Chapter 1 and 22 master h.w

Darwin

According to his observations, Darwin proposed that the best-suited individuals in a population would survive and reproduce more successfully than those less adapted to their environment, and he called this "natural selection." This mechanism could account for both the unity and diversity of features among species. The similarities between the descent organisms and their common ancestor explain the unity of life, while the force of natural selection in different environments accounts for the diversity of life.

Which of the following statements demonstrates unity in the diversity of life?

All of the listed statements are correct Cilia and flagella in all eukaryotes have the same basic structure. The structure of DNA is the same in all organisms. All organisms, including prokaryotes and eukaryotes, use essentially the same genetic code. The forelimbs of all mammals have the same basic structure, modified for different environments.

Which of the following statements best describes Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?

Darwin's theory emphasized that populations vary and change over time.

What is the meaning of Darwin's expression "descent with modification"?

Descent with modification refers to evolutionary change over time. Darwin used this term to describe change in organisms over time, or evolutionary change.

Which taxonomic domain includes multicellular photosynthetic organisms?

Eukarya Plants and certain algae are multicellular photosynthetic organisms included in the kingdom Plantae of the domain Eukarya.

Which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science?

Hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power.

Which of these conditions do NOT occur in populations evolving due to natural selection?

Individuals pass on most traits that they acquire during their lifetime.

Which of the following observations helped Darwin shape his concept of descent with modification?

South American temperate plants are more similar to South American tropical plants than to European temperate ones.

Which of the following is an observation or inference on which natural selection is based?

Species produce more offspring than the environment can support.

A group of small fish live in a lake with a uniformly light-brown sandy bottom. Most of the fish are light brown, but about 10 are mottled. This fish species is often prey for large birds that live on the shore. A construction company dumps a load of gravel in the bottom of the lake, giving it a mottled appearance. Which of these statements presents the most accurate prediction of what will happen to this fish population?

The proportion of mottled fish will increase over time. The mottled fish will tend to escape predation because they are camouflaged against the mottled lake bottom. The mottled fish will most likely produce more offspring.

Which one of the following researchers developed a theory of evolution that was very similar to Charles Darwin's?

Wallace Wallace sent Darwin a manuscript outlining a theory of natural selection that was very similar to Darwin's.

An adaptation is __________.

a trait that gives an organism a reproductive advantage in the current environment

The evolution two or more species from one species as a result of different populations becoming reproductively isolated from each other is best described as ________.

adaptive radiation

Which of the following is true of a scientific theory?

it generates testable hypotheses, is supported by a large body of evidence, and is broad in scope

In order for a hypothesis to be able to be used in science, which of the following must be true?

it is testable and falsifiable

Which of the following observations led to Darwin's major inferences?

members of a population vary in their heritable traits & although organisms can produce huge numbers of offspring, many of these offspring do not survive

From his observations of organisms in the Galapagos Islands, Darwin reasoned that __________.

organisms had adapted to new environments, giving rise to new species Darwin reasoned that natural selection had increased the match between the organisms and their environment.

Competition is central to the theory of natural selection. Why does competition occur?

organisms typically produce too many offspring and resources are limited Resource competition is one of the main ingredients for natural selection. Organisms must compete for limited resources; only the best adapted will survive and reproduce.

Charles Darwin __________.

proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution Although Wallace submitted his work for publication first, Darwin's work was known to have pre-dated Wallace's work and was much more detailed. As a result, Darwin was given credit for the theory.