Chapter 1: Cell Structure and Function

The skeletal muscles are producing large amounts of lactic acid and release it into the bloodstream during heavy work/exercise.

A 62 year old male collapsed while unloading a truck of heavy sacks of feed for his cattle. When he arrived in the Emergency Department, blood gasses reveal a slightly acidic blood sample. The nurse caring for this patient is not surprise with this result based on which of the following pathophysiological rationales?

Tay-Sachs disease

A Jewish couple that is trying to conceive ask the nurse if they should receive genetic counseling. The nurse is aware that an autosomal recessive disorder that causes a deficiency in hexosamininidase A may be present. What disorder should the couple be tested for?

Anaerobic glycolysis creates pyruvate, which converts to lactic acid.

A client experiences burning muscle pain at the peak of high intensity physical training for an athletic competition. What is the best explanation for the cause of this occurrence?

- Strained flexor muscle - Myocardial infarction - NOT: Cerebral vascular accident - NOT: Peptic ulcer disease - NOT: Pulmonary embolus

A client has an elevated troponin level. What conditions could this indicate? Select all that apply.

Endocrine gland

A client is admitted to the hospital with complaints of severe fatigue, weight gain, and feeling cold all of the time. The client is suspected of having a diagnosis of hypothyroidism and will have several diagnostic tests performed. What type of glandular dysfunction does the nurse suspect this will be?

delayed return to resting potential.

A client with long QT syndrome has the gene that increases potassium channels. How will this affect membrane potentials? It will cause:

Oral steroids

A client with pemphigus has multiple mouth sores. Which class of medication is most likely to produce disease remission?

Mitochondrial DNA

A couple is scheduled to obtain familial lineage studies. The nurse is aware that an analysis will occur identifying maternally inherited:

Sprinters utilize ATP generated via anaerobic glycolysis, and distance runners utilize ATP generated via aerobic metabolism.

A nurse practitioner (NP) has been asked to speak with the local high school track team about health, wellness, and nutrition. One of the athletes asks about the differences in the physiology of the energy used in sprinting versus long-distance running. Which response is the best answer?

Colchicine

A patient comes to the clinic complaining of severe pain in the left great toe and is diagnosed with gout. What medication does the nurse anticipate educating the patient about that stops cell mitosis in the treatment of gout?

Bronchiectasis due to interferences with clearance of inhaled bacteria along the respiratory tract.

A patient experiencing immotile cilia syndrome should be frequently assessed by the nurse for which priority complication?

Dysregulated apoptosis has caused an excessive rate of programmed cell death along the neuro-pathways.

A patient has been diagnosed with a neurodegenerative disease called multiple sclerosis (MS). The physician explains to the patient that this disease may be caused by dysregulated apoptosis. Later that day, the patient asks the nurse what this means. The nurse should reply:

They are the site of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production.

A professor is teaching a group of students about the role of mitochondria within the cell. Which of the following statements is true of mitochondria?

Neutrophils engulf invading organisms where lysosomes break them down.

A school nurse is teaching a class on immunity. Which statement contains an accurate explanation about cellular defenses?

synthesize appropriate integrin molecules

A teenager has experienced repeated bacterial infections throughout her life and has recently been diagnosed with leukocyte adhesion deficiency. The nurse explains that this is caused by the teenager's inability to:

Mitochondria

Apoptosis (programmed cell death) is regulated by:

Microtubules in the cytoskeleton

At which part of the cell is the action by the vinca alkaloid drugs directed during cancer treatment?

Calcium

Cadherins, selectins and some integrins, which are adhesion molecules, depend on which of the following to function in cell adhesion?

At death, the body is unable to complete the actin/myosin cycle and release the coupling between the myosin and actin, creating a state of muscular contraction.

During a crime scene investigation, the coroner confirms that rigor mortis has set in. This helps to confirm an approximate time of death. The forensic nurse can explain this process (rigor mortis) to a group of students based on the fact that:

Performs an active role of protein synthesis, where mRNA molecules direct the assembly of proteins on ribosomes to the cytoplasm.

During a discussion on cellular components and their function, a student asked the instructor the purpose of messenger RNA (mRNA). Of the following, which is the most accurate answer?

The thick myosin and thin actin filaments slide over each other, causing shortening of the muscle fiber.

Each skeletal muscle is a discrete organ made up of hundreds or thousands of muscle fibers. Although muscle fibers predominate, substantial amounts of connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve fibers are also present. What happens during muscle contraction?

Ductless and produce secretions

Endocrine glands are epithelial structures that have had their connection with the surface obliterated during development. How are these glands described?

Facilitated diffusion transports glucose into cells.

How does cellular activity change when a client with hyperglycemia receives insulin?

Pigment is encapsulated into residual bodies.

How does the body react to the injection of tattoo pigments?

- Stomach - Renal ureters - Blood vessels - NOT: Heart - NOT: Renal ureters - NOT: Pectoralis major

In which parts of the body are smooth muscles found? Select all that apply.

Communication

Select the main function of nervous tissue.

Tubular communication system

Select the most important function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER):

Contains the DNA that is essential for protein synthesis to keep the cell alive./It contains the DNA that is essential for protein synthesis to keep the cell alive.

Select the option that best describes the nucleus of the cell./The nucleus is called the center of the cell because it has the ability to do which of the following?

Lysosomes

Select the organelle that is responsible for the breakdown of excess and worn-out cell parts as well as foreign substances that are taken into the cell.

Involuntary

Smooth muscle contractions are typically characterized as:

Influence DNA activity

Some messengers, such as thyroid hormone and steroid hormones, do not bind to membrane receptors but move directly across the lipid layer of the cell membrane and are carried to the cell nucleus. What do they do at the cell nucleus?

Receive proteins and other substances from the cell surface by a retrograde transport mechanism

The Golgi complex, or Golgi bodies, consists of stacks of thin, flattened vesicles or sacs within the cell. These Golgi bodies are found near the nucleus and function in association with the ER. What is one purpose of the Golgi complex?

ATP

The Krebs cycle provides a common pathway for the metabolism of nutrients by the body. The Krebs cycle forms two pyruvate molecules. Each of the two pyruvate molecules formed in the cytoplasm from one molecule of glucose yields another molecule of what?

Plasma membrane

The cell membrane is also called what?

Cell-to-cell recognition and adhesion

The cell surface is surrounded by a cell coat (glycocalyx.). Select the most important function of the cell coat.

- Endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi apparatus - Mitochondria - Lysosomes - Not: Cytoskeleton

The cytoplasm surrounds the nucleus of the cell and contains organelles. Select the organelles found in the cytoplasm. Select all that apply.

Thick myosin and thin actin filaments sliding over each other.

The homecare nurse is making a home visit to a 51 year old female client with a longstanding diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. The nurse knows that the muscle wasting and weakness associated with the disease process is ultimately manifested as a failure of what normal process in muscle tissue?

The synthesis of ATP

The inner mitochondrial membrane contains the respiratory chain enzymes and transport proteins that are needed for:

Lipids

The living part of the cell found both inside and outside of the nucleus is called protoplasm. This material is composed of proteins, carbohydrates, electrolytes, water, and what other substance?

Water

The majority of the cell's protoplasm is which of the following?

The type of activity the cell performs

The number of mitochondria in a given cell type is largely determined by:

This test is specific to components found in my heart muscle.

The nurse educates a client with a suspected myocardial infarction (MI) about the blood test to evaluate troponin I levels. The nurse knows the education has been successful when the client says:

Primary active transport

The nurse is aware of the importance of potassium and sodium for normal physiologic functions of a client. The rapid movement of potassium and sodium in actions is known as:

Consider genetic testing if you plan to have more children.

The nurse is caring for a child newly diagnosed with a lysosomal storage disease. What instruction should the parents receive?

contains the genetic material and directly regulates the other components of the cell

The nurse is caring for a client who has a congenital disease. The nurse is describing the etiology of the disease to a colleague and refers to the role of the nucleus. The nucleus is commonly described as the "control centre" of the cell because it:

Gluconeogenesis

The nurse is caring for a patient with liver failure. What process of conversion does the nurse know will be impaired due to the inability of the liver to remove lactic acid from the bloodstream?

Synaptic signaling

The nurse is explaining the workings of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors to a client with a diagnosis of depression. Within the teaching, the nurse mentions that in the nervous system, the transmission of information by neurotransmitters is:

Pemphigus

The nurse is performing an assessment with a client that presents with blisters on the skin and mucous membranes. What primary disorder of desmosomes does the nurse suspect the client may be suffering from?

Cytoplasm

The nurse is providing care for a client with a diagnosis of cirrhosis, and she notes that the client's sclerae are jaundiced. The nurse recalls that jaundice is a pigment that can accumulate in which part of the cell?

The client experiences vasoconstriction as a result of physiologic stress.

The obstetrical nurse is caring for a client who is in the second stage of labour. What physiologic process would result from the action of smooth muscle?

diffusion of current-carrying ions.

The process responsible for generating and conducting membrane potentials is:

Stratified epithelium

The student is examining a tissue sample with a microscope. The student decides that it is squamous keratinized tissue. Which type of epithelial tissue is the student viewing?

Facilitated diffusion

The student is studying the movement of substances across the cell membrane. She understands that some substances combine with special transport proteins to be carried across the cell membrane. The substances can move only from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration. This process is known as which of the following?

"Smooth muscle contraction is initiated by an increase in intracellular calcium."

The tutor is helping a student study muscle tissue. Which student statement demonstrates to the tutor that the student comprehends the topic?

Produces proteins

There are two forms of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) found in a cell. They are the rough and the smooth ER. What does the rough ER do in a cell?

Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Cell membrane

What are the three main parts of a typical cell? (Select all that apply.)

Apoptosis

What concept will the nurse need to explain about the purpose and action of chemotherapy to a client with cancer?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

What is the organelle responsible for synthesis of proteins by bound ribosomes called?

Active transport/Active transport

When cells use energy to move ions against an electrical or chemical gradient, the process is called what?/Which of the following is the process during which cells use energy to move ions against an electrical or chemical gradient?

Endoplasmic reticulum

When discussing the various functions of the cellular parts, the pathophysiology professor asks a group of students, "Where are the primary sites of protein synthesis located in a cell?" Which student response is correct?

Endocrine

Which form of signal transduction resulting from ligand-receptor binding has the potential to produce effects in the entire body system?

Thyroid hormones

Which hormone messenger moves directly across the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane and is transported to the cell nucleus?

- Neurons - Skeletal muscle cells - Cardiac muscle cells

Which nondividing cells in a human body has left the cell cycle and are not capable of mitotic division once an infant is born. (Select all that apply.)

Phagocytosis

Which of the following best describes the consumption of a foreign substance, such as bacteria, in a cell?

Mitochondria

Which of the following cellular organelles transforms organic compounds into energy that is easily accessible to the cell?

- The cell contains organelles. - The cell is where protein is synthesized - The cell transports substances within the cell. - The cell serves as its own digestive system. - NOT: The cell manufactures messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA).

Which of the following is true about a cell's cytoplasm? Select all that apply.

Glycolysis also provides energy in situations when delivery of oxygen to the cells is delayed

Which of the following statements regarding cell metabolism is most accurate?

Connective tissue

Which of the following types of cells in tissue produces the extracellular matrix that supports and holds the tissues together?

Simple squamous epithelium

Which of the following types of epithelium is found in the lining of blood vessels, lymph nodes, and alveoli of the lungs?

Connective tissue

Which of the following types of tissue's cells produce the extracellular matrix that supports and holds tissues together?

Thermal insulation

Which of these roles does adipose tissue play in the body?

- Mitochondria in active skeletal muscles increase rapidly. - Mitochondria are self-replicating. - Mitochondria regulate apoptosis. - Not: Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the paternal DNA. - Not: Mitochondria make energy for the cells to use.

Which statements are accurate about mitochondria? Select all that apply.

Energy metabolism

Which term describes the chemical processes involved in converting carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the foods we eat into the energy to perform these tasks?

Reticular connective tissue

Which type of tissue forms the architecture of liver sinusoids and lymphoid tissues such as the spleen?

osmosis

While reviewing the basic information related to hemodialysis, the professor explains that water molecules move through adjacent phospholipid molecules in the cell membrane by: