Chapter 1

__________ is the worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas.

globalization

Which of the following would best describe clinical sociology? a. It combines the conflict and interactionist view to evaluate social issues. b. It makes it possible for abstract theorists to gather the data they need to develop their theories. c. It is sociology practiced by medical professionals. d. It facilitates change through practices such as family therapy or the reorganization of a medical center.

d. It facilitates change through practices such as family therapy or the reorganization of a medical center.

True or false: People use verbal and nonverbal symbols in social interaction. a. True b. False

a. True

The concept of the sociological imagination was developed by a. Karl Marx. b. Max Weber. c. C. Wright Mills. d. W. E. B. Du Bois.

c. C. Wright Mills.

Using sociology to yield practical applications for human behavior and organizations is better known as a. applied sociology. b. sociological perspective. c. sociological theory. d. feminist view.

a. applied sociology.

Unlike other sociological disciplines, ______ sociology is less concerned with practical applications and instead aims for a deeper understanding of the fundamental aspects of social issues. a. medical b. basic c. clinical d. applied

b. basic

Select all that apply Which of the following are examples of something a clinical sociologist might do? a. micromanage a business b. prescribe a drug therapy with weekly therapy sessions c. restructure a medical center d. family therapy

c. restructure a medical center d. family therapy

Harriet Martineau contributed to the study of sociology by translating the writings of which early French philosopher of sociology into English? a. Karl Marx b. Herbert Spencer c. Emile Durkheim d. Auguste Comte

d. Auguste Comte

According to W. E. B. Du Bois, what is the greatest source of power in our society? a. knowledge b. education c. military presence d. wealth e. ethics

d. wealth

Which sociologist is widely considered to be the founder of the interactionist perspective? a. George Herbert Mead b. Emile Durkheim c. Karl Marx d. Jane Addams

a. George Herbert Mead

A theory is not an absolute, final statement about human behavior. Why not? a. As more information becomes available, the theory will be modified to provide a better explanation. b. A theory is just a guess, and someone always comes up with another guess to replace the most recent one. c. As time goes by, we change our ideological beliefs about things and change our theories to match our new beliefs. d. No sociologist is smart enough to produce a theory that is absolutely correct.

a. As more information becomes available, the theory will be modified to provide a better explanation.

Which of the following sociologists contributed to the discipline by successfully combining theory and research in his sociological work? a. Robert Merton b. Charles Horton Cooley c. Pierre Bourdieu d. Karl Marx

a. Robert Merton

Jane Addams did which three of the following? a. Helped people establish successful farms b. Helped industrial leaders work together c. Helped establish a juvenile court system d. Helped prevent racial segregation in Chicago public schools e. Helped create a women's trade union

c. Helped establish a juvenile court system d. Helped prevent racial segregation in Chicago public schools e. Helped create a women's trade union

How are the findings of sociologists different from common sense? a. They focus on human behavior. b. They are based on commonly held beliefs. c. Such findings have been tested by researchers. d. They deal with facets of everyday life.

c. Such findings have been tested by researchers.

Sociologists develop ______ in an attempt to explain social problems, actions, or behaviors. a. common sense b. theories c. stereotypes d. guesses

b. theories

Select all that apply Which of the following illustrate the level of globalization in our world today? a. Changes in U.S. gas prices caused by oil production fluctuations in the Middle East b. Unemployment in the U.S. caused by production shifting overseas c. An American chain restaurant putting local diners out of business in a small U.S. small-town d. Rock songs by Australian artists recorded by American record companies owned by Japanese corporations e. Worldwide economic downturn in the wake of the Sept. 11, 2001 terrorist attacks

a. Changes in U.S. gas prices caused by oil production fluctuations in the Middle East b. Unemployment in the U.S. caused by production shifting overseas d. Rock songs by Australian artists recorded by American record companies owned by Japanese corporations e. Worldwide economic downturn in the wake of the Sept. 11, 2001 terrorist attacks

Which of the following statements about sociological approaches are true? a. Sociologists draw on all of the approaches for various purposes. b. No one sociological approach is correct by itself. c. Sociologists choose their approach based on the results they desire for a particular study. d. Sociologists tend to attack every approach except the one they prefer.

a. Sociologists draw on all of the approaches for various purposes. b. No one sociological approach is correct by itself.

Which type of sociologists act on and attempt to implement their evaluations? a. medical b. clinical c. environmental d. applied

b. clinical

Sociologists work to understand the experiences of all people equally, but achieving such parity is not always possible due to a. a lack of diversity among sociologists. b. discrepancies in attention and funding. c. gender bias among sociologists. d. declines in students majoring in sociology.

b. discrepancies in attention and funding.

Some sociologists, notably Karl Marx, Jane Addams, and Ida Wells-Barnett, have used their understanding of social inequality to advocate for social a. dysfunction. b. justice. c. feminism. d. Darwinism.

b. justice.

Michael Burawoy encouraged scholars to engage a broader audience in bringing about positive outcomes through what he called a. macro sociology. b. public sociology. c. advanced sociology. d. clinical sociology.

b. public sociology.

Comparing the life of a company president or CEO with a dishwasher or taxi driver shows us glaring examples of a. sociological imagination. b. social inequality. c. theory. d. anomie.

b. social inequality.

The condition in which members of a society have differing amounts of power, prestige, and wealth is called a. social capital. b. social inequality. c. false consciousness. d. applied sociology.

b. social inequality.

Karl Marx's view of social classes is best described as part of which of the following sociological perspectives? a. latent b. interactionist c. conflict d. functionalist

c. conflict

The theory that explains the methods individuals use to "put on a show" in order to manage how others view them is called a. sociological theory. b. conflict theory. c. dramaturgy. d. sociological imagination.

c. dramaturgy.

According to French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, which of the following refers to noneconomic goods, such as family background and education, which are reflected in a knowledge of language and the arts? a. social capital b. micro capital c. theoretical capital d. cultural capital

d. cultural capital

Ida Wells-Barnett is best known for examining social problems from which perspective? a. interactionist b. Marxist c. functionalist d. feminist

d. feminist

The sociological perspective that focuses on how parts of society contribute to help maintain social stability is known as the _______ perspective. a. feminist b. interactionist c. conflict d. functionalist

d. functionalist

Which theoretical perspective takes the view that the social world is characterized by continual struggle between competing groups? a. interactionist b. conflict c. global d. functionalist

b. conflict

Match the level of study with the research topic. 1. Microsociology 2. Macrosociology a. Examining how a family goes on after the death of a loved one. b. Studying how different societies educate their children.

1. Microsociology - Examining how a family goes on after the death of a loved one. 2. Macrosociology - Studying how different societies educate their children.

W. E. B. DuBois advocated research on the lives of which group of people? a. Blacks b. religious leaders c. Asians d. wealthy White farmers

a. Blacks

________ refers to a person's opinions formed through life experiences and conversations. a. Common sense b. Pure logic c. Careful research d. Sociological imagination

a. Common sense

Which sociologist wrote from the perspective of an African American woman and used her analysis of society as a means of combating oppression? a. Ida Wells-Barnett b. Karl Marx c. Jane Addams d. W. E. B. Du Bois

a. Ida Wells-Barnett

Select all that apply Under which conditions will sociologists accept something as fact? (Select all that apply.) a. They test, record, and analyze data. b. Scientific studies confirm it. c. Common sense says it must be true. d. "Everyone knows it."

a. They test, record, and analyze data. b. Scientific studies confirm it.

The division of an individual's identity into two or more social realities is known as _______ and is a term coined by W. E. B. DuBois. a. double consciousness b. bipolar disorder c. dual realities d. double vision

a. double consciousness

Select all that apply If sociologists were studying the social ranking of women in a sorority using Weber's verstehen, they would likely do which of the following? a. examine the women's grades, social skills, or seniority within the sorority b. consider the women's beliefs and attitudes c. examine nightmares the women experienced during childhood d. learn how sorority members relate to other members of differing status

a. examine the women's grades, social skills, or seniority within the sorority b. consider the women's beliefs and attitudes d. learn how sorority members relate to other members of differing status

When referring to the division of an individual's identity into two or more social realities, W. E. B. DuBois was describing which of the following? a. the experience of being Black in White America b. the experience of being an academic and White c. holding two jobs to try to make ends meet d. being part of the status quo and fighting to maintain power

a. the experience of being Black in White America

What are the views most widely used by sociologists in examining society? (Select all that apply.) a. the interactionist perspective b. the liberal perspective c. the physicalist perspective d. the functionalist perspective e. the conflict perspective

a. the interactionist perspective d. the functionalist perspective e. the conflict perspective

A set of statements that seeks to explain social problems, actions, or behaviors is called a sociological a. theory. b. experiment. c. survey. d. hypothesis.

a. theory.

A set of statements that seeks to explain social problems, actions, or behaviors is called a sociological a. theory. b. survey. c. hypothesis. d. experiment.

a. theory.

George Herbert Mead studied social issues from the interactionist point of view, thereby gathering his information from which of the following? a. social structure b. deviants c. small groups d. census data

c. small groups

While Marx lived in exile in Paris, France, he met _____, with whom he formed a lifelong friendship. a. Max Weber b. Herbert Spencer c. Auguste Comte d. Friedrich Engels

d. Friedrich Engels

Select all that apply Natural science is the study of the physical features of nature and the ways in which they interact and change. Which of the following are examples of natural science? (Select all that apply.) a. biology b. anthropology c. geology d. history

a. biology c. geology

Why is cow worship, which prohibits eating beef, a functioning aspect of society in India? a. The cow meat is coveted for its much-needed protein. b. Cow dung is used for fertilizer and as fuel for cooking. c. The cow produces milk. d. The cow is used for plowing fields.

b. Cow dung is used for fertilizer and as fuel for cooking. c. The cow produces milk. d. The cow is used for plowing fields.

Comparing everyday life to theater and stage, the dramaturgical approach to sociology was made popular by a. Robert Merton. b. Erving Goffman. c. C. Wright Mills. d. Karl Marx.

b. Erving Goffman.

Sociology is not related to economics, because economists do not study human behavior. a. True b. False

b. False

True or false: Although sociology is considered a science, sociologists avoid the careful recording of observations and accumulation of data. a. True b. False

b. False

True or false: Sociologists often accept the explanation "everybody knows it" when given an explanation for a social phenomenon. a. True b. False

b. False

The functionalist perspective emphasizes a. how social order is based on coercion and exploitation. b. how parts of a society are structured to maintain stability. c. shared understandings of everyday behavior. d. how looking at society from a micro level contributes to understanding.

b. how parts of a society are structured to maintain stability.

According to Merton, _______ use illegal or deviant means of obtaining the accepted goal of achieving material wealth. a. conformists b. innovators c. ritualists d. retreatists

b. innovators

The study of society from the perspective of a broad spectrum of sexual identities is known as a. double consciousness. b. queer theory. c. nonverbal communication. d. conflict theory.

b. queer theory.

Which sociological perspective has as its central tenet that gender inequality is central to all behavior and organization? a. functionalist b. misogynist c. feminist d. transgender

c. feminist

Which of the following statements about W. E. B. DuBois's beliefs is true? a. DuBois believed that religious beliefs blocked economic progress for Blacks. b. DuBois was a strong supporter of theorist Herbert Spencer. c. DuBois, though Black, believed in upholding the status quo. d. DuBois believed Blacks needed full political rights to progress socially and economically.

d. DuBois believed Blacks needed full political rights to progress socially and economically.

What English sociologist wrote the first book on sociological research methods? a. Auguste Comte b. Herbert Spencer c. Max Weber d. Harriet Martineau

d. Harriet Martineau

Weber identified various characteristics of bureaucracy in order to provide a standard for measuring how bureaucratic an actual organization is. He called this standard a. model behavior. b. anomie. c. rationalization. d. an ideal type.

d. an ideal type.

Common sense beliefs are not always reliable because such beliefs lack which of the following? a. a systematic analysis of the facts b. the proper application of personal biases c. an individual's own experiences and feelings d. a basis in commonly held beliefs

a. a systematic analysis of the facts

Which of the following best describes the sociological imagination? a. an awareness of the relationship between individuals and the society they live in b. imagining what the world would be like without sociology c. a view of society through the theories of biology d. a study of the way nations clash with one another

a. an awareness of the relationship between individuals and the society they live in

Which of the following forms of symbolic interaction are forms of nonverbal communication? a. facial expressions b. arguments c. postures d. gestures

a. facial expressions c. postures d. gestures

Charles Horton Cooley studied society from a sociological perspective but focused on a. families and other small groups. b. large, abstract social institutions. c. conflict between the social classes. d. functions and dysfunctions.

a. families and other small groups.

Weber used the term verstehen to analyze social behavior. He believed that to understand behavior we must look at how other people view and explain their own behavior from a(n) ______ perspective. a. subjective b. objective c. global d. scientific

a. subjective

Why did Marx leave his homeland of Germany? a. He was retiring from a successful academic career. b. A paper he wrote in Germany was suppressed (censored). c. England was the hotbed of intellectual writing at that time. d. He wanted to embrace the academic institutions of France.

b. A paper he wrote in Germany was suppressed (censored).

Durkheim believed that the growing division of labor in industrial societies caused laborers to become more specialized in their tasks, leading to a loss of direction he called a. verstehen b. anomie. c. capitalism. d. functionalism.

b. anomie.

Which of the following refers to Durkheim's notion on the loss of direction felt by individuals when social control becomes ineffective? a. functionalism b. social constraint c. anomie d. communion

c. anomie

The disciplines of sociology and ______ are both interested in how people and events throughout years past are important to current society. a. psychology b. biology c. history d. geology

c. history

Individuals who feel a loss of direction when social control has become ineffective experience a state of what Durkheim called a. delinquency. b. relative deprivation. c. communion. d. anomie.

d. anomie.

Cultural capital refers to the kind of education that is valued by which of the following? a. the poor b. uneducated immigrants c. manufacturers d. the socially elite

d. the socially elite

A construct or model used for evaluating specific cases is what Weber called a(n) __________ type.

ideal type

When you are offered a job because your uncle's best friend owns the company, you are benefiting from what sociologist Pierre Bourdieu referred to as a. cultural capital. b. social capital. c. double consciousness. d. micro-level capital.

b. social capital.

Which of the following did queer theorist Eve Sedgwick argue? a. Sexual identifications other than heterosexuality should be considered abnormal and invalid. b. All men and women are heterosexual. c. Any analysis of society is incomplete if it does not include the spectrum of sexual identities. d. Any analysis of society should be limited to heterosexuals.

c. Any analysis of society is incomplete if it does not include the spectrum of sexual identities.

Which of the following early social thinkers created the term sociology? a. Karl Marx b. Max Weber c. Auguste Comte d. Emile Durkheim

c. Auguste Comte

Marx's writings helped inspire communist revolutions in which countries? (Select all that apply.) a. Japan b. Nigeria c. China d. Russia e. Vietnam

c. China d. Russia e. Vietnam

Common sense beliefs are not always reliable because such beliefs lack which of the following? a. a basis in commonly held beliefs b. the proper application of personal biases c. a systematic analysis of the facts d. an individual's own experiences and feelings

c. a systematic analysis of the facts

An element or a process of a society that may actually disrupt the social system or reduce its stability is known as a. manifest function. b. latent function. c. dysfunction. d. conflict perspective.

c. dysfunction.

An effective theory may have the ability to ______ relationships between seemingly isolated things and to ______ how a change in an environment will lead to other changes. a. envision; ignore b. confound; confuse c. explain; predict d. alter; envision

c. explain; predict

Marx emphasized the ______ that influence an individual's place in society. a. personal characteristics b. biological forces c. group identifications and associations d. religious beliefs and practices

c. group identifications and associations

The conflict perspective focuses on a. the interrelated functions of social units. b. interaction between individuals within society. c. inequality of power and the tension between groups. d. ways to increase efficiency within corporations.

c. inequality of power and the tension between groups.

What does Robert Merton call someone who engages in deviant behavior in order to achieve socially approved goals? a. rebels b. ritualists c. innovators d. retreatists

c. innovators

In the most general terms, sociology is the study of a. abnormal psychology and criminal groups. b. individual behavior in the exchange of goods and services. c. social behavior and human groups. d. psychological behavior and political groups.

c. social behavior and human groups.

Weber believed that individuals should use ______, the German word for "understanding" or "insight," to analyze social behavior. a. verstehen b. theory c. anomie d. dysfunction

a. verstehen

Auguste Comte advocated for a systematic study of social behavior that he believed would lead to more rational human interactions, calling it a. metaphysics. b. sociology. c. human psychosis. d. psychology.

b. sociology.

The ability to recognize the connection between our own lives and larger social trends, including present and past relationships, is called a. anomie b. the sociological imagination. c. the conflict perspective. d. the functionalist perspective.

b. the sociological imagination.

A good theory a. confirms what people already believe. b. presents facts that support the theory and disregards evidence that contradicts it. c. is both explanatory and predictive. d. is extremely speculative.

c. is both explanatory and predictive.

Durkheim concluded that social and economic changes lead to higher suicide rates. This type of theory has predictive power because a. Durkheim predicted that there would one day be no suicide at all. b. there is no way to tell what might make the rate go up or down in the future. c. it suggests that the suicide rate will rise or fall as those social changes occur. d. it was based on visions of the future.

c. it suggests that the suicide rate will rise or fall as those social changes occur.

Parsons believed an aspect of society that does not contribute to society's survival or stability will a. eventually find a way to do so. b. produce productive social changes within the society. c. not be passed on from one generation to the next. d. continue to persist and potentially destroy society.

c. not be passed on from one generation to the next.

Marx and Engels, writing in The Communist Manifesto, were concerned about which of the following? a. cooperation between workers and business owners b. the way in which the government overprotected the poor c. the domination of the working class by the business owners d. the positive and uplifting role of religion in society

c. the domination of the working class by the business owners

Marx argued that the domination of owners over workers was maintained by a. the lack of true understanding of religious principles. b. equality between the classes. c. the economic, political, and social relationships in a capitalist society. d. the concerted efforts of a few bad individuals who ruined capitalism for everyone else.

c. the economic, political, and social relationships in a capitalist society.

To go beyond individual personal experiences and observations to gain an understanding of broader public issues, such as realizing that divorce is not a personal problem but a societal issue, requires using a. common sense. b. the concept of the self. c. the sociological imagination. d. materials science.

c. the sociological imagination.

Sociology is a science because a. the people who study sociology have to go to school for a long time. b. studying individual lifestyles adds to society's problems. c. it was started by physicists. d. sociology involves organized, systematic observation.

d. sociology involves organized, systematic observation.

Although sociologists draw on all approaches for various purposes, they do tend to favor one particular perspective over others. Which of the following statements about this tendency is true? a. It favors the functionalist perspective. b. It results in a broad and general view with no specifics. c. It creates irrelevant research results. d. It influences their choice of what to study and how to study it.

d. It influences their choice of what to study and how to study it.

An interactionist sociologist would be likely to study which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. behavior in small groups b. how workers communicate on the job c. the effects of social institutions on social stability d. the role of gender and race in social inequality

a. behavior in small groups b. how workers communicate on the job

Marx and Engels identified two social classes: the ______ who possess the means of production and ______ who must do all the work. a. exploiters; exploited b. exploited; exploiters c. liberals; conservatives d. politicians; executives

a. exploiters; exploited

Which of the following is a latent function of the automobile in American society? a. manufacturing and road construction jobs b. rapid transportation c. the high cost of car ownership d. pollution and dependence upon foreign oil

a. manufacturing and road construction jobs

Select all that apply Sociologists have identified additional levels of research beyond those that Robert Merton used. These include which of the following? a. mesosociology b. macrosociology c. global sociology d. microsociology e. functional sociology

a. mesosociology c. global sociology

Examining social problems through smaller groups and more intimate settings would be an example of which of the following? a. microsociology b. introspection c. minisociology d. macrosociology

a. microsociology

Which of the following would best describe a manifest function of education? a. providing knowledge to students b. assuring that students eat lunch c. imposing a cost that citizens pay in the form of taxes d. providing exercise at recess

a. providing knowledge to students

According to French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, the collective benefit of social networks, which are built on reciprocal trust, is known as a. social capital. b. the status quo. c. social reform. d. technical capital.

a. social capital.

Social science is the study of human interaction and change. Which of the following are examples of social science? (Select all that apply.) a. sociology b. astronomy c. physics d. anthropology

a. sociology d. anthropology

True or false: When examining the members of a social organization using Weber's verstehen, one would need to understand only how the members function within the organization and not the members' beliefs, attitudes, and emotions regarding the organization. a. True b. False

b. False

Crime is generally viewed as a dysfunction in society, but the criminal justice system employs millions of people to keep crime in check. Therefore, the dysfunction of crime a. will ultimately destroy our society. b. also serves functions for society. c. is the result of defective individuals within society. d. should be eliminated completely.

b. also serves functions for society.

When an immigrant family arrives in a new country and engages in previously functional behavior that no longer serves a social function in the new cultural environment, the functionalist perspective predicts that the a. family unit will dissolve. b. behavior will not be passed on to a new generation. c. behavior will intensify over time. d. family will return to its country of origin.

b. behavior will not be passed on to a new generation.

Common sense a. always leads a person to the facts of a situation. b. cannot always be relied upon to discover the truth of a situation. c. is the only tool we really have to understand the world around us. d. is a completely ineffective way of viewing the world

b. cannot always be relied upon to discover the truth of a situation.

In the early 1900s Jane Addams and other female sociologists established settlement houses to care for immigrants who were migrating to a. coastal areas. b. cities. c. farmlands. d. suburbs.

b. cities.

Charles Horton Cooley pursued the discipline of sociology by studying which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. corporations b. groups of friends c. families d. governments

b. groups of friends c. families

According to Durkheim's research, which of the following people are least likely to commit suicide? a. newly divorced people b. people socially connected to others c. people who lead more solitary lives d. people without religious affiliations

b. people socially connected to others

Marx and Engels authored The Communist Manifesto, wherein they argued that a. capitalists should continue to dominate the proletariat. b. the proletariat workers should unite and overthrow the capitalists. c. the weak should perish so that the strong could thrive. d. government should continue to dominate the proletariat masses.

b. the proletariat workers should unite and overthrow the capitalists.

Robert Merton's contribution to the study of sociology combined a. philosophy and theology. b. theory and research. c. surveys and interviews. d. activism and social work.

b. theory and research.

Durkheim believed that understanding human behavior required looking at the behavior a. from the perspective of the actor. b. within a broader social context. c. through rational thinking. d. on an individual basis.

b. within a broader social context.

Which of the following best describes the interactionist perspective? a. It analyzes large-scale, society-wide patterns of behavior. b. It analyzes patterns of human behavior viewing humans as independent, individual beings. c. It generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole. d. It uses research data focused on ethnic groups.

c. It generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole.

Durkheim worried that ______ posed a danger for modern industrial societies. a. wealth distribution b. labor unions c. isolation and loneliness d. population growth

c. isolation and loneliness

According to Durkheim's research, which of the following people are least likely to commit suicide? a. newly divorced people b. people without religious affiliations c. people socially connected to others d. people who lead more solitary lives

c. people socially connected to others

Durkheim was concerned about modern industrial societies having a detrimental effect on the individual due to social change and argued that in order to adapt to these changes, the individual should a. establish rational political institutions. b. face the social problem alone. c. create small, isolated societies. d. become a member of a group.

d. become a member of a group.

Emile Durkheim ignored accepted explanations of the suicide rate and instead relied on which of the following? a. the opinions of those he trusted b. common sense c. divine inspiration d. careful scientific research

d. careful scientific research

The feminist perspective in sociology focuses on the study of ______ inequity. a. age b. ethnic c. racial d. gender

d. gender

Marx's view of society describes social institutions as a means of a. distributing power equally throughout society. b. maintaining functional social order. c. improving society gradually over time. d. keeping some groups subservient to others.

d. keeping some groups subservient to others.

Studying a society through the lens of large-scale phenomena would be an example of which of the following? a. microsociology b. megasociology c. globalization d. macrosociology

d. macrosociology