Chapter 1 and 2 Psychology Test

Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist? A. John Watson B. Sigmund Freud C. Wilhelm Wundt D. William James

a. john watson

Which of the following is a feminist criticism of the science of psychology? A. Male bias exists in science. B. Male psychologists assume that their results do not apply to women. C. Male psychologists do not pay enough attention to relationships. D. Male psychologists emphasize objective data over subjective data

a. male bias exists in science

Researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participant's beliefs and/or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a ________ study. A. control B. double-blind C. double-control D. single-blind

B. double blind

The only way to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables is to conduct a(n) ________. A. detailed literature search B. experiment C. study D. survey

B. experiment

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions? A. correlational B. experimental C. quasi-experimental D. survey

B. experimental

________ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. A. generalizability B. reliability C. statistical significance D. validity

B. reliability

_______ can be used to assess ________. A. reliability; validity B. statistical analyses; reliability C. statistical analyses; validity D. validity; reliability

B. statistical analyses; reliability

A basic experiment involves a minimum of ________ participant group(s). A. one B. two C. three D. four

B. two

What is the number one occupation employing graduates with a BA in psychology? A. human resources B. marketing C. mid- and top-level management D. social work

c. mid- and top-level management

Patwardhan et al. report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to attend speed dating events, posing as daters, and carefully take notes on the behaviors of the daters. What type of research design did they use? A. case study B. experiment C. naturalistic observation D. survey

c. naturalistic observation

Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client-centered therapy?A. Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment. B. Boris tells his therapist that that he needs stronger medication and his therapist prescribes it. C. Natasha is late for her therapy session and her therapist believes she did this because she unconsciously dislikes therapy. D. Xavier receives a hug from the doctor when he arrives on time; he does not get a hug when he arrives late.

A. Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment.

Which of the following statements is not a hypothesis?A. Aggressive behaviors in female rats will be increased by testosterone administration, compared to a control group. B. Anxiety disorders are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental influences. C. College students with higher conscientiousness will achieve higher overall GPAs than those with lower conscientiousness. D. Rats with damage to their cerebellum will display deficits in motor coordination, using the rotarod test.

B. Anxiety disorders are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental influences.

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design. A. cross sectional B. experimental C. longitudinal D. survey

C. longitudinal

Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction? A. -0.5 B. -0.2 C. +0.4 D. +0.7

a. -0.5

________, an anthropologist, contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation. A. Jane Goodall B. Sigmund Freud C. Suzanne Fanger D. Tatiana Hogan

a. Jane Goodall

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. A. another person's consciousness B. her own conscious experience C. her own subconscious experience D. the social construction of consciousness

a. another person's consciousness

________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time. A. attrition B. experimenter bias C. generalizability D. single blinding

a. attrition

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences. A. a person's consciousness B. a person's unconscious C. fetal development D. sexual identity

b. a person's unconscious

24. Which theorist had the most influence in shaping how clinicians interact with people seeking psychotherapy? A. Abraham Maslow B. Carl Rogers C. Wilhelm Wundt D. William James

b. carl rogers

Lucy wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology. A. cognitive B. developmental C. personality D. social

b. developmental

Which theorist published research related to the psychology of personality? A. Charles Darwin B. Jean Piaget C. Noam Chomsky D. Sigmund Freud

d. Sigmund Freud

Many studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________. A. are possible to test with animal studies B. are possible to test with participants from prison populations C. are possible to form strong opinions that are logical and intuitive D. are not possible to test with empirical methods

A. are possible to test with animal studies

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________. A. confirmation bias B. confounding variable C. correlational research D. observer bias

A. confirmation bias

________ is the tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs. A. confirmation bias B. experimenter bias C. illusory correlation D. sampling bias

A. confirmation bias

Harrison et al. are conducting a study assessing the ability of depressed versus non-depressed participants to remember negative emotions in a short story about a family whose car breaks down. They plan to ask participants to read the story and then make a list of the emotions expressed in the story. Before beginning the study, they make a list of negative emotions (e.g., sadness and anger) that they will record from the participants' responses. In this example, negative emotions are the ________. A. dependent variable B. independent variable C. operational definition D. significant variable

A. dependent variable

A major advantage of case studies is ________. A. detailed information B. generalizability C. large sample size D. quick data collection

A. detailed information

Critical thinking is ___________________. a. applying a set of skills to find information about a controversial topic b. applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information c. applying information to understand and evaluate social phenomena d. reviewing info on the internet to develop a critical opinion on it

B. applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information

The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ________. A. between -1 and 0 B. between -1 and +1 C. between 0 and +1 D. between 0 and +100

B. between -1 and +1

The ________ group does not get the experimental treatment. A. alternate experimental B. control C. dependent D. independent

B. control

________ means that there is a relationship between two or more variables. A. cause-and-effect B. correlation C. reliability D. validity

B. correlation

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study. A. debrief participants; ageist attitudes B. debrief participants; deception C. pay participants; deception D. pay participants; use of personal photos

B. debrief participants; deception

Which of the following is not a potential problem associated with relying on college students as participants in psychological research? A. It may be difficult to generalize findings to other groups. B. They are more educated than the general public. C. They have higher attrition rates than other populations. D. They tend to be more liberal than the general public.

C. They have higher attrition rates than other populations.

Ethics need to be considered when ________ scientific research. A. conducting and reviewing B. designing and reviewing C. designing, conducting, and reviewing D. reviewing and publishing

C. designing, conducting, and reviewing

The ________ is controlled by the experimenter. A. confounding variable B. dependent variable C. independent variable D. variability

C. independent variable

A sample that ________ is most likely to yield generalizable results. A. has at least 20 participants B. has at least 200 participants C. is large and randomly selected D. is small and specifically selected

C. is large and randomly selected

A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest. A. experimental plan B. hypothesis C. operational definition D. theory

C. operational definition

Psychology refers to the ________. A. empirical study of humanity B. experimental study of individuals C. scientific study of the mind D. systematic study of human interaction

C. scientific study of the mind

A(n) ________ is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study. A. correlation coefficient B. scatterplot C. statistical analysis D. validity assessment

C. statistical analysis

________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail. A. archival research B. case studies C. surveys D. university experiments

C. surveys

Which of the following defines hypothesis? a. idea that proves a theory b. means of explaining social phenomena c. tentative explanation d. way of looking at the world

C. tentative explanation

Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychologists scientifically study ________. A. only behavior B. only the mind C. the mind and behavior D. the soul, the mind, and behavior

C. the mind and behavior

Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method? A. A student in a psychology class writes his term paper on whether or not fish feel pain. B. A student writes a letter to his professor requesting a change in course policy. C. Dr. Hysock-Witham decides to start her course later because so many students arrive late. D. Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates.

D. Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates.

In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design? A. Longitudinal research is time consuming. B. Marijuana has already been decriminalized in some places. C. Recruitment could be a challenge because people of different ages are difficult to sample. D. Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.

D. Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.

American researchers studying the effects of physical attractiveness on compliance wish to expand the cross-cultural generalizability of their findings to a Lebanese population. They travel to Lebanon and recruit local residents, whom the American researchers rate as attractive or unattractive, to act as experimental confederates. However, they are unable to replicate their research findings. What is a potential problem with this research? A. Inter-rater reliability has not been assessed. B. Language barriers will prevent successful research from occurring. C. The study may not be reliable due to differences in expectations for compliance between cultures. D. The study may not be valid due to differences in standards of attractiveness between cultures.

D. The study may not be valid due to differences in standards of attractiveness between cultures.

Magali and Jean-Gabriel have been asked to design a study investigating happiness across the lifespan. They decide their study will involve going to the mall and asking people of a variety of ages if they are happy or unhappy. What is the most serious flaw of this design?A. People will know that they are part of a research study and may decline participation. B. Survey data is not as valid as experimental data. C. Their results will depend on how busy the mall is. D. They have not defined happiness or how it will be measured.

D. They have not defined happiness or how it will be measured.

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological theorists, with the earliest theorist listed first. A. Noam Chomsky, Sigmund Freud, Wilhelm Wundt B. Noam Chomsky, Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud C. Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky, Wilhelm Wundt D. Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky

D. Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky

Research on ________ subjects must always involve ________. A. animal; a full debriefing B. animal; obtaining informed consent C. human; a full debriefing D. human; obtaining informed consent

D. human; obtaining informed consent

Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable. A. control; experimental B. dependent; independent C. experimental; control D. independent; dependent

D. independent; dependent

________ research studies the same groups of participants over time. A. archival B. correlational C. cross-sectional D. longitudinal

D. longitudinal

Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen. This describes ________. A. experimenter bias B. observer bias C. participant bias D. placebo effect

D. placebo effect

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________. A. blind group assignment; blind sampling B. blind group assignment; random sampling C. blind sampling; random group assignment D. random sampling; random group assignment

D. random sampling; random group assignment

________ are the most commonly used species for animal research. A. chimpanzees B. fruit flies C. pigs D. rodents

D. rodents

Which of the following refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time? A. -ology B. hypothesis C. pseudoscience D. scientific theory

D. scientific theory

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________. A. emotions and cultural norms that underlie emotional responses B. genetics and the evolutionary adaptations that underlie behavior C. stimulus-response and the instincts that underlie human reaction to pain D. the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior

D. the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior

Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________. A. deductive reasoning B. inductive reasoning C. the experiment D. the scientific method

D. the scientific method

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________. A. smoking causes lung cancer B. smoking contributes to lung cancer C. there is a predisposition toward both smoking and lung cancer D. there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

D. there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

________ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure. A. generalizability B. operational definition C. reliability D. validity

D. validity

Which of the following would be the best example of a valid naturalistic observation study in driving behavior?A. assessing behaviors from a police cruiser dash cam B. having passengers rate the driver's behavior C. using footage from red light cameras D. watching footage obtained from cameras set up unobtrusively on various streets

D. watching footage obtained from cameras set up unobtrusively on various streets

Which of the following would be difficult to assess using empirical research? A. the abilities of non-human primates to use sign language B. the reaction time for participants to indicate they heard a ball drop on a table C. whether a baby is crying because he is sad, hungry, or in pain D. whether the id, ego, or superego is most responsible for emotional reactions

D. whether the id, ego, or superego is most responsible for emotional reactions

Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ________. A. biopsychologist B. developmental psychologist C. humanist D. social psychologist

a. biopsychologist

Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________. A. case studies B. correlational C. cross-sectional D. surveys

a. case studies

Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) ________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head. A. case study B. experiment C. naturalistic observation D. survey

a. case study

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in? A. clinical psychology B. cognitive psychology C. organizational psychology D. social psychology

a. clinical psychology

A(n) ________ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship. A. confounding variable B. control variable C. dependent variable D. independent variable

a. confounding variable

Marta is pursuing a graduate degree in psychology. As part of her program she must write a long research paper based on the data she spent the last year gathering. What is the long research paper called? A. dissertation B. PhD C. postdoctoral D. PsyD

a. dissertation

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________. A. Gestalt psychology B. humanism C. psychoanalytic theory D. structuralism

a. gestalt psychology

Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify? A. biopsychology B. developmental psychology C. personality psychology D. sensation and perception

b. developmental psychology

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments. A. control B. double-blind C. pilot D. randomly assigned

b. double-blind

________ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers. A. attrition B. inter-rater reliability C. the control group D. validity

b. inter-rater reliability

According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health? A. applying biological principles to the psychology of a healthy social life B. interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors C. primarily biology; individual psychology and social factors are sometimes relevant D. successful application of biopsychological principles to social life

b. interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors

The empirical method of study is based on ________. A. guesswork B. observation C. practice D. statistics

b. observation

A negative correlation means ________. A. a third variable eliminates a correlational relationship B. one variable decreases as the other increases C. there is a relationship between two variables, but it is not statistically significant D. two variables increase together, but they are associated with an undesirable outcome

b. one variable decreases as the other increases

When was psychology accepted as an academic discipline? A. 1600s B. 1700s C. 1800s D. 1900s

c. 1800s

Who started the feminist revolution in psychology? A. Anna Freud B. Bruno Bettelheim C. Naomi Weisstein D. Sigmund Freud

c. Naomi Weisstein

Who was the first person referred to as a psychologist?A. Wolfgang Köhler B. Sigmund Freud C. Wilhelm Wundt D. William James

c. Wilhelm Wundt

Why is psychology considered a social science? A. Because psychologists study groups and how groups interact. B. Because psychology is not considered a hard science. C. Behavior is biological, and our behavior is influenced by our interactions with others. D. Behavior is unpredictable, so scientists study it.

c. behavior is biological, and our behavior is influenced by our interactions with others

Naghemeh wants to focus on the emotional, social, vocational, and health-related outcomes of individuals who are considered psychologically healthy. Which area of psychology should she work in? A. biopsychology B. clinical psychology C. counseling psychology D. wellness psychology

c. counseling psychology

William James was the ________. A. author of the first psychology textbook B. father of psychology C. first American psychologist D. first psychoanalyst

c. first american psychologist

________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans. A. behaviorism B. gestalt C. humanism D. structuralism

c. humanism

Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first? A. data collection B. experiment C. hypothesis D. observation

c. hypothesis

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________. A. correlation B. fact C. illusory correlation D. opinion

c. illusionary correlation

Oona wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Oona should conduct research in the area of ________ psychology. A. biological B. Gestalt C. industrial-organizational D. social

c. industrial-organizational

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis? A. It can be tested using empirical methods. B. It is an if-then statement. C. It is complex. D. It is falsifiable.

c. it is complex

Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ________. A. cognition B. perception C. personality D. social psychology

c. personality

In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why? A. The elderly are contracting more cognitive diseases. B. People in developed nations revere the elderly. C. Populations of developed nations are living longer. D. Populations of developing nations are dying sooner.

c. populations of developed nations are living longer

Peter is interested in pursuing a ________ training program with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention after he receives his PhD, which will allow him to further develop his research on adolescent suicide and broaden his research skills under the supervision of CDC researchers. A. industrial B. medical C. postdoctoral D. predoctoral

c. postdoctoral

Dr. Bogdarian noticed that one of her students addresses her with the word mother instead of the word professor or doctor. Dr. Bogdarian applies the principles of ________, and hypothesizes the student misspeaks because he is unconsciously associating her with his mother. A. functionalism B. Gestalt psychology C. psychoanalytic theory D. structuralism

c. psychoanalytic theory

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________. A. inter-rater reliability B. reliability C. replication D. validity

c. replication

According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________. A. interpret dreams B. manipulate human behavior C. study the function of behavior D. study the structure and characteristics of the mind

c. study the function of behavior

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________. A. studying how emotional responses influence behavior while deemphasizing the importance of the subconscious B. studying implicit motivations for behavior through the use of implicit association tests C. studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes D. studying the genetic basis for behavior and theorizing how instincts influence behavior

c. studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________. A. explaining the subconscious B. the operation of individual parts of the mind C. the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts D. understanding the id, ego, and superego

c. the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts

What is a PsyD? A. Doctor of Philosophy B. Doctor of Psychiatry C. Doctor of Psychoanalysis D. Doctor of Psychology

d. doctor of psychology

Behaviorists study ________. A. a person's unconscious mind B. chemical and hormonal changes C. dreams D. learned behavior

d. learned behavior

I provide Ralph with the positive reinforcement of a candy bar when he does something I like. I punish him by squirting him with a squirt gun when he does something I don't like. I am applying the principles of ________ in an attempt to modify Ralph's behavior. A. classical conditioning B. functionalism C. humanism D. operant conditioning

d. operant conditioning

For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ________. A. conscious and unconscious B. experimental and provable C. hypothesized and theoretical D. perceivable and measurable

d. perceivable and measurable

What is a limitation that affects the generalizability of research results? A. control groups B. operational definitions C. random assignment D. small sample size

d. small sample size

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________. A. Gestalt psychology B. personality C. psychoanalysis D. social psychology

d. social psychology

According to Sigmund Freud, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through ________. A. dream analysis B. examination of the first words that come to someone's mind C. seemingly innocent slips of the tongue D. the use of reinforcement and punishment

d. the use of reinforcement and punishment

A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.A. conclusion B. hypothesis C. operational definition D. theory

d. theory

What do industrial and organizational psychology, health psychology, sport and exercise psychology, forensic psychology, and clinical psychology all have in common? A. Job growth is greatest in these fields. B. They all focus on groups instead of individuals. C. They are all areas of psychology that developed in the 19th century. D. They are all examples of applied psychology.

d. they are all examples of applied psychology

Char heard from her friends that marijuana use can cure glaucoma so it should be legal in all 50 states. Char knows that she is biased in favor of marijuana legalization, so she decides to exercise some skepticism about this claim. She researches where her friends got their information, how reliable it is, and what other sources say about legalizing marijuana. Char is ________. A. acting unconsciously B. hypothesizing C. theorizing D. thinking critically

d. thinking critically

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________. A. genetics and the effect of genetics on behavior B. sensation and the effect of culture on perception C. the effect of gender, race, and class on behavior D. thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

d. thoughts and their relationships to our experiences and our actions