Chapter 1

Where Observation are made

-laboratory (paricipant must know they are being studied, unnatural, not represent diverse cultural background, and intimidated) -Naturalistic

Observation

-systemic -whom -when -where -how

Physiological Measures

... -FMRI -EEG

Biological Age

A person's age in terms of biological health: Vital capacities compared to others comparable age

Developmental period

A time frame in a person's life that is characterized by certain features

Identity vs. identity confusion

Adolescence 10 to 20 years old: Explores roles in a healthy manner and arrive at a positive path to follow in life. If they do not, identity confusion reigns

Case Study

An in-depth look at a single individual: -judgement of unknow reliability -rarely check if other professionals agree

John Bowlby

Attachment to a caregiver over the first years of life has important consequences -positive and secure: positive childhood and adulthood -Negative and insecure: Life span will not be optimal

Euvaltion of Ecological

Contribution: Systematic examination of macro and mirco dimensions of environmental sytems and attention to connections between environemt systems Critcism: inadequate attention to biological factors and cognitive factors

Ethncity

Cultural heritage, nationality, race, religion, and language Diversity exists within each ethnic group.

Intimacy vs. isolation

Early Adulthood (20s or 30s): Forming intimate relationship and healthy friendships or not

Ecological Theory

Emphasizes environmental factors.

Life-span perspective: development is co-construction of biology culture and the individual

Example: the brain shapes culture, but it also shaped by culture and the experiences that individuals have or pursue. Actively choose things in the environment to better our lives.

Continuity and Discontinuity

Focuses on the degree to which development involves either gradual, cumulative change (continuity-seed to graint oak) or distinct stages (discontinuity-not thinking abstractly to being able to).

Psychoanalytic theories

Freud and Erikson: Describes development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion. Behavior is merely a surface characteristic and the symbolic workings of the mind have to be analyzed to understand behavior. Early experiences with parents are emphasized.

Age and Happiness

Individual are happier as they age: Psychological well-being increased after the age of 50

Socioemotrional Processes

Involve changes in the individuals relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality.

Life-span perspective: development involves growth maintenance, and regulation of loss

Life often involves conflicts and competition amount three goals of human development: a 75 year old might not want to improve his golf swing, but keep his ability to play golf at all.

Connections Across Periods of Development

Like biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes are connected so are the periods to each other

Mircosystem

Mircosystem the innermost level of the environment, consists of activities and interaction patterns in the child's immediate surroundings (family, peers, school. neighborhood)

Evaluating the Developmental Issues

Most know it is not all nature or all nurture, not all stability or all change, and not all continuity or all discontinuity, but how much development is influenced by these factors

Robert Siegler

People perceive, encode, represent, store, and retrieve information are thinking. Good strategies are need to process information

Adolescence

Period from 10-12 to 18-21 years of age: Physical changes, independence, identity, logical, abstract, idealistic, and more time spent outside family

Early adulthood

Period from 20s to 30s: Personal and economic independence, career advancement, mate selecting, intimate, starting family, and rearing children

Survery and Interview

Positive -quick -questions clear and unbiase -in person, phone, or internet Negative -answer in socially acceptable ways

Lifespan perspective: development is multidisciplinary

Psychologists, sociologist, anthropologist, neuroscientists, and medical researchers all share an interest in unlocking the mysteries of development through the life span

How are theories modified

Reasearch on life-span development is designed to test hypotheses that (sometimes) derived from theories and are modified through the new data in the research

Vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory

Sociocultural cognitive theory: Children activiely construct their knowledge through social interactions and culture Learning to use the inventions of society, such as language , math system, or memory strategies. -computers or beads to count

Hypotheses

Specific assumptions and predictions that can be tested to determine their accuracy

Ethology

Stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods. There are speicifc times frams which the presense or absense of certain experiences has a long-lasting influence on individuals

Eclectic Theoretical Orientation (pg: 26)

Take from each approach whatever is considered the best feature

Standardized Test

Test with uniform procedures for administration and scoring. Many standardized tests allows a person's performance of other individual -assume a person behavior is consistent and stable

Chronological Age

The number of years that have elapsed since birth: Time

Piaget's Theory

Theory stating that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development: Two processes are organize and adaptation and four stages of understanding

Minnesota Family Investment Program

They moved people off the welfare roll into paying jobs which end up improving children school work, decrease their behavior problem

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

We develop in psychosocial stages not psychosexual stages. Primary motivation for human behavior is social and desire to affiliate with others not sexual in nature. Development occurs throughout our lives not just the first five years

Lifespan perspective: development is multidimensional

Whatever your age, your body, your mind, your emotions, and your relationships are changing and affecting each other: Has biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensional like social intelligent, attention, or memory.

Stability-change Issue

Which involved the degree to which early traits and characterisitics persist through life or change. Stability-characterisitics are heredity and possibly early experiences in life. Change- later experience can produce change (plasticity)

Sensorimotor Stage

birth to 2 years: construct understanding of the world through senses with physical (motor) actions. Reflexes

Exosystem

consists of social settings that do not contain children but nevertheless affect children's experiences in immediate surroundings. -A child or husband experience at home is determined by a mother experience at work

Middle and Late Childhood

period from 6 - 10/ 11 years of age (elementary school years): Reading, writing, arithmetic, self control increases and achievement

Biological process

produce changes in an individual's physical nature. genes inherited from parents, the development of the brain, height and weight gains, changes in motor skills

Macrosystem

the outermost level of Bronfenbrenner's model. consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources.

Mesosystem

the second level of Bronfenbrenner's model, encompasses connections between microsystems -family experiences to school experiences -school experiences to religious experience -family experiences to peer experiences

Chronosystem

the temporal dimension of his model. Life changes can be imposed on the child. Alternatively, they can arise from within the child, since as children get older they select, modify, and create many of their own settings and experiences. - For example divorce

Theory

An interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomena and facilitate predictions

Culture

Behavior patterns, beliefs, other products of a particular group that is passed on from generation to generation.

The three processes are

Bidirectional. They can each influence each other.

Social Age

Connectedness with others and the social roles individuals adopt.

Congitive Theories

Conscious thoughts: Jean Piaget's congitive developemental theory, Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory, and the information processing theory

Evualtion of Ethological Theory

Contribution: Focus on biological and evolutionary basis of development and careful observation in naturalisitic settings Criticisms: too much on biological foundation and criticial period concept might be too rigid

Evaluating Behavioral and social cognitive Theoris

Contributions: scientific research, environmental determinant of behavior Criticisms: Too little emphasis on cognition and inaqequate attention paid to developmental changes

Nature Vs. Nurture

Debate about whether development is primarily influenced by nature or nurture. Nature refers to an organism's biological inheritance (basic growth tendencies are genetically programmed), nurture to its environmental experiences (family, peers, medical care, drugs, accidents)

Erikson's theory

Includes eight stages of human development. Each stage consists of a unique development task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be faced. Increased vulnerability and enchanced potential

Why are older people happier?

33 percent were happy at 88 years of age vs. 24 percent in the late teen or 20s. Because they were content with life, had better relationships with people who mattered to them, not pressured to achieve, have more leisure pursuits.

Early Childhood

Period after infancy until 5 or 6 years of age (preschool years): More self-sufficient, develop reading skills, and playing with friends.

Freud Theory: Oral Stage

Infant's pleasure centers on the mouth. Birth to 1 1/2 years.

Generativity vs. stagnation

Middle adulthood (40s or 50s): Having help the next generation or not

Industry vs. Inferiority

Middle and late Childhood (elementary school years 6 to puberty): To direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills. The negative outcome is inferiority-incompetent and unproductive.

Lifespan Perspective

Paul Baltes views development as lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic multidisciplinary, and contextual, and as a process that involves growth, maintenance and regulation of loss; through biological, sociocultural, and individual factors working together.

Cognitive process

Refer to changes in the individual's thought intelligence, and language.

Behaviorism (Continuity)

Study scientifically only what can be directly observed and measured: Development is obserable behaviors that can be learned through experience with the environment

Lifespan perspective: development is plastic

The capacity to change, we possibly we possess less capacity for change when we become old

Albert Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory

-holds that behavior, environment, and cognition are the key factors in development -Obeservational learning

The study of lifespan development provides information

-About who we are -How we came to be this way -Where our future will take us

Two fields that combine the three processes

-Developmental cognitive neuroscience which explores links between development, cognitive processes, and the brain Developmental social neuroscience, which examines connections between socioemotional processes, developnebtment, and the brain

Freud Theory: Anal Stage

1 1/2 to 3 years of age. Child's pleasure focuses on the anus

Scientific Method

1. Conceptualize a process or problem to be studied (theory and hypotheses) 2. Collect research information (data) 3. Analyze the data 4. Draw conclusion

Three Contextual Influences:

1. Normative Age-Graded Influences (puberty/menopause) 2. Normative History-Graded Influences (JFK murder) 3. Nonnormative Life Event (Baton Rouge Flood)

Cross cultural concerns for women

-education opportunities -violence -mental health

Formal Operational Stage

11 - adulthood: think abstract and logically, hypothetical

Four Ages

1: Childhood and adolescence 2. Prime adulthood (20-59) 3. App. 60 to 79 years of age (health and active) 4. App. 80 years and older (decline in heath)

Preoperational Stage

2 to 7 years: represent the world with words, images and drawings. can symbolically represent the world, but unable to perform operations

Freud Theory: Phallic Stage

3 to 6 years of age. Child's pleasure focuses on the genitals

Freud Theory: Latency Stage

6 years to puberty: Child represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills.

Concrete Operational Stage

7 to 11 years: can perform operations (do mentally what previously did physically), logical reasoning

Luis Vargas

A clinical child psychologist who treats young latino youth for deliniquency and subtance abuse

Social Policy

A national government's course of action designed to promote: Represent values, economics, and politics. Paternal leave or universal health care value both parents involvement in a child life or health citizens.

Marian Wright Edelman

Advocate for children's rights that pointed out the USA was near the lowest in the treatment of children and that parenting and nurturing the next generation of children should be most important

Life-span perspective: development is contextual

All development occurs within a context setting. contexts include families, schools, peer groups, churches, cities neighborhoods, university laboratories, countries and so on.each of these settings is influenced by historical, econmical, and cultural factors.

Six stressors and poverty

America has 21.8 percent of children living below the poverty line and 30 percent with AA and Lantinos; they are also exposed to family turmoil, separation from parents, violence, crowding, excessive noise, and poor housing.

Difference between the Young-old and Oldest-old

Baltes and Smith says that the young-old plasticity and adaptability help maintain cognitive and physical fitness, but the oldest-old reach the limites

Gender

Characterisitics of people as males or females

Evaluating Psychoanalytic Theories

Contributions: Developmental framework, family relationships. and unconscious aspects of the mind Criticism: lack of Scientific support, too much emphasis on sexual underpinnings, and people too negative

Evaluating Cognitive Theories

Contributions: Positive view of development and active construction of understanding Criticisms: Skepticism about the pureness of Piaget stages and too little attention to individual Variations

Lifespan perspective: development is lifelong

Early adulthood is not the endpoint of development; rather, no age period dominates development

Toddler

Period from about 1 1/2 to 3 years. A transitional period

Conceptions of Age

Chronological Age is not very relevant to understanding to a person's psychological development

Cross-cultural studies

Compare two aspects of two or more cultures

Psychological Age

Individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age.

Information - Processing Theory

Individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it. (Robert Siegler) They develop gradually increasing capacity for processing information which leads to complex knowledge and skills (not stages, but gradually)

Integrity vs. despair

Late adulthood (60s onward): Reflects on the past and life well spent or not

Middle adulthood

Period from 40s to 50s/60s: Expanding personal and social involvement and responsibility, helping next generation become competent, mature individuals, and satisfaction of a career.

Late adulthood

Period from 60s/70s to death: Review, retirement, and adjustment to new social roles, lose of strength and health (longest period)

Infancy

Period from birth to 18 - 24 months: Psychological activities are beginning (sensorimotor coordination)

Prenatal period

Period from conception to birth (9months). From a single cell to an organism with a brain and behavioral capabilities

Initiative vs. Guilt

Preschool years. Facing challenges that requires responsible behavior, but guilt may arise if the child is irresponsible and too anxious.

Freud's Theory

Problems results from experiences early in life and our adult personality is determined by the we resolve conflict between sources of pleasure at each stage and the demands of reality

Freud Theory: Genital Stage

Puberty Onward: A time of sexual reawakening; source of sexual pleasure becomes someone outside the family

Socioeconomic status

Refers to a person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics. Certain inequalities.

Older Adults police issues

They receive the recommended treatment for heart disease 52 percent of the time and 31 percent for undernutrition or Alzheimer. There is more older people and they are more likely to need help since adults are not getting married or having children.

Skinner's Operant Conditioning

Through operant conditioning the consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior's occurrence. -Rewarding stimulus: recur -Punishing Stimulus: Less recur -key aspect of develop is behavior and that is a result of experiences

Lifespan perspective:development is multidirectional

Throughout life, some dimensions or components of a dimension expand and others shrink. For example one is language or friends/romantic relationships.

Mircogentic Method

To obtain detailed information about processing mechanism as they are occuring from moment to moment. Seeks to discover not just what children know but the cognitive processes involved in how they acquired the knowledge. -How you learned whole number arithmetic

Resilience

Triumph over poverty or other adversities. Ann Masten included that individual factors such as intellectual functioning influence resiliency while other research shows families (athoritative) and extra familial context of resilient share features. (They are close to a caring family member or outside member)

Development Issues

-Nature vs. Nurture Issues -Stability and change -Continuity and discontinuity

Modern Concerns

-Well Being -Parenting and education -sociocultural context and diversity (culture, gender, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity)

The Four Ways of measuring age

-psychological -Biological -social -Chronological

Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory

Holds that development reflects the influence of several environmental systems. The theory identifies five environmental systems: 1. Mircosystem 2. Mesosystem 3. Exosystem 4. Macrosystem 5. Chronosystem

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Late infancy and toddlerhood (1 to 3) : Discover a sense of independence or autonomy. That they have will, but if punished too harashly will develop a sense of shame.

Trust Vs. Mistrust

The development of trust during infancy set the stage for a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place to live

Konrad Lorenz (imprinting)

The innate learning that involves attachment to the first moving object seen. However, it must take place in a critical or sensitive period.

Development

The pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span: Growth and decline.