Chapter 1 - cellular biology

Which information would accurately describe the difference between active and passive transport? A. Active transport requires energy. B. Passive transport requires energy. C. In passive transport, the molecules move against (up) the concentration gradient. D. In active transport, a molecule moves from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration.

A. Active transport requires energy

Which attribute would accurately describe caveolae? A. Caves B. Refining plant C. Bones and muscles D. Digestive bags of enzymes

A. Caves

Which process involves the neurotransmitters diffusing across the synaptic cleft? A. Chemical synapsing B. Paracrine signaling C. Autocrine signaling D. Autostimulation

A. Chemical synapsing

Which mechanism would describe how the sodium-potassium pump operates? A. By osmosis B. By active transport C. By passive diffusion By light-driven transport

B. By active transport

The appropriate term for an "energy-releasing process" is: A. anabolism. B. catabolism. C. substrate. D. second messenger.

B. Catabolism

Which term would describe an individual digesting proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates to transfer energy to ATP? A. Anabolism B. Catabolism C. Osmolality D. Osmolarity

B. Catabolism

Place the sequence of cellular formation in order, from least to most complex. A. Organs B. Cells C. Systems D. Tissues

B. Cells D. Tissues A. Organs C. Systems

Which is a characteristic of a eukaryote cell? They: A. are smaller than prokaryotes. B. contain organelles. C. lack a nucleus. D. are deficient in histones.

B. Contain organelles

If the ribosomes are negatively affected, which finding would be expected? A. Increased digestion of lipids B. Decreased synthesis of proteins C. Disposal of phagocytized particles D. Packaging of proteins into secretory vesicles

B. Decreased synthesis of proteins

Which process would be a function of enzymes? A. Carries the genetic code B. Directs biochemical reactions C. Performs signal transduction D. Serves as fuel inside the cell

B. Directs biochemical reactions

Which examples would be major components of the cell? Select all that apply. A. Oxygen B. Ligands C. Cytoplasm D. Organelles E. Plasmalemma

C. Cytoplasm D. Organelles E. Plasmalemma

Skeletal, striated, and smooth would be examples of which type of tissue? A. Bone B. Elastic C. Muscle D. Cartilage

C. Muscle

Which is the result of the force exerted by plasma proteins? A. Filtration pressure B. Hydrostatic pressure C. Oncotic pressure D. Hyperbaric pressure

C. Oncotic pressure

Which is correct with regard to cellular energy? A. Glycolysis is the building of sugar molecules. B. Oxidative cellular metabolism is a single reaction making ATP. C. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria. D. Anaerobic glycolysis occurs in the presence of oxygen.

C. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria.

Which mechanism along with sodium would describe how calcium is transported in the body? A. By antiport B. By symport C. By proton pump D. By counter-organic anion

A. By antiport

Which term would describe a cytoplasmic organelle that is a sac-like structure containing enzymes for digesting cellular substances? A. Lysosomes B. Ribosomes C. Peroxisomes D. Chromosomes

A. Lysosomes

Which membrane transport systems would be classified as active transport? Select all that apply. A. Coupled pumps B. Diffusion C. Hydrostatic pressure D. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-driven pumps E. Light-driven pumps

A. Coupled pumps D. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-driven pumps E. Light-driven pumps

Which components would be located in the nucleus of a cell? Select all that apply. A. DNA B. Histones C. Ribosomes D. Endoplasmic reticulum E. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A. DNA B. HISTONES

Which finding would be observed when an individual has a low protein level? A. Edema B. Vomiting C. Bleeding D. Cyanosis

A. Edema

Which protein would help the lungs stretch and recoil? A. Elastin B. Ligand C. Collagen D. Fibronectin

A. Elastin

Which basic nutrients would be required for vital cellular processes? Select all that apply. A. Fats B. Proteins C. Potassium D. Vitamin B12 E. Carbohydrates

A. Fats B. Proteins E. Carbohydrates

Which organism would cause an individual to develop a disease caused by eukaryotes? A. Fungi B. Bacteria C. Rickettsiae D. Cyanobacteria

A. Fungi

Which examples would be types of symmetric cell junctions? Select all that apply. A. Gap B. Tight C. Hemidesmosome D. Gating E. Desmosomes

A. Gap B. Tight E. Desmosomes

Which element would be essential for passive mediated transport to occur? A. Membrane proteins B. Vesicles for endocytosis C. Microtubules in the cytoplasm D. Energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate

A. Membrane proteins

Which type of tissue would be damaged if the synapses are not working properly? A. Neural B. Epithelial C. Connective D. Skeletal muscle

A. Neural

The process by which cells "drink" is referred to as: A. pinocytosis. B. phagocytosis. C. exocytosis. D. potocytosis.

A. Pinocytosis

Which term would describe the outer layer of the eukaryote cell? A. Plasma membrane B. Nuclear membrane C. Rough endoplasmic reticulum D. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A. Plasma membrane

Which substance is the main component of most receptors in cell membranes? A. Proteins B. Triglycerides C. Phospholipids D. Polysaccharides

A. Proteins

Which information would indicate an accurate understanding of what is happening when fatigued muscles shift into anaerobic metabolism? A. Pyruvate is converted into lactic acid if oxygen is absent. B. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) will be produced at a more efficient rate than normal. C. More ATP will be produced by the mitochondria. D. Muscle contraction and relaxation are independent of ATP concentration.

A. Pyruvate is converted into lactic acid if oxygen is absent.

Which term would describe a cell that has the potential to develop into many different cell types? A. Stem B. Memory C. Precursor D. Terminally differentiated

A. Stem

A function of signaling cascades includes message: (Select all that apply.) A. transfer. B. distribution. C. deletion. D. amplification. E. modulation.

A. Transfer B. Distribution D. Amplification E. Modulation

Proteins have the ability to function as: (Select all that apply.) A. transport channels. B. enzymes that drive pumps. C. cell surface markers. D. cellular synapses. E. cell adhesion molecules.

A. Transport channels B. Enzymes that drive pumps C. Cell surface makers E. Cell adhesion molecules

The extracellular matrix is composed of: (Select all that apply.) A. collagen. B. elastin. C. fibronectin. D. desmosomes. E. polypeptides.

A. collagen. B. elastin. C. fibronectin.

The term "diffusion" is best described as: A. movement of a solute molecule from high to low concentration. B. movement of water down a concentration gradient. C. transference of both water and a solute down a concentration gradient. D. mechanical pressure of water pushing against the cellular membrane.

A. movement of a solute molecule from high to low concentration.

The simultaneous movement of two molecules in one direction is best described as: A. symport. B. antiport. C. uniport. D. passive transport.

A. symport

Which examples would be included when describing organisms that are prokaryotes? Select all that apply. A. Fungi B. Bacteria C. Protozoa D. Rickettsiae E. Cyanobacteria

B. Bacteria D. Rickettsiae E. Cyanobacteria

Which phrase would be used to accurately describe cytosol? A. A cascade of plasma membrane enzymes B. An aqueous solution that fills the cytoplasmic matrix C. An organelle in which excess proteins are degraded D. A chemical intermediate in the oxidative phosphorylation pathways

B. An aqueous solution that fills the cytoplasmic matrix

Which information would be considered before administering an intravenous solution to an individual? A. The osmolality of extracellular fluid is normally higher than 294 mOsm/kg. B. An isotonic solution has a solute concentration equal to that of extracellular fluid. C. A hypotonic solution has a higher solute concentration than does extracellular fluid D. Hypertonic solutions have a lower solute concentration than does extracellular fluid.

B. An isotonic solution has a solute concentration equal to that of extracellular fluid.

Which effect would occur to red blood cells (RBCs) when a hypotonic intravenous solution is administered? A. Shrinkage B. Enlargement C. No change D. Contraction

B. Enlargement

Which phase represents the period in which RNA and protein synthesis occurs? A. G1 phase B. G2 phase C. M phase D. S phase

B. G2 phase

Which cellular structure would contain deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)? A. Nuclear envelope B. Nucleus C. Cytoplasmic matrix D. Cytoplasm

B. Nucleus

Which phase of the cell cycle is the longest? A. Prophase B. Interphase C. Anaphase D. Telophase

B. Interphase

Which characteristic would be typical of a semipermeable membrane? A. It is made of abnormal pores. B. It allows water to pass freely but blocks movement of some solutes. C. It permits particles such as cations to pass freely but blocks movement of anions. D. It prevents movement of all molecules except those that are actively transported.

B. It allows water to pass freely but blocks movement of some solutes.

Which term would describe the reproduction of gametes? A. Mitosis B. Meiosis C. Prokaryotes D. Cytokinesis

B. Meiosis

In which structure of the cell does oxidative phosphorylation occur? A. Golgi complex B. Mitochondria C. Endoplasmic reticulum D. Nucleolus

B. Mitochondria

Which definition would describe the term diffusion? A. Flow of water moving down a concentration gradient B. Movement of a solute molecule from high to low concentration C. Mechanical pressure of water pushing against the cellular membrane D. Transference of both water and a solute down a concentration gradient

B. Movement of a solute molecule from high to low concentration

Which components in an individual's body are capable of producing action potentials and resting membrane potentials? Select all that apply. A. Bones B. Muscles C. Somatic cells D. Gametes E. Nerves

B. Muscles E. Nerves

Which mechanism would describe how a white blood cell can ingest bacteria? A. Exocytosis B. Phagocytosis C. Pinocytosis D. Leukocytosis

B. Phagocytosis

Which cellular process allows the cells to "drink?" A. Exocytosis B. Pinocytosis C. Phagocytosis D. Ligand internalization

B. Pinocytosis

The outer membrane of the eukaryotic cell is also referred to as the: A. nucleolus. B. plasmalemma. C. cytoplasm. D. cytosol

B. Plasmalemma

Which features are typical of eukaryotic cells? Select all that apply. A. A lack of histones B. Presence of organelles C. Presence of a well-defined nucleus D. A smaller size than prokaryotes E. Presence of more than one chromosome

B. Presence of organelles C. Presence of a well-defined nucleus E. Presence of more than one chromosome

A desmosome is described as a: (Select all that apply.) A.barrier to diffusion. B. system of braces. C. communicating tunnel. D. band of epithelial sheets. E. joining protein.

B. System of braces D. Band of epithelial

Which information is true regarding cellular energy? A. Glycolysis is the building of sugar molecules. B. The energy released from ATP is about 7 kcal/mol. C. Anaerobic glycolysis occurs in the presence of oxygen. D. Oxidative cellular metabolism is a single reaction making ATP.

B. The energy released from ATP is about 7 kcal/mol

Which information would be accurate regarding peroxisomes? A. They are the sites for cellular protein synthesis. B. They contain enzymes that detoxify various wastes. C. They are the tiny indentations that provides a route for transport into the cell. D. They contain powerful metabolic machinery needed for cellular energy metabolism.

B. They contain enzymes that detoxify various wastes.

Which topic would describe categories of nerve, epithelial, connective, and muscle? A. Organs B. Tissues C. Extracellular matrix D. Cell-to-cell adhesion

B. Tissues

Which type of tissue would store fat cells? A. Elastic B. Areolar C. Adipose D. Dense, white

C. Adipose

Which organism with only one chromosome would cause an individual to have an infection? A. Fungi B. Brown algae C. Bacteria D. Protozoa

C. Bacteria

Which substance would be important in the process of gating? A. Zinc B. Iron C. Calcium D. Vitamin B12

C. Calcium

The process by which nerve and muscle cells become more positive than negative is referred to A. repolarization. B. hyperpolarization. C. depolarization. D. action potentialization.

C. Depolarization

Which information would indicate an accurate understanding about ATP? A. ATP is unable to transfer energy from one molecule to another. B. Most of the ATP is generated during the digestion phase of catabolism. C. Energy stored by carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids is catabolized and transferred to ATP. D. When one mole of ATP is broken down, 686 kilocalories of chemical energy are released into body cells.

C. Energy stored by carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids is catabolized and transferred ATP

Which cellular component would secrete extracellular matrix? A. Elastin B. Collagen C. Fibroblast D. Connexon

C. Fibroblast

Which phrase would be used to describe gap junctions? A. Zonula occludens B. Barriers to diffusion C. Intercellular channels D. Cells with continuous bands

C. Intercellular channels

Which explanation would accurately describe catabolism? A. It is hormonally induced protein breakdown. B. It is the energy-using process of metabolism. C. It is the energy-releasing process of metabolism. D. It is synthesis of protein, fat, and carbohydrates.

C. It is the energy-releasing process of metabolism.

Which description would accurately describe the primary purpose of active transport? A. It stabilizes molecules in the bloodstream. B. It stabilizes molecules as they diffuse in body fluids. C. It moves molecules across a membrane against a concentration gradient. D. It moves molecules from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration.

C. It moves molecules across a membrane against a concentration gradient.

Which statement would be accurate about the chief function of the Golgi complex? A. It facilitates lipid synthesis. B. It generates the majority of the cell's adenosine triphosphate (ATP). C. It packages proteins onto secretory vesicles. D. It provides sites for cellular protein synthesis.

C. It packages proteins onto secretory vesicles

Which examples would be included in a teaching session about the types of special connective tissues? Select all that apply. A. Areolar B. Hyaline C. Plasma D. Macrophages E. Squamous epithelium

C. Plasma D. Macrophages

Which information would indicate an accurate understanding about the polarization of all body cells? A. All body cells are nonpolarized. B. Some body cells are polarized, whereas others are not. C. The inside of the cell is more negatively charged than the outside. D. The outside of the cell is more negatively charged than the inside.

C. The inside of the cell is more negatively charged than the outside.

Which information would be accurate about the function of lysosomes? A. They synthesize and transport lipids. B. They package and transport proteins. C. They provide enzymes to digest proteins. D. They fuse to the plasma membrane to release contents from the cell.

C. They provide enzymes to digest proteins.

Which substance would be the component of proteins? A. Glucose B. Chromatin C. Triglycerides D. Amino acids

D. Amino acids

Which information would be accurate about the primary function of the histone in the eukaryotic cell? A. Promotes cell division B. Enhances cell movement C. Facilitates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) formation D. Assists in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) supercoiling

D. Assists in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) supercoiling

If there is a problem with the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), which biophysical response would occur? A. Increased digestion B. Increased fibroblasts C. Decreased caveolae synthesis D. Decreased ATP production

D. Decreased ATP production

Which term would describe how cells become specialized? A. Movement B. Translation C. Proliferation D. Differentiation

D. Differentiation

Which process would indicate a chemotherapeutic drug that affects the S phase of the cell cycle is working? A. Production of RNA B. Production of cytokines C. Disruption of carbohydrates D. Disruption of DNA synthesis

D. Disruption of DNA synthesis

Which body process would promote a stable internal environment? A. Osmolality B. Osmolarity C. Hemostasis D. Homeostasis

D. Homeostasis

Which portion of the lipid bilayer would move toward water? A. Polar tail B. Nonpolar head C. Hydrophobic tail D. Hydrophilic head

D. Hydrophilic head

Which intravenous (IV) solution would cause cellular shrinkage? A. Diluted B. Isotonic C. Hypotonic D. Hypertonic

D. Hypertonic

Which type of intravenous (IV) fluid would have a higher solute concentration than extracellular body fluids? A. Dilute B. Isotonic C. Hypotonic D. Hypertonic

D. Hypertonic

Which characteristics would be typical of prokaryotic cells? Select all that apply. A. Contain organelles B. Contain a distinct nucleus C. Larger than eukaryote cells D. Smaller than eukaryote cells E. No nuclear membrane present

D. Smaller than eukaryote cells E. No nuclear membrane present

Which type of epithelial tissue is layered and has small and rounded basement membranes, but the cells do not touch the basement membrane? A. Simple squamous B. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar C. Simple cuboidal D. Stratified columnar

D. Stratified columnar

An individual's epidermis is composed of which type of epithelial tissue? A. Transitional B. Ciliated columnar C. Simple squamous D. Stratified squamous

D. Stratified squamous

Which type of muscle tissue attaches to bones directly or by tendons? A. Smooth B. Visceral C. Cardiac D. Striated

D. Striated

Which is a characteristic of a "cellular receptor"? It: A. is found only in the nucleus. B. can bind with only large molecules. C. delivers protein to the cell's surface. D. can bind with molecules called ligands

D. can bind with molecules called ligands

The nature of an amphipathic lipid molecule is best described as: A. hydrophobic. B. hydrophilic. C. both hydrophobic and hydrophilic. D. nonpolar.

c. both hydrophobic and hydrophilic