days was

Thermopylae.

What happened to the Hellenistic states in the centuries after Alexander the Great?

They became more monarchical.

Why didn't the ancient Egyptians have a word for "religion"?

They didn't see religion as separate from the rest of human experience.

What step did the Assyrian kings take to gain greater control over their kingdom?

They eliminated hereditary governorships.

Which statement best describes the Assyrian use of terror tactics and atrocities?

They especially targeted inhabitants of the empire who rebelled against Assyrian rule.

Why did the Spartans make the army the center of their society?

They feared an uprising by their helots.

What was significant about the mystery cults and religions of the Hellenistic world?

They helped pave the way for the success of Christianity.

According to the Hebrews, which statement is true of God's laws?

They made no class distinctions.

What role did the ephors play in the Spartan state?

They oversaw education and the conduct of all citizens.

Which of these statements about the Phoenicians is true?

They sailed into the Atlantic.

Why were temples important in Sumerian cities?

They served as the center of Sumerian political and spiritual life.

What is true about Persian satrapies?

They tended to pass from father to son.

Which statement best describes the Mycenaeans?

They were a warrior people who achieved their apex between 1400 and 1200 B.C.E.

Which statement was true of Byblos, Tyre, and Sidon?

They were all sea ports.

What was the primary role of the Hebrew prophets?

They were considered to be the voice of Yahweh.

Which statement best describes Hellenistic cities?

They were important centers of administration, most of which were dominated by Greeks and Greek culture.

What happened to the Sumerian states and city-states as they expanded?

They were plagued by wars as they fought for control of land and water.

Which statement about the Macedonians is CORRECT?

They were probably not Greek.

How did the Greek historian Thucydides differ from Herodotus?

Thucydides was unconcerned with spiritual forces as a factor in history.

Which river runs through the valley in Mesopotamia?

Tigris River

What was a major aim of the reforms of Cleisthenes?

To weaken the power of the traditional localities and regions

Which class of women achieved the most notable gains during the Hellenistic period?

Upper class

How was the Assyrian army able to conquer and maintain an empire?

Use of diversified military tactics

What was the primary focus on the Mycenaens?

Warfare and conquest

Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders all refer to types of

architectural columns.

The decline of the Hittites and Egyptians around 1200 B.C.E.

created a power vacuum which allowed several small states to emerge and temporarily flourish.

During the migrations of the Greek Dark Age, many Ionians

crossed the Aegean Sea to settle in Asia Minor.

Paleolithic peoples survived by

hunting animals and gathering plants, nuts, and berries for food.

The Egyptian god Osiris was most closely associated with

immortality via the mummification of the dead.

All of the following are true about the cult of Isis EXCEPT

it originated in the eastern Persian empire, an outgrowth of Zoroastrianism.

Once systems of writing developed, the Mesopotamians used writing largely for

keeping records and creating documents that might endure.

Typical of Greek culture in the Archaic Age was/were

lyric poetry as found in the works of Sappho.

Growing appreciation of astronomy among European peoples after 4000 B.C.E. is best seen in

megalithic observatories.

The classical style of Greek art is most characterized by

moderation, balance, and harmony.

The neighbors of the Spartans who were free inhabitants and required to pay taxes and perform military service but who were not citizens of Sparta were

perioikoi

The Athenian economy is best described as

predominantly agricultural, but highly diversified.

Egyptian art can be characterized as

primarily functional and not intended to add beauty.

Assyrian kings organized their empire more effectively by

reducing the numbers of royal officials.

Which one of the following is NOT considered part of the Judeo-Christian heritage in West Civilization?

revenge

Improvements in trade and commerce in the Hellenistic world were greatly aided by all of the following EXCEPT

revolutionary innovations in agriculture.

Mesopotamia means the land "between the ____."

rivers

Most Greek colonies can be best described as

sizable settlements that included agricultural land.

The Battle of Marathon was a victory for

the Athenian hoplites.

The Assyrians saw themselves as

the guardians of Sumerian and Babylonian culture.

Which of the following statements BEST describes the Assyrian government?

the king's power was absolute; they were vicars of the Assyrian god Ashur

The weakening of the Persian Empire was largely attributed to

the kings' hoarding of wealth and over-taxation of their subjects.

The Hanging Gardens were intended to resemble

the mountains of Media.

Stoicism and Epicureanism focused primarily on

the problem of human happiness.

Which of the following was NOT part of the Hebrew religious tradition?

the revelation

Nebuchadnezzar II accomplished all of the following EXCEPT:

the revision of the Persian law code.

Historians theorize that early civilizations developed as a result of

the rise of food surpluses and labor specialization, which led to the creation of large communities.

Alexander's military success against the Persians was in part attributable to

the role of Alexander's cavalry as the decisive element of his army.

The original Indo-Europeans possibly came from

the steppe region north of the Black Sea.

Amenhotep IV best known for

the temporary installation of the god of the sun disk in Egyptian culture.

All of the following are true of the Hebrew conception of God EXCEPT

there was no room for personal relationships with him, as his word was law.

The Hittites played an important role in the history of the Middle East because they

transmitted Mesopotamian culture to the west, especially to the Mycenaean Greeks.

The term Ma'at expresses the Egyptian belief in

truth, justice, and order in the universe.

The most famous scientist of his era, Archimedes of Syracuse, was responsible for all of the following EXCEPT

uniting the disciplines of science and philosophy.

The Hittites

were an Indo-European speaking people.

Spartan helots

were conscripted to fight in the city's phalanx.

The scientific foundations of medicine made by Alexandrian physicians

were made possible through the use of dissection and vivisection.

Punishments for crimes under the Code of Hammurabi

were more severe for the lower classes.

The Sophists

were professional teachers who seemingly questioned the traditional values of their societies.

In Egyptian society,

women could operate businesses.

Which statement best describes the ancient city of Çatal Huyuk?

Çatal Huyuk was a Neolithic walled community in which people traded with each other.

According to scholars, when did the Israelites emerge as a distinct group of people?

Between 1200 and 1000 B.C.E.

When did systematic agriculture most likely develop?

Between 8000 and 7000 B.C.E.

Who drove the Egyptians from Canaan in the thirteenth century?

"Sea Peoples"

By the fifth century B.C.E., the population of Athens had reached about

250,000.

How many laws does the Code of Hammurabi contain?

282

How many major periods comprise Ancient Egyptian history?

3

In what way was Zoroastrianism similar to Judaism?

Both religions were monotheistic.

Why did bronze replace copper in ancient civilizations?

Bronze was harder and more durable.

Which statement about the Persian army is true?

By the time of Darius, the army had become professionalized.

Who succeeded the Persian King Cyrus the Great after his death?

Cambyses

What statement best describes the Hebrew religion?

It was an ethical religion centered on the law of God.

Who were the Hyksos?

A Semitic-speaking people who infiltrated Egypt in the seventeenth century B.C.E.

What was the strategoi in Athens?

A board of ten generals

What type of government did Cleisthenes' constitution establish for Athens?

A democracy

According to Epicureanism, what was the fundamental factor motivating human behavior?

A focus on self-interest

Which statement is closest to the Greek definition of a tyrant?

A ruler who seizes power by force and is not subject to the law

Which of the following was a development of the Neolithic era?

A shift from hunting and gathering to an agricultural society

According to Hebrew tradition, the Hebrew people descended from which patriarch?

Abraham

Three to four million years ago, hominids lived in

Africa

What was the foundation of ancient Egypt's economy?

Agriculture

What was the principal economic basis of Assyrian society?

Agriculture based on farming villages

According to Zoroastrianism, what is the name of the evil spirit?

Ahriman

Who was the only god within Zoroastrianism?

Ahuramazda

An especially important cultural center with the largest library in ancient times was

Alexandria

By the first century B.C.E., what was the largest city in the Mediterranean?

Alexandria

The covenant

All of these are correct.

What was the agora?

An open space that served as a market and a place where citizens could gather

What is one of the features of a human society's "civilization"?

An urban focus and a distinct religious structure

Which Greek philosopher said, with regard to the polis, "We must... regard every citizen as belonging to the state"?

Aristotle

All of the following were Assyrian kings EXCEPT for

Ashur

Which of these was an important Assyrian city?

Ashur

The famous Indian ruler who sent Buddhist missionaries to Greek rulers was

Asoka

During the Age of Pericles

Athenians became deeply attached to their democratic system.

Which city was the theatrical center of the Hellenistic world?

Athens

Which city-state led the Delian League?

Athens

The last surviving member of which of these dynasties bequeathed his kingdom to Rome?

Attalid

Which city was home to the famous Hanging Gardens?

Babylon

Which of the following is NOT an Indo-European language?

Babylonian

What was Solomon's most revered contribution to the Hebrew society?

Constructing of the Temple, the symbolic center of the Hebrew religion and society

The written script of the Sumerians is known as

Cuneiform

The founder of the Persian Empire, who defeated Babylon and freed the Jews from captivity in 539 B.C., was

Cyrus the Great

Under which leader did the Persian Empire reach its largest territorial boundaries?

Darius

Which leader conquered parts of India and Europe?

Darius

Who was the Persian king who undertook an invasion of the Greek mainland in the early fifth century?

Darius

Who was the ruler of Persia at the time of Alexander's invasion?

Darius II

The Hebrew Bible describes the conquest of the Philistines, the Moabites, and Jerusalem as the achievements of

David

Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of the typical Greek polis?

Each polis had a population of between 90,000 and 100,000 citizens.

According to the Hebrew Bible, Moses united the Israelites after their enslavement in

Egypt

The Greek dramatist who was a realist and known for his portrayal of realistic characters in real life situations was

Euripides

Which Greek dramatist was a realist and known for his portrayal of realistic characters in real life situations?

Euripides

The Celts occupied large areas of

Europe north of the Alps.

What did Early Greek philosophy seek to do?

Explain the universe on the basis of unifying principles

All of the following are correct about Byblos EXCEPT:

It was an Egyptian commercial center.

What did the Epic of Gilgamesh teach

Human life is fleeting; people are powerless against the supernatural.

What was the name applied to the elite infantry of the Persian army?

Immortals

Which of the following statements is supported by surviving Hellenistic documents?

Increasing numbers of women were involved in economic activities.

Alexander the Great's troops rebelled when he made the decision to invade and capture

India

Which of these endeavors was the primary focus of the Phoenicians?

International trade

After the death of Solomon, tensions between the northern and southern tribes led to the establishment of which two kingdoms?

Israel and Judah

What happened to the Delian League once Persia was defeated?

It became an instrument of Athenian imperialism.

What was a consequence of the development of the polis?

It divided Greece into fiercely competitive states.

How is the Nile River different from the rivers in Mesopotamia?

It floods predictably at the same time every year.

What was the significance of the Nile River for ancient Egyptian society?

It helped Egypt became prosperous thanks to agricultural surpluses.

Which statement most closely describes Stoicism?

It maintained that people could gain inner peace by seeking virtue and living according to nature.

What was the purpose of the Greek temple?

It served as a place to house the gods and the gifts made to the gods

How did Stoicism contrast with Epicureanism?

It suggested that activism in the public realm was good and noble.

How was Egyptian society organized and structured during the Old and Middle Kingdoms?

It was a hierarchy that had kings at the top, followed by nobles and priests, merchants and artisans, and landless workers.

What were the chief characteristics of the Greek Dark Age?

It was a period of migrations and declining food production.

Why did tyranny arise in the Greek poleis?

It was a reaction to aristocratic power and a widening gulf between the rich and the poor.

According to most scholars, what accounts for the collapse of Minoan civilization?

Pillaging and conquest by the Mycenaeans

Which of the following descriptions of Athenian leaders is incorrect?

Pisistratus—remodeled the entire Athenian constitution while utterly neglecting his merchant supporters

Who was the most important historian of the Hellenistic period?

Polybius

What is a satrap?

Protector of the kingdom

Who was the Greek general who took Egypt after Alexander's death and converted it into the first Hellenistic kingdom?

Ptolemy

Which of these trade items was closely associated with the Phoenicians?

Purple dye

What was the greatest difference between education during the Hellenistic period and education during the classical period?

Rather than being a private enterprise, Hellenistic education became a duty of cities and their governments.

What part of Egyptian society did Akhenaten unsuccessfully reform?

Religion

Egypt became a colony of which state in the first century?

Rome

Who was the ruler of Akkad who established the first empire in Sumer ca. 2340 B.C.E.?

Sargon

Which of the following Hellenistic kingdoms was the largest and controlled much of the old Persian Empire?

Seleucid

Who was the English archaeologist who uncovered the Bronze Age Minoan civilization on Crete?

Sir Arthur Evans

Which city-state dominated the Peloponnesian League?

Sparta

Which of these states developed in the Peloponnesus?

Sparta

What was one of the chief causes of the Peloponnesian War?

Sparta feared the power of Athens and its maritime empire.

The most famous of the megalithic constructions of Europe is

Stonehenge

The Persian Royal Road stretched from Sardis to the capital at

Susa

What do historians mean when they describe Assyria as a "polyglot society"?

That Assyria was ethnically diverse and differences were regarded as unimportant

What was expected of Spartan women, but not women of most other Greek cities?

That they stay physically fit to bear healthy children

Which of these groups played a crucial role in securing a Greek victory in the Battle of Marathon?

The Athenian hoplites

What was the outcome of the Battle of Salamis?

The Greeks defeated the Persians in a major naval battle.

After the collapse of the Old Kingdom, which new dynasty began?

The Middle Kingdom

Which people ruled the largest empire?

The Persians

Which Hellenistic monarchs claimed the title of the "pharaoh"?

The Ptolemies

What was the central, sacred text of Zoroastrianism?

The Zend Avesta

What event led to the ascension of Alexander the Great to the Macedonian throne?

The assassination of Philip II

Which statement best describes the social situation of most Greek women?

Women were kept under strict control, cut off from formal education, and were always assigned a male guardian.

Hesiod's famous poem about the pleasures of ordinary work is titled

Works and Days

After a crushing defeat at the plain of Marathon, which Persian ruler sought revenge against the Greek states?

Xerxes

What did the Hebrews believe was the name of God?

Yahweh

The poetry of Sappho reflected

a woman's homosexual and heterosexual feelings in a world dominated by males.

The Assyrians were ruled by

absolute monarchs.

In general, separate early Greek communities

became fierce rivals fighting so often as to threaten Greek civilization itself.

A popular Minoan sport was

bull leaping.

The term polis refers to the

city-state.

Hellenistic education as embodied in the gymnasium

closely and widely followed classical Greek ideas about proper education.

The Egyptian pyramids can be best described as

conceived and built as tombs for a city of the dead.

Which of the following did Aristotle favor as the best government for most people in his Politics?

constitutional

The Greek polis put primary emphasis on

cooperation between its citizens for the common welfare.

Socrates was condemned to death for

corrupting the youth of Athens.

In Mesopotamian society, women had the right to

decide which of her sons would receive an inheritance.

At the Battle of Chaeronea (338 B.C.E.), Philip II

defeated the Greek poleis, ending their independence.

The civilization of Minoan Crete

developed elaborate skills in art and architecture, visible in their great palaces.

The hoplite phalanx relied for its success on

discipline and teamwork.

The Assyrians are best remembered for their

empire building.

As a result of the Agricultural Revolution, people

enjoyed a steady source of meat and milk.

All of the following are prominent features of Greece's topography EXCEPT

extensive open plains.

The Assyrian army was

extremely well organized

The vast majority of the population in Sumerian city-states worked as

farmers

Homo Sapiens

first appeared in Africa between 200,000 and 150,000 years ago.

The Hebrew Bible

focuses on the basic theme of the necessity of the Hebrews to obey their God.

Assyrian art was primarily concerned with

glorifying the king, hunting, and war.

The greatest trade product in the Hellenistic world was

grain

A hoplite was a

heavy infantryman.