Chapter 1-Chapter 30

Enforcement Acts

Combated violence caused by the KKK. It is a crime to interfere with suffrage. Election have to be done under federal marshals' supervision. Ku Klux Klan Act outlaw their activities.

General Cornwallis

Commanded British Army in The Battle of Yorktown.

DMZ

Demilitarized zone established between the Koreas.

Rebates

Developed in the 1880s, a practice by which railroads would give money back to its favored customers, rather than charging them lower prices, so that it could appear to be charging a flat rate for everyone.

Attorney General

Edmund Randolph, former governor of Virginia

Civil disobedience

Essay by thoreau advocating disobeying laws on moral grounds.

Tehran Conference

First major meeting between the Big Three (United States, Britain, Russia) at which they planned the 1944 assault on France and agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation after the war

Public Libraries

Free libraries also made education available to city dwellers. One of the strongest supporters of the public library movement was industrialist Andrew Carnegie, who believed access to knowledge was the key to getting ahead in life. Carnegie donated millions of dollars toward the construction of libraries all across the United States.

Secretary of War

General Henry Knox

The Corrupt Bargain

Andrew Jackson Donelson joined others in accusing Clay of arranging votes for Adams in return for cabinet post. Clay was the secretary of state. Adams's party was accused of the corrupt bargain, but they denied it.

Bank of the United States (1791)

Hamilton asked to create a national bank to manage debts, interest payments, collect taxes, regulate trade, and provide for the common defense. Madison and the Southerners opposed because Northerners would own most of the bank's stock. The bank was established for 20 years.

Charles Willson Peale

Best known for portraits of Washington and other Patriot leaders.

The Battle of New Orleans (1815)

British landed near New Orleans. General Andrew Jackson defensed using large cotton bales to absorb the British bullets. American won the battle. It also helped to destroy the Federalist party because they appeared divisive and unpatriotic.

Neville Chamberlain

British prime minister, promised alliance to France.

Yalta Conference

Churchill, Stalin and FDR. Poland was set as a government set up by Soviets, yet with free elections and representation of the former party. Declaration of Liberated Europe. Division of Germany.

Stalingrad

City in Russia, site of a Red Army victory over the Germany army in 1942-1943. The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point in the war between Germany and the Soviet Union.

Labor Unions (1820-1830)

Hoping to help improve working conditions, some workers joined together to help each other.

Memphis Free Speech

Ida B Wells's newspaper

Manifest Destiny

Idea that God gave the continent to americans and wanted them to settle to western lands 1845, Stated by John Louis O'Sullivan

The Fugitive Slave Act (1854)

People suspected of being a runaway slave could be arrested without warrant and turned over to a claimant on nothing more than his sworn testimony of ownership.

Tenant Farmers

People that paid rent for the land they farmed.

Emergence of the Railroad (1800s)

Peter Cooper tried to build an American Engine, and in 1830, the locomotive Tom Thumb was built.

Gospel of Wealth

Philosophy stated by Carnegie in which he emphasized Social Darwinism and laissez-faire. This philosophy held that wealthy Americans had the responsibility of engaging in philanthropy

Other Bonanzas

In Colorado and the Dakotas, there was such an affluence of gold and silver that railroads were established quickly. More than billions of today's dollars were found there. Leadville was a famous boomtown.

Gustavus Swift

In the 1800s he enlarged fresh meat markets through branch slaughterhouses and refrigeration. He monopolized the meat industry.

Modern Navy

Interest came from the risk of war overseas in defense of American interests. They believed navy was needed so it would not be shut out of foregin markets by Europeans.

Emancipation

It is the term used to say the freeing of all slaves

The Compromise of 1850

Its goal was to deal with the spread of slavery to territories in order to keep northern and southern interests in balance.

JFK's assassination

JFK went to Texas with his wife and the Vice President. While going thought the streets of Dallas, Lee Harvey Oswald shot JFK twice.

Militia Act

July 1862 act which gave Lincoln authority to call state militias (including drafted troops) into federal service

Brown v. Board of Education Topeka

Kansas, segregation in public schools was unconstitutional and violated to equal protection clause of the 14th amendment.

Election of 1964

Lyndon Johnson vs. Barry Goldwater. Barry very aggressive, Americans did not like it. Johnson won with a landslide.

Foraker Act

Made Puerto Rico an unincorporated territory.

V-E Day

May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered

McGeorge Bundy

National Security Adviser during LBJ era.

Revenue Act of 1767

New customs duties on glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea imported into the colonies.

United States Sanitary Commission

Prevented the spread of disease in camps, improved camp conditions, raised money for supplies, tracked down the missing, had supplies ready after battles, and recruited and trained nurses.

Due Process

Proper court procedures.

Geographical advances (1400s)

Ptolemy's 360 longitudinal lines and al-Idrisi's survey of much of the known world. Westerns knew about the world through this Greek and Arab people.

Gadsden Purchase

Purchase made by James Gadsden to Mexico and obtained Southern Arizona and New Mexico.

Queen Liluokalani

Queen of Hawaii. Disliked American influenced and imperialism. Attempted to impose a new constitution that would have her as the ruler of Hawaii. Plantes with the help of marines overthrew her, annexating Hawaii to the US.

Election of 1896

Republican William McKinley defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in 1896. Bryan was the nominee of the Democrats, the Populist Party, and the Silver Republicans.Economic issues, including bimetallism, the gold standard, Free Silver, and the tariff, were crucial.

Barry Goldwater

Republican nominee for 1964 election. Very aggressive. Lost to Johnson.

Panama Canal

Roosevelt acquired Panama Canal Zone. Wanted to build canal to save time and money for commercial and military shipping, vital to American power in the world. US offered Colombia, who owned Panama, money but they refused. Panama got independence with US help, getting the canal.

Office of Economic Stabilization (OES)

Roosevelt created this so that it would regulate wages and the price of farm products.

Neutrality Act of 1939

Roosevelt declared neutrality after Brit and French declared war. Nations could buy weapons from the US only if they paid cash and carried their arms on their own ships.

Tecumseh (1800s)

Shawnee leader, believed that Native Americans needed to unite to protect their lands.

Nguyen Van Thieu

South Vietnam's president that refused to agree to any plan that left North Vietnamese troops in the South.

Industry Lags (1800s)

South remained with agriculture, Baltimore, Charleston, and New Orleans. South continued to rely on imports.

Secession

Southern politicians began to threaten the Union by taking their states out if California entered the union as a free state.

Student Nonviolent Coordination (SNCC)

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, guided by Marion Barry and founded by Ella Baker.

Marion Barry

Student from Nashville elected SNCC's first chairperson.

Morrill Tariff

This was an act passed by Congress in 1861 to meet the cost of the war. It raised the taxes on shipping from 5 to 10 percent however later needed to increase to meet the demanding cost of the war. This was just one the new taxes being passed to meet the demanding costs of the war. Although they were still low to today's standers they still raked in millions of dollars.

1st Voyage (August 1492 - March 1493)

Three ships arrive to San Salvador Island, Haiti, and Dominican Republic

Whittaker Chambers

Time magazine editor, testified to HUAC that several government officials were also former Communists of spies.

Reaction in the South (1820s-1860s)

They totally disagreed with the idea of abolitionism. Nat Turner's rebellion. It pressured the House of Representatives to prohibit the antislavery papers in the south. Few people believed in Abolitionism before the civil war

Commercial Farming

The development of new technologies and getting used to the Great Plains lead to great profits from large farms. Families who owned these often created companies.

The Election of 1796 (1796)

The first openly contested election. The Federalists nominated John Adams and the Republicans nominated Thomas Jefferson. John Adams won with 71 to 68 and became the second president of the United States.

Ranching becomes big business

The introduction of barbed wire and the development of cattle industries in the north lead to the end of open range cow herding (letting cows roam and marking them for reference).

Stokely Carmichael

a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr.but later changed his attitude. Carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He was known for saying,"black power will smash everything Western civilization has created."

Iwo Jima

a bloody and prolonged operation on the island of Iwo Jima in which American marines landed and defeated Japanese defenders (February and March 1945)

Flexible Response

a buildup of conventional troops and weapons because nuclear weapons were for extreme situations.

Inflation

a general and progressive increase in prices

George B. McClellan

a general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861; nicknamed "Tardy George" because of his failure to move troops to Richmond; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him twice.

Victoriano Huerta

a general that seized power in Mexico and ordered to kill Madero. Repulsed Wilson.

Northern Securities

a giant holding company from E.H. Harriman's Union Pacific Railroad and James J. Hill and J.P. Morgan from Great Northern and Northern Pacific Railroads.

Women's Army Corps

US Army group established during WWII so that women could serve in non combat roles. Almost 200,000 enrolled, along with 6 million entering the work force

A. Mitchell Palmer

US Attorney General. His home was damaged by the revolutionary conspiracy. He established the General Intelligence Division. Palmer Raids. Lost credibility when predicted violence of May Day 1920.

Missile Gap

US lagged behind the Soviets in weaponry.

Closure

a motion that cuts off debate and forces a vote.

The Gettysburg Address

a speech given by President Lincoln in 1863 is considered one of the most important in history, as it defined the principles of liberty and equality on which the government of the United States was founded

Caucus system (1829-1837)

a way to choose the presidential candidate more democratically. The members of the party that worked in Congress would get together for nominating the candidate. Restrict the access to White House to only the "elite" or "well connected".

Flappers

a young, dramatic, stylish, and unconventional woman.

William Tecumseh Sherman

Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah, example of total war

Anaconda Plan

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

Jay Gould

United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892)

Bracero Program

United States labor agents recruited thousands of farm and railroad workers from Mexico. The program stimulated emigration for Mexico.

Metacomet

Wampanoag leader.

Michael Harrington

alerted people in the mainstream to what he saw in hidden communities in his book The Other America.

New England Economy

as their main crops wasn't worthy, english settlements began growing corn and cattle. (1700's)

Soup Kitchens

lined up outside of them to receive a meal.

Blacklist

list that circulated among employers, beginning in 1947, containing the names of persons who should not be hired

Perjury

lying under oath.

National Origins Act of 1924

made immigrant restrictions a permanent policy. Later replaced the 1924 quotas to a limit of 150,000 immigrants per year.

Sixteenth Amendment

made it legal to tax the income of individuals directly.

Women in the colonies

married women had no legal status, they could not have property. During the (1700's), this changed, women engaged in some business and it was needed their signature to sell the land.

Ho Chi Minh

one of the leaders of the nationalist movement in Vietnam.

Cotton Club

one of the most famous Harlem nightspots.

Reparations

pay war damages.

The Other America

book by Harrington about poverty, immigrants, black citizens, and Native Americans.

For Whom the Bell Tolls

book from Ernest Hemingway.

Bracero Program

brought nearly 5 million Mexicans to the US to work on farms and ranches in the Southwest. Very poor conditions.

Europeans Flood into the United States

by the 1890's more than half of all immigrants in the united states were Eurpoeans. many moved to avoid forced military service.

Armistice

cease fire.

Multinational Corporations

close to raw materials, benefited from cheap labor.

Peninsulares

people born in Spain and who were appointed to most of the higher government and church positions.

Bread Lines

people joined them to receive a free handout of food.

Anarchists

people who oppose all forms of government.

Blue Collar Jobs

people who perform physical labor in industry.

Blockade Runners

people who sneaked goods through the Civil War blockade

Hundred Days

period from March 9 to June 16, 19333 where Congress passed 15 major acts to meet the economic crisis.

Bull Market

period of risking stock prices.

Court Packing

plan by Roosevelt to take "old" jurists of the Supreme Court. Error by Roosevelt because appeared to be against the constitution separation of powers.

Fourteen Points

plan from Wilson based on the "principle of justice to all peoples and nationalities. Eliminate causes of the war through free trade, freedom of the seas, diplomacy. Right of self-determination. Creation of "general association of nations."

The Great Gatsby

poignantly exposes the emptiness and superficiality of much of modern society.

Anglo-Saxonism

popular idea in Britain and the United States that English-speaking nations had superior character, ideas and systems of government, destines to dominate the planet.

Closed Shops

practice of forcing business owners to hire only union members.

Featherbedding

practice of limiting work output in order to create more jobs.

J. Edgar Hoover

president of the FBI, rose the HUAC.

Cultural Assimilation

process by which minority groups adapt to the dominant culture in society.

Loyalty review program

program to screen all federal employees.

Appalachia

region in the mountains were conditions were extremely poor, with not enough resources, doctors and schools.

Normalcy

return to "normal" life after the war, philosophy of Harding.

Evolution

said human beings had developed from lower forms of lives over the course of millions of years as Darwin said.

James II

succeeded his brother in (1685), he went further in maintaining the wealth of England.

The Water Quality and Clean Air Acts

supported development of standards and goals for water and air quality.

Duties

taxes on imported goods.

Dust Bowl

terrible drought struck the Great Plains. Soil dried to dust without grass and wheat to hold rainfall.

Sputnik

the first artificial satellite to orbit the earth.

Battle of Kasserine Pass

the first large-scale meeting of American and German forces in World War II, the untested and poorly-led American troops suffered heavy casualties

Settling California

the governor at that time (Juan Bautista Alvarado) granted 50000 acres to John Sutter, a german immigrant. Sutter built a trading post and a cattle ranch. (Sutter's fort)

Due Process

the law may not tear individuals unfairly, court must follow proper procedures.

Party Bosses

the leaders of the political machines

War on Poverty

declared by Lyndon Johnson as the objective of his administration.

Concentration Camps

detention centers where healthy individuals would work as slave laborers.

Jonas Salk

developed an injectable vaccine that prevented polio.

Imperialism

economic and political dominaton of a strong nation over other weaker nations.

Nikita Khrushchev

emerged as leader of Soviet Union when Stalin died.

Elvis Presley

first Rock n' Roll hero. King. Learned from blues in High School. Ed Sullivan show. New movements.

John Locke

he argued that the monarch's power came from the people, and that everyone is born with natural rights (life, liberty, and property). He also introduced Tabula Rasa, we are born knowing nothing. (1670).

24th Amendment

helped by eliminating poll taxes.

Internationalism

idea that trade between nations creates prosperity and helps to prevent war.

Protectorate

imperial power allowed local rulers to stay in control and protect them against rebellions and invasions.

Linkage

improving relations with Soviet Union and China so they could cut back their aid to the North Vietnamese.

Time zones

in order to stay on schedule and avoid wrecks, railroads standardized these in 1883

Speculation

took risks to bet that the market would continue to climb trying to get a fortune overnight.

Women in the 1950s

traditional homemaker role. Yet, one third of them worked to maintain their comfortable lifestyle.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

treaty between Germany and Russia. Russia lost territory giving up Ukraine, Polisjh and Baltic territories, and Finland. Removed German army from remaining Russian lands. Russia out of war.

Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact

treaty between Stalin and Hitler to not fight against each other.

Urban Renewal

tried to eliminate poverty by tearing down slums and erecting new high-rise projects.

Limited war

war fought to achieve a limited objective.

Direct Election of Senators

instead of the state legislature electing the senators, the direct-election amendment permitted all state voters to elect the senators.

Ellis Island

it is the island were all immigrants passed through to get a medical examination.

Maine/New Hampshire Economy

it was based in lumbering and shipbuilding. (1700's)

Sirhan Sirhan

killed Robert Kennedy when he appeared to be on his way to win the Democratic nomination.

Nation of Islam

known as the Black Muslims. Led by Muhammad. Preached Black Nationalism and self-defense. Believed they should separate from whites. At first supported by Malcolm X, later against him and killed Malcolm.

Industrial unions

labor organizations of unskilled and semiskilled workers in mass-production industries such as automobiles and mining

Vasco De Balboa

was the first one to arrive to the Pacific coast.

Deficit Spending

when FDR started borrowing money to pay for his programs and abandoned a balanced budget.

Bank Run

when many depositors decide to withdraw their money at one time, fearing the bank's collapse.

Gold Standard

when one ounce of gold equaled a set number of dollars.

War Industries Board (WIB)

agency that coordinated the production of war materials.

Spanish use of Native Labor

(1540's) The Spanish used Native Labor for mining and ranching. The Native Americans extracted minerals from mines that enriched Spain. Huge ranches of thousands of acres were called haciendas. The Native Americans who herded the cattle were called vaqueros.

Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca

(1540) Wandered across Texas and New Mexico before reaching New Spain in 1536.

Hernando de Soto

(1542) Took a large expedition into the region north of Florida. When exploring the region he killed many Native Americans and raided their villages for supplies.

Walter Raleigh

(1578) Sir Walter Raleigh was an English explorer who established England's first American colony in 1585. This settlement was off the coast of North Carolina, on Roanoke Island.

John Winthrop

(1588-1649) As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

Spain settles the southwest

(1608-1610) Settlers led by Juan de Oñate, migrated north of Rio Grande. The Spanish gave the name New Mexico to the territory north of New Spain. The Catholic Church became the primary force for colonizing the Southwest. Spanish missionaries led by Franciscan priest Junipero Serra took control of California through a road called El Camino Real.

Council of Indies

(1610 and on) The council advised the king and watched over all colonial activities. The king divided the American empire into regions called viceroyalties.

Chesapeake region

(1620-1660); its geography was suitable for tobacco growing. With numerous rivers connected to the ocean.

Charles I

(1625-1649) King of England from 1625 to 1649.

Lord Baltimore

(1632) Owned Maryland, making it England's first proprietary colony. The proprietor, or owner could govern the colony any way he wished.

Thomas Hooker

(1634) Was a prominent Puritan colonial leader, who founded the Colony of Connecticut after dissenting with Puritan leaders in Massachusetts. He was known as an outstanding speaker and a leader of universal Christian suffrage.

Roger Williams

(1636) A dissenter, roger Williams clashed with Massachusetts puritans over the issue of separation of church and state. After being banished from Massachusetts in 1636, he traveled south, where he founded the colony of Rhode Island, which granted full religious freedom to its inhabitants.

Government of Massachusetts (General Court)

(1643) People who owned stocks in the Massachusetts Bay Company were called freemen. All of the freemen together were called the General Court. The General Court made the laws and elected the governor.

Oliver Cromwell

(1646) The commander of Parliament and seized power giving himself the title "Lord Protector of England".

William Berkeley

(1660's) governor of Virginia, dominated the wealthy planters. Controlled the legislature through his appointments to the colony's governing council and gifts of land to the House of Burgesses. He exempted himself from taxation.

Restoration

(1660) In 1660, Charles I's son, Charles II took the throne to restore the monarchy.

Charles II

(1660-1685) King from 1660 to 1685.

Quakers

(1670s) Believed that everyone had their own "inner light" from God. There was no need for a church or ministry.

George Grenville

(1763) Prime minister and first lord of the treasury, later became Prime Minister of Great Britain. Found a way to reduce Britain's debt and pay for the troops.

Customs Duties

(1763) Taxes on imports and exports due to very little money collected by British customs.

James Otis

(1764) Argued that because colonists had no representatives in Parliament, they could not be taxed for purpose of raising money.

Currency Act of 1764

(1764) Banned use of paper money in colonies.

Boston Massacre

(1768) Shooting at Boston March 5

Daughters of Liberty

(1769) Women's groups famous for their "homespun", spinning their own clothes.

State Constitutions

(1770s) Checks and balances, mixed government. Virginia's in 1776 and Mass in 1780.

The Gaspee Affair

(1772) Ship named Gaspee that was burned, outraged the British.

Committee of Correspondence

(1773) Created by Jefferson to communicate with the other colonies about the British activities.

British East India Company

(1773) Helped by the British due to crisis, owned a lot of the British tea.

Boston Tea Party

(1773) Tea ships arrived at Boston, 150 men boarded the ships and dumped 342 chests of tea into the harbor.

Continental Congress

(1774) 12 colonies attended, tried to find a solution to the Intolerable Acts.

Intolerable Acts

(1774) Union of Coercive Acts and Quebec Act.

Lexington and Concord

(1775) Started with General Gage arresting Mass Provincial Congress; Paul Revere, William Dawes and Dr. Samuel Prescott ran to warn Concord of British troops going towards there.

Battle of Bunker Hill

(1775) helped build American confidence. Shows colonial militia could stand British army.

Crossing the Delaware

(1776) A winter attack by Washington crossing frozen river to defeat almost 1,000 men.

Fall of Savannah

(1778) British troops captured Savannah, Georgia and seized control of Georgia's backcountry.

On the Equality of the Sexes

(1779) Essay by Judith Sargent Murray that said women are equal to men but lack education.

Pennsylvania's Government

(1680s) William Penn prepared a constitution, "frame of government," for his colony. His initial constitution allowed anyone who owned land or paid taxes to vote. The later charter allowed anyone who owned 50 acres of land and professed a faith in Jesus Christ to vote. Despite this example of discrimination against non-Christians, the charter guaranteed all Pennsylvanians the right to practice their religion without interference.

French Expansion

(1682) In addition to promoting immigration to New France, the French government began exploring North America. In 1682, René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle named the region of the Mississippi River as Lousiana.

Class Structure in Virginia

(1700's), the gentry (group of wealthy farmers) controlled the land and the backcountry farmers only had to their own subsistence. The gentry switched from indentured servants to slaves.

Law changes towards slavery

(1705), Virginia pulled off the first slave code, recognizing slaves as inferiors. Afterwards, every settlement recognized slavery.

Cotton Mather

(1721), he copied and brought the smallpox vaccine that the Africans and the Turks had invented.

Ohio River Valley

(1750s). Place where the Native Indians lived. Very rich and fertile, Colonists wanted the land too. West of the Appalachian Mountains.

Horatio Alger

A minister from Massachusetts emphasized the idea of individualism in a series of novels he wrote regarding a poor person moving to a big city and then becoming successful.

Rosie the Riveter

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

Central Pacific Railroad

A railroad that started in Sacramento , and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH

Transcontinental Railroad

A railway system extending across the continent.

Nativism (1800s)

A rejection of the foreigners. They were strongly anti catholic

John Brown and Harper's ferry(1858)

An abolitionist that had a plan to seize the federal arsenal at Harper's ferry, Virginia, to free and arm the enslaved people. Brown is condemned to death and he is considered a hero by many like Lydia Child.

The Knights of Labor

1st national labor organization led by Uriah Stephens, a baptist minister. Lawyers, bankers, liquor dealers and pro-gamblers were excluded from the Union. They called for 8 hr. work days, elimination of child labor, and equal pay for equal work for women. By 1886 it had over 700,000 members

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes

The 1848 Election

3 candidates for election, Democrat Lewis Cass of Michigan, Martin Van Buren of the Free-Soil party, and whig Zachary Taylor.

Pickett's Charge

3rd day of Gettysburg, Lee asked Pickett to lead troops on a mile and a half run where they were then slaughtered by the union army

The Crime of '73

4th coinage act moved the US to a gold standard which favored the rich over the farmers. Some believed this was necessary to maintain reliable currency. This fueled the populist movement and reducied money supply, causing economic depression.

Thirteenth Amendment

Abolished slavery

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Furthermore, with the exception of Missouri, this law prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of the 36° 30´ latitude line.

Little Richard

African American rock and roll singer. Provided inspiration for the Beatles.

Ray Charles

African American rock and roll singer. Provided inspiration for the Beatles.

The Drifters

African American rock and roll singers.

Charles Grandison Finney

A Presbyterian minister

Copperheads

A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War

The Penny Press (1800s)

A inexpensive newspaper that says about the local news

Earl Warren

Chief Justice of the US, appointed by Eisenhower. Activist stance.

Declaration of Liberated Europe

"the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they will live."

African Americans in the Military

...

Mussolini

founder of the fascist party in italy, dictator.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

mutual defense alliance between the US and Western Europe. All would support any member who was attacked.

Fair Deal

name given to Truman's program apart from the New Deal.

Palmer Raids

organization of raids on the headquarters of various radical organizations conducted by A. Mitchell Palmer.

Peace Corps

organization that sent young Americans to perform humanitarian services in latin countries.

Organization of American States

organization that worked to promote cooperation among the nations of the Western Hemisphere.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

organized after Parks' arrest to boycott Montgomery's buses on the day Rosa appeared in court,

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

My Lai Massacre

event where an American platoon led by William Calley massacred more than 200 unarmed South Vietnamese civilians.

Ella Baker

executive director of SCLC. Promoted the creation of the SNCC.

Goldbugs and Silverites

goldbugs supported gold currency-- they were investors who boughtthe commodity of gold silverites supported silver currency- political group who supported silver

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Popular Culture about the bomb

movies and TV series had people focused on this. Novels as Tomorrow! Made people nervous.

Cinemascope

movies shown on large, panoramic screens.

League of Nations

"general association of nations" that aimed to preserve peace and prevent future wars by pledging respect and protect each other's territory and political independence.

Treaty of Tordesillas

(1493) Treaty between Spain and Portugal, and revised by the Pope, dividing, by an imaginary line, the american territory of each one.

Martial Law

(1861) The law administered by military forces that is invoked by a government in an emergency. It was imposed by Lincoln in Baltimore, to prohibit its secession.

Monopoly

(economics) a market in which there are many buyers but only one seller

Arbitration

(law) the hearing and determination of a dispute by an impartial referee agreed to by both parties (often used to settle disputes between labor and management)

Patronage

(politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

Gold Prospectors

...

Tuskegee Airmen

332 Fighter Group famous for shooting down over 200 enemy planes. African American pilots who trained at the Tuskegee flying school.

Seattle General Strike

35,000 shipyard workers walked off the job demanding higher wages and shorter hours, later other workers joined to create a general strike, involving all workers in a certain location.

The Know-Nothings

Also known as the American Party, they were anti catholic and a nativist party. They then slowly disappear due to low support from senators.

Consumer Credit

Americans believed they could pay debts over time. Spent way too much money. Before, it was dishonorable but now was normal.

Nat Turner (attack-1831)

An enslaved minister who believed God had chosen him to bring his people out of bondage. Turner and his followers killed more than 50 white men, women and children. Later, Turner was executed by the court.

Three Strikes against Canada (1812)

Attacks from three directions, Detroit, Niagara Falls, and Hudson River. All three attacks failed.

Silent Cal

Coolidge was "silent in five languages." Contrasted with the Roaring Twenties. Very calm and cautious.

Martin v. Hunter's Lessee (1816) John Marshall

Court can accept appeals of state court decision and review state decisions that involve federal statutes or treaties, asserted the Supreme Court's sovereignty over state courts. This historic decision helped establish the Supreme Court as the nation's court of final appeal.

Educational Reform (1820s)

Created more public education. Leaders and reformers believed that democracy would work only if voters are educated people. 2/3 part school. 1/3 complete school.

Emma Willard

Created school for girls in Vermont. Taught cooking, and etiquette, but also literature, history and math.

Andrew Carnegie

Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons"

John C. Breckinridge

Current vice president, supported the Dred scott decision and agree to endorse the idea of a federal slave code for the western territories.

The Election of 1844

Democrat James K. Polk defeated Whig Henry Clay in a close contest that turned on foreign policy, with Polk favoring the annexation of Texas and Clay opposed.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)

Established a firm boundary between US and Canada from Maine to Minnesota.

Trade Unions

Early labor organizations that brought together workers in the same trade, or job, to fight for better wages and working conditions

The Grange (Patrons of Husbandry)

Founded in 1867 by Oliver H. Kelly in order to provide farmer with social activities and education about farming techniques. The Grange had over 1 million members by the mid 1870s, led to cooperatives

Spoils system (1829-1837)

Giving government positions to people that is loyal and supportive to the party

Office of Price Administration (OPA)

Government agency which successful combatted inflation by fixing price ceilings on commodities and introducing rationing programs during World War II.

Francis C. Lowell (1814)

He opened a series of mills in northeastern Massachusetts. Machinery was used, which introduced mass production of cotton cloth to the US.

Alexander Graham Bell

He was an American inventor who was responsible for developing the telephone. This greatly improved communications in the country.

Trent Affair

In 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. A Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisonners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release

Executive Order 8802

In 1941 FDR passed it which prohibited discriminatory employment practices by fed agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war related work. It established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the new policy.

Surrender

give up or agree to forego to the power or possession of another

Era of Good Feelings (1800s)

In the Monroe presidency, the national pride rose after the War of 1812. The Republicans had power and the Federalist Part had lost political influence and popularity because of the Hartford Convention. Republicans believed in strong federal government.

Albert Beveridge

Indiana senator that saud "We are making more money than we can use. Therefore, we must find new markets for our produce, new occupation for our capital, new work for our labor.

Abolition of Slavery

It was another idea to end the slavery without any steps. A sudden or radical emancipation of slaves. The second Great Awakening influenced a lot. People thought of Slavery as great Evil

Benevolent societies (1813)

It was started as a religious group. It preached word of God. Convert nonbelievers. Later combat social problems.

442nd Regimental Combat Team

Japanese-American soldiers who fought in Italy and became the most highly decorated unit of its size in U.S. military history

Loyalists

Known also as Tories, loyal to the king and believed in the British law.

Jim Crow Laws

Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights

Return to the Philippines

MacArthur promised to return by Oct. 1944, had hopped across Pacific towar Phillippines

Asian Immigration to America

Many Japanese and Chinese people started to immigrate to the United States.

War Hawks (1809-1817)

Members of Congress during Madison's presidency who pressed for war with Britain. Henry Clay from Kentucky, John C. Calhoun from South Carolina, and Felix Grundy from Tennessee.

Thomas Dewey

New York governor and favorite to win the election of 1948 by landslide.

Kent State Shooting

Ohio National guard soldiers fired on demonstrators of protest against Nixon's order to attack Cambodia. 4 students killed and 9 injured.

Leland Stanford

One of the "Big Four" tycoons who became president of the Central Pacific Railroad and later went on to become governor of California.

Creation of the United Nations

Peace keeping of 50 countries. Included U.S. and Soviet Union. Goal-to save future generations from war

Philanthropy

Promote the welfare of others by donating money specifically great fortunes to further social progress.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) John Marshall

Revoked an existing state monopoly; Court gave Congress the right to regulate interstate commerce.

Square Deal

Roosevelt's reform programs.

Oliver Perry (1813)

Secretly arranged for the construction of a fleet on the coast of Lake Erie in Ohio. The fleet attacked the British on Lake Erie and the British surrendered. It gave Americans the control of Lake Erie.

Daniel Webster

Senator of Massachusetts circa 1850, rose to respond to calhoun's talk of secession.

The Essex Junto (1804)

Small group of Federalist who planned to take New England out of the Union because New England would lose its influence in national affairs while the South and the West gained political strength through new states.

Army-McCarthy Hearings

Televised event, McCarthy questioned officers and military people, bullying them.

Andrew Jackson

The General sent to destroy the Seminole villages in Florida.

Scopes Trial

The Scopes Trial, formally known as The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes and commonly referred to as the Scopes Monkey Trial, was a famous American legal case in 1925 in which a high school teacher, John Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which made it unlawful to teach evolution in any state-funded school.

Soviet Aggression in Poland and Romania

The Soviets pressured King of Romania to a Communist government. Limited the non-Communist Poles in the Government. US got mad.

Hispanic Immigration

The US needed a lot of workers in farms and agriculture. They permitted Mexicans to immigrate there. Due to the Revolution of 1910, a lot of Mexicans escaped the terror. More than 600,000 Mexicans migrated from 1914 to the end of the 1920s.

Referendum

The practice of letting voters accept or reject measures proposed by the legislature.

Robber Barrons

The process of running other businesses out of business so that one's own business can prosper; includes Rockefeller and Morgan

Tanks replace cars

The production of tanks overpass the one of cars.

Second Bank (1816)

The results of blocking the rechartering of the First Bank of the US were disastrous. John C. Calhoun introduced the bill with the support of Henry Clay and Daniel Webster. The Second Bank could control state banks and serve as a national currency.

New South

The south had to become a strong industrialized region, although this did not happen. In 1900s, only 6% of south was involved in industrial processes.

William McKinley

The twenty-fifth President of the United States, and the last veteran of the Civil War to be elected. By the 1880s, this Ohio native was a nationally known Republican leader; his signature issue was high tariffs on imports as a formula for prosperity, as typified by his McKinley Tariff of 1890. As the Republican candidate in the 1896 presidential election, he upheld the gold standard, and promoted pluralism among ethnic groups.

Churches and Social Organization

These functioned as places of worship, social gathering, centers of education and promoters of social values.

New Jersey Plan (1787)

They did not abandon the Articles of Confederation. It was modified to make the central government stronger. Congress would have a single house in which each state was equally represented, but it would also have the power to raise taxes and regulate trade. Proposed by William Paterson.

Military Reconstruction Act

This act removed Johnson's moderate policies. Southern states were to draft a constitution that had to be acceptable and verified by Congress.

Radical Republicans

This group wanted to become an influential and popular party in the south. Interested in universal voting rights (including ex- slaves/emancipation proclamation).

Thomas Alva Edison

This scientist received more than 1,300 patents for a range of items including the automatic telegraph machine, the phonograph, improvements to the light bulb, a modernized telephone and motion picture equipment.

Shiloh

This was battle fought by Grant in an attempt to capture the railroad of the South. The battle was fought in the west prevented the north from obtaining an easy victory. However, the Confederates strong resistance showed that they would not go quietly and the war was far from over.

Secretary of State

Thomas Jefferson

Americanization

To assimilate immigrants into American culture, schools taught immigrant children English, American History, and the responsibilities of citizenship. Sometimes parents worried that it would make the children forget their own traditions.

Hispaniola (1492)

Today's Haiti and Dominican Republic. Columbus believed it was Japan. The Arawak lived here.

Pickney's Treaty (1795)

Treaty between the United States and Spain. The treaty granted the United States the right to navigate the Mississippi and to deposit goods at the port of New Orleans.

Potsdam Conference

Truman and Stalin met to discuss Germany. US almost forced the Soviets with intimidation to agree what they wanted. The US and Great Britain will allow industry in their part of Germany, for them to be recovered and later Europe. Small reparations. Stalin could get all the reparations he wanted from his land, but had to pay for the ones outside his land. His land was only of agricultural production, not like American with industrial production.

Election of 1948

Truman was given little chance of winning. Democrat vote divided due to civil rights, creating States' Rights Party. Others created the Progressive Party, tired of his foreign policies. Dewey was the big favorite to win. Truman won due to the support of laborers, African Americans and farmers. Democrats recuperated the houses of Congress.

Battle of Midway

U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II.

Veracruz

US sent marines to seize Veracruz and anti-American riots began.

Truman Doctrine (Implications in Greece and Turkey)

US supported Turkey because Soviets wanted to control strategic route on Black Sea. British supported Greek government against Communism guerilla, yet later surrendered due to lack of funds. Truman asked for 400 million $ to fight the Communism in Greece and Turkey. The goal of the Doctrine was to "free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.

Roosevelt Corollary

US would intervene in Latin American affairs when necessary to maintain political stability in Western Hemisphere.

Strikes (1800s)

Unions did work stoppages, to achieve their goals.

William Jennings Bryan

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)

Scalawags

Was a pejorative term used by southerners to describe other southerners that worked with the Republicans and supported Reconstruction. The Scalawags were composed of: Whigs, small landowners, farmers, and planters.

Fifteenth Amendment

Was added to the constitution recognizing African American suffrage by not denying voting rights regardless of race or social status.

Ordinance of Secession

Was the document drafted and ratified in 1860 and 1861 by each of the states formally seceding from the United States of America.

Washington's Farewell Address (1797)

Washington warned Americans against sectionalism, to avoid dividing the country into North against South or East against West. He also warned against Americans becoming too attached to any foreign nation.

The Second Great Awakening

Wave of religious revivals around 1800 that encouraged a culture of evangelicalism responsible for an upswing in prison reform, the temperance cause, the feminist movement, and abolition.

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Berlin Airlift

When Stalin and Soviets installed a blockade of Germany from West Berlin, the US sent supplies like medicine, food and coal for 11 months, forcing the retirement of the blockade.

Judith Sargent Murray

Wrote essay "On the Equality of the Sexes".

New Freedom

Wilson. Argued Roosevelt gave too much power to the federal government, anti monopolies, freedom was more important than efficiency.

Soft Underbelly

Winston Churchill's plan that attacked Italy so Germany could eventually be attacked from below.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

William Marbury was a Federalist who had been appointed justice of peace in Washington D.C. Although Adams had signed Marbury's appointment, the documents were not delivered before Adams left office. James Adams was supposed to deliver them, but Jefferson hold him. Marbury asked the Supreme Court to issue a court order telling Madison to deliver the documents but the Court could not issue the order because it had no jurisdiction.

Election of 1916

Wilson re elected. Keeper American soldiers at home. Peace candidate. "He kept us out of war" was the campaign slogan.

John J. Pershing

Wilson sent him including 6,000 US troops, yet they couldn't catch Villa.

Women's Education (1800s)

Women didn't have education at the time. Women took advantage of the reform and tried create education for girls and women

Task system (1800s)

Workers were given a specific set of jobs to accomplish every day and worked until these were complete. After completing, they were allowed to spend the remainder of the day on their own.

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Tammany Hall

a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism

Cornelius Vanderbilt

a railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.

Espionage Act

established penalties and prison terms for anyone who gave aid to the enemy.

Articles of Confederation

adopted by the continental congress in nov 1777. it was a plan for a loose union of the states under the authority of the congress

Escobedo v. Illinois

accused had the right to an attorney during political questioning.

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

accused of supporting the Communists. They were condemned to execution even though they denied their charge and people wanted forgiveness.

Navigation Acts

act passed by Charles II in (1660) to generate wealth to England. Exported or imported goods had to be shipped in england ships, ¾ of the crew english and specific raw material exclusive to England.

Overthrow of Diem

after Diem prohibited Buddhist practices and a revolt occurred, international hate towards him was produced, leading into his coup and execution with American aid.

Farmers suffering Foreclosure

after being ejected from their houses due to mortgages, farmers began to destroy their crops, burn corn to stay hot, prevent delivery of vegetables and block highways and stop milk trucks, emptying the milk into the ditches.

The Federal Reserve Act

an Act of Congress that created and set up the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States of America,

James Earl Ray

arrested for killing MLK Jr.

Kettle Hill

attacked by Rough Riders. Seized. A lot of African Americans participated.

National War Labor Board (NWLB)

attempted to mediate labor disputes that might lead to strikes so the country could focus only on the war.

Jingosim

attitude of agressve nationalism.

Allen Ginsberg

author of Howl.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

barred discrimination of many kinds.

Dynamic Conservatism

balancing economic conservatism with some activism.

Andrew Mellon

banker and industrialist, became the chief architect of economic policy in the US in the 1920s. He served as secretary of treasury in three successive Republican administrations. Encouraged growth and led to stock market boom.

Jack Kerouac

beat generation. Author of On the Road.

Fall of the Philippines

before fall General McArthur was ordered to Australia to lead the resistance against the Japanese; his army was treated horribly in the 85-mile Bataan death march; the fortress of Corregidor held out until May 6,1942

Public Works Administration (PWA)

began a series of construction projects to build and improve highways, dams, sewer systems, waterworks, schools and other government facilities to put unemployed people back to work.

The Long Telegram

cable message explaining Kennan's view of Soviet goals. It was impossible to settle dispute of Capitalism-Communism.

Holocaust

catastrophe that ravaged Europe's Jews.

John Galbraith

claimed in The Affluent Society that the nation's postwar prosperity was a new phenomenon. Economy of abundance.

Progressivism

collection of different ideas and activities trying to fix the problems they believed existed in American Society.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

combined Roosevelt's love of nature and commitment to conservation with the need to help the unemployed. Employed single men, ages 18-25, for natural resource conservation.

Leonard Wood

commander of the Rough Riders.

Atlantic Charter

committed Churchill and FDR to a postwar world of democracy, non-aggression, free trade, economic advancement and freedom of the seas.

Shantytowns

communities of homeless people

Welfare Capitalism

companies allowed workers to buy stock, participate in profit sharing, and receive benefits such as medical care and pensions.

Columbian Exchange

complex group of interactions between people and environment. Commerce between America and the rest of the world basically.

Cash Crops

crops grown primarily for market and high profit margin. (1600's)

Huey Long

democratic senator of the left from of Louisiana. Simple humor and fiery oratory captivated audiences. He built and helped a lot Louisiana, increasing his popularity, allowing him to build a powerful and corrupt political machine. Wanted to run against Roosevelt to decrease his votes.

Southern Manifesto

denounced the Supreme Court's rulings as a clear a use of judicial power and pledged to use all lawful means to reverse this decision.

Project Head Start

directed at disadvantaged children.

Polio

disease that gave Roosevelt fever and numbness in his legs. He did a lot of exercises to walk again and restore muscle control.

The Berlin Wall

division of East Berlin and West Berlin, soviet and us control.

Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

established new housing subsidy programs and made federal loans and public housing grants easier to obtain. Supported transportation, Health care, housing and policing.

Eliza Lucas

early (1740's), she discovered that indigo, blue dye for cloth, needed high ground and sandy soil. It became the second crop in South Carolina.

Roosevelt as governor

earned reputation of progressive reformer willing to stand up to party bosses. Due to the polio, Eleanor, his wife, had to appear to keep his political career alive. As governor of New York, he set up a new state agency to help unemployed New Yorkers. His optimism convinced people.

Rationalism

emphasis on logic and reasoning. (1700's)

Victory Gardens

encouraged by Hoover, meant to raise own vegetables to leave more to the troops.

Sedition Act

expanded Espionage Act to make illegal any public expression of opposition to the war.

George Kennan

explained in the Long Telegram the Soviet behavior. Proposed a slow but firm containment of Russian expansive tendencies.

Nativism

extreme dislike for immigrants by native born people and a desire to limit immigration

Economics of scale

factors that cause a producer's average cost per unit to fall as output rises

House UnAmerican Activities Committee (HUAC)

formed to investigate Communist and Fascist activities in the US, J. Edgar Hoover helped it rise.

W.E.B Du Bois

fought for African American rights. Helped to found Niagra Movement in 1905 to fight for and establish equal rights. This movement later led to the establishment of the NAACP

Dominion of New England

founded in (1686), it was the union of Massachusetts, Plymouth, Rhode Island; in the next two years Connecticut, NJ, and NY joined as well.

Immunity

freedom from prosecution.

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

government paid farmers not to raise certain livestock and certain crops as cotton, corn, wheat and tobacco due to the idea of low prices were due to too much food. Reduced agricultural surplus and raised prices for struggling farmers.

Public Works

government-financed building projects.

Strom Thurmond

governor of South Carolina, nominee by the Dixiecrat,

ArchDuke Franz Ferdinand

heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, visited Sarajevo and was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, Black Hand member of Serbia, to start a war with the Austro-Hungarian empire

Farm Credit Administration (FCA)

helped farmers refinance their mortgages. Helped desperate and impoverished people.

Covert

hidden operations conducted by the CIA.

Health

housing and sanitation had improve, but the population was still suffering from many diseases. (1700's)

Self-Determination

idea that people who belong to a nation should have their own country and government.

Oppressive Systems

in places like South Carolina where the ratio of whites and slave was 5:100, slaves were whipped, punished and beaten. In (1730), Spanish Florida promised land to the slaves, and in (1739), Stono Rebellion occurred, were 30-40 slaves were killed.

The Oregon Question

in public, polk took a stong stance on Oregon. Despite British claims on the region, he said that the United States had a "clear and unquestionable right to it".

Obiter Dictum

incidental opinion not called for by the circumstances of the case.

Credibility Gap

it was hard to believe what the Johnson administration said about the war.

Napalm

jellied gasoline that explodes on contact used on Vietnam War.

White Collar Jobs

jobs in sales and management, increased with mechanization in farms and factories.

Containment

keeping Communism within its present territory through the use of diplomatic, economic and military actions.

Overproduction

key cause of the Great Depression. More efficient machines produced more products that the ones that could be bought.

Jack Ruby

killed Lee Harvey Oswald to protect others involved in the crime.

Revivals

large public meeting for preaching and prayer. (1700's)

Vladimir Lenin

leader of the Bolshevik party.

William Calley

leader of the My Lai Massacre.

Henry Cabot Lodge

leader of the Reservationists.

Langston Hughes

leading voice of the African American experience in the US.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

led by King. Set out to eliminate segregation from American society and to encourage African Americans to register to vote.

Pancho Villa

led the group of guerillas that burned New Mexico, Columbus and killed many Americans.

Tobacco

main cash crop in Virginia and Maryland, and to lesser extent, North Carolina. (1600's)

Managerial Capitalism

managers were hired to run companies instead of owners. They had business education and expanded the middle class.

Warsaw Pact

military alliance in Eastern Europe.

Do-Nothing Congress

named by Truman like that because the Congress did not granted Truman the permissions he wanted, yet they did but on areas that Americans could not see directly.

NAACP

national association for the advancement of colored people. Supported court cases that intended to overturn segregation.

Vietminh

nationalist group created by Ho Chi Minh to expel Japanese forces. US sent military aid to them.

Right-to-work Laws

outlawed shops in which new workers were required to join the union.

Taft-Hartley Act

outlawed the practice of forcing business owners to hire only union members.

Appeasement

policy of giving concessions in exchange for peace.

Model T

product of the assembly line, "Tin Lizzie", "Flivver". First year cost 850, 6 years later 490. Later 360, and 294.

Mass Media

radio, movies, newspapers and magazines aimed at a broad audience.

Jesse Jackson

student leader at North Carolina Agricultural College, wanted to see things change because sit-ins were slow paced.

Jazz

style of music influenced by Dixieland music and ragtime.

Nazi Ideology

superior race, against any one inferior.

Gideon v. Wainwright

suspects are entitled to court-appointed attorney if unable to afford one of their own.

UN Support

the UN supported American troops because the Soviets did not respected American veto. The North pushed the South as far as Pusan for a time, until MacArthur rapidly invaded, recuperating the 38th parallel and aiming the whole Korea. Chinese support to the North drove the troops back to the 38th parallel.

Lend-Lease Act

the US was able to lend or lease arms to any country considered "vital to the defense of the United States."

Naval Alterations

the Washington Conference was opened to discuss disarmament. A moratorium, pause, of new warships was established. Five-Power Treaty formalized Hughes' proposal. Four-power respected islands of Pacific and the Nine-Power Treaty guaranteed China's independence.

Steerage

the most basic and cheapest accommodations on a steamship

Puritan's Religious Views Affecting Life

they work hard and continuously. They were known for being intolerant and rigidly moral, although, they also had parties. (1700's)

Panic of 1873

this economic crisis began because a series of mismatched railroad investments pushed banks to bankruptcy. This made many businesses to close and for Democrats to win sits in the Senate further embarrassing the Grant administration.

Northrop automatic loom

this machine automatically changed the looms of the machine; changed bobbins without stopping

Criollos

those born in the colonies of Spanish parents. Many criollos were wealthy, but peninsulares took higher positions.

Hawks and Doves

those who supported Vietnam War and those against it, respectively.

Sacco and Vanzetti case

two employees were killed in a Shoe Company. Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were accused of the murder. They were Italians and anarchists. The case ran for 6 years, debating for their sentence of death or not. Finally, they were executed. They remained saying they were innocent. Some argued they were victims of antiforeign fever, prejudice.

Anschluss

unification of Austria and Germany.

Mapp v. Ohio

unlawfully seized evidence is inadmissible at trial.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

used sit-ins to integrate many restaurants, theaters, and other public facilities.

Charles Darwin

was an english naturalist, who argued that plant and animal life had evolved over the years by a process he called natural selection. In this process, those species that cannot adapt to the environment in which they live gradually die out, while those that do adapt thrive and live on.

Linda Brown

was denied admission to her neighborhood school in Topeka, Kansas because of her race.

Red Scare v.2

when Igor walked out of the Soviet Embassy with plans for the Soviets to infiltrate in the US and Canadian government to know more about the atomic bombs, the Americans were stunned.

Filibuster

when a small group of senators take turns speaking and refuse to stop the debate and allow a bill to come to a vote.

Lynchings

when small vigilante mobs or elaborately organized community events where an individual (typically black) was publicly hung due to a crime (true or perceived). Resulted from white supremacy or fear of black sexuality.

Wannsee Conference

where 15 Nazi leaders met to determine the final solution to the Jewish question.

Spread of Schools

The number of public schools increased quickly after the Civil War. In 1870 around 6,500,000 children attended school. By 1900 the number had risen to over 17,300,000.

Double V Campaign

The World War II-era effort of black Americans to gain "a Victory over racism at home as well as Victory abroad."

John Cabot

(1497-1498) John Cabot explored the northeast coast of North America in 1497 and 1498, claiming Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and the Grand Banks for England.

Amerigo Vespucci

(1499) Conquistador after which America was named. Claimed that the land Columbus discovered was not Asia.

Spanish colonization

(1500s) Spanish hoped to become wealth and explored the Caribbean and American mainland.

Juan Ponce De Leon

(1513) Travelled north, and discovered the land of Florida which means land of flowers

Malinche

(1519) A woman who knew the language, she translated the words into spanish for Cortés. Malinche impressed Cortés, she was baptized, giving her the name of Doña Marina, closest advisers.

Conquest of Mexico

(1519-1521) Hernán Cortés, Spanish march into the Aztec Empire.

Montezuma

(1520) Aztec Emperor. When captured by Cortés, human sacrifice was stopped and the statues of gods were replaced with Christian crosses and images of the Virgin Mary.

Ferdinand Magellan

(1520) His crew were the first ones to circumnavigate the world, arriving to Spain in 1522. He died during the trip.

Tlaxcala

(1520) Joined with Cortés to fight against the Aztec.

French Exploration

(1524) In 1524, King Francis I of France sent Giovanni da Verrazano to map North America's coastline. Francis wanted to find the Northwest Passage. Jacques Cartier discovered and mapped the St. Lawrence River.

Pizarro

(1524-1526) Spanish army captain who began exploring South America's west coast. In 1526 he landed in Peru and encountered the Inca Empire.

English 'Push Factors'

(1527) The Reformation of the Protestant Church and the Reformation of the Catholic Church into the Anglican Church in England. The enclosure movement, enclosing their land and evicting the tenants, was another 'push factor'. Finally, the joint-stock companies pulled the money of many investors which helped merchants trade and colonize other parts of the world without financing.

Atahualpa

(1532-1533) Inca Emperor, who rejected Pizarro and was taken hostage.

Francisco Vásquez de Coronado

(1540-1542) Was commander of the large expedition northward in 1540 hoping to find the Seven Golden Cities of Cibola. After wandering for several months he found nothing, but wind-swept plains and buffalos.

Roanoke

(1587) The first English settlement in the new world was on the island of Roanoke, off the coast of North Carolina, established in 1587. Virginia dare, the first English child born in America, was born on Roanoke Island. The settlement failed, and no one knows what became of the people who first settled there.

Puritans under Elizabeth/James I

(1600s) The Pilgrims, having arrived at a harbor far north of the land that was rightfully theirs, signed the Mayflower Compact to establish a "civil body politic" under the sovereignty of James I.

Puritans

(1600s) The Puritans were a Protestant group aiming to purify the Anglican Church. In the early 1600s, the Puritans suffered religious persecution in England and emigrated to the Americas. The first group of Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in Boston. From Boston, Puritan influence in North America spread throughout the region of New England and with it came a focus on family life and a pious restraint of passion.

Virginia Company

(1606) The Virginia Company refers collectively to a pair of English joint stock companies chartered by James I on 10 April 1606 with the purposes of establishing settlements on the coast of North America. The two companies, called the "Virginia Company of London and the Virginia Company of Plymouth.

Powhatan

(1607) Chief of the Powhatan Confederacy.

John Smith

(1608) John Smith effectively saved Jamestown when the colony was on the verge of collapse in 1608, its first year of existence. Smith's initiatives to improve sanitation and hygiene and to organize work gans to gather food and build shelters dramatically lowered mortality rates among Jamestown colonists.

New France

(1608) The merchants hired the royal geographer, Samuel de Champlain, to help them colonize North America. In 1608, he founded Quebec, the capital of the new colony, Acadia, of New France.

Thomas Dale

(1611-1616) Sir Thomas Dale was an English naval commander and deputy-governor of the Virginia Colony in 1611 and from 1614 to 1616.

Headright system

(1619) System where new settlers who bought a share in the company or paid for their passage were granted 50 acres of land. They were given 50 more acres for every family member over 15 years old and each servant they transported.

House of Burgesses

(1619) The House of Burgesses, established in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619, is considered to be the first representative government in the New World. It consisted of 22 representatives from 11 districts of colonists.

Pilgrims at Plymouth

(1620) The Pilgrims were a group of English Separatists who had originally sought refuge in the Netherlands. In 1620, they sailed to Plymouth on the Mayflower and established the colony of Plymouth Plantation.

Squanto

(1620s) Native American man who taught Puritans about their new environment.

William Bradford

(1620s) One of the leaders of the Plymouth Colony.

Wampanoags

(1620s-1630s) Native Americans who created a peace treaty with the Pilgrims. Together the Pilgrims and the Wampanoag people celebrated a three-day festival to celebrate the harvest and give thanks to God. This celebration later became the basis for the Thanksgiving holiday.

Puritans and Massachusetts

(1620s-1630s) Set up by the Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Congregationalism was a church system in which each local church served as the center of its own community. This structure stood in contrast to the Church of England, in which the single state church held sway over all local churches.

City Upon a Hill

(1625) In 1625, A depression struck England's woot industry, which caused high unemployment, particularly in England's southeastern counties where many Puritans lived. Puritans suffered a religious and economic hardship.

Massachusetts Bay Company

(1629) The Massachusetts Bay Colony was an English settlement on the east coast of North America (Massachusetts Bay) in the 17th century, in New England, situated around the present-day cities of Salem and Boston. The territory administered by the colony included much of present-day central New England, including portions of the U.S. states of Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.

Founding of Maryland

(1632) Lord Baltimore found a colony where Christians could practice their religion. Baltimore named the new colony Maryland, either in honor of the King's wife, or for the Virgin Mary.

Pequot War

(1637-1638) Was an armed conflict spanning the years 1637-1638 between the Pequot tribe against an alliance of the Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and Saybrook colonies who were aided by their Native American allies. Hundreds were killed; hundreds more were captured and then sold into slavery to the West Indies.

English Civil War

(1642-46) (1648-1649) Was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists.The first (1642-46) and second (1648-49) civil wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament. When the English Civil War ended Charles I was executed.

Anne Hutchinson

(1673) Anne Hutchinson was a dissenter in the Massachusetts Bay Colony who caused a schism in the Puritan community. Eventually, Hutchinson's faction lost out in a power struggle for the governorship. She was expelled from the colony in 1673 and traveled southward with a number of her followers, establishing the settlement of Portsmouth, Rhode Island

King Philip's War

(1675-1678) Was an armed conflict between Native American and English colonists and their Native American allies in 1675-78. The war is named after the main leader of the Native American side, Metacomet, known to the English as "King Philip"

Treaty of Shackamaxon

(1682) In 1682, William Penn signed the Treaty of Shackamaxon, in which the Lenni Lenape, a Native American group, ceded land to the colonists. It marked the beginning of over 70 years of peace in Pennsylvania between the European settlers and the Native Americans. Penn built the capital of his new colony and named it Philadelphia.

William Penn

(1682) Penn, an English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.

Glorious Revolution

(1688), due to the bad reign of James II and his catholicism, a bloodless revolution, or change of power occurred, changing the english dynasty. William became the new king of England.

Toleration Act

(1689), it granted freedom of worship to Protestants, but not Catholics and Jews.

Family

(1700's), people married young, in their twenties. Women had an average of seven children, but it was not uncommon to have fourteen.

French/Spanish Rivalry

(1716) The French/Spanish Rivalry grew when they bordered each other in 1716. The Spanish dominating the eastern part of Texas and the French controlling the Mississippi River.

Jonathan Edwards

(1734), he aimed to restore faith in New England by speaking terrifying and scary sermons.

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) also known as the Seven Years' War, between British America and New France. Fight for dominance in North America. England's victory gave control in the disputed territory and eliminated French.

John Hancock

(1760s) Patriot, signed Declaration of Independence, supported colonial cause, leader in American Revolution, Continental Congress, influence in the Constitution,

Pontiac

(1763) Chief of the Ottawa people. Convinced by Native Americans to go to war against the British.

Proclamation Act of 1763

(1763) Drew a line from north to south along the Appalachian Mountains and declared that colonists could not settle west of the line without government's permission.

Treaty of Paris

(1763) Ended war in 1763. Eliminated the French power in North America, a lot of territory to the British Empire.

Sugar Act

(1764) Changed the tax rates on raw sugar, molasses and various products.

Nonimportation Agreement

(1765) Pleaded to not buy any British goods until Parliament repealed Stamp Act.

Sons of Liberty

(1765) Political group made of patriots to protect the rights of the colonists from British government. Undertook Boston Tea Party.

Quartering Act

(1765) forced colonies to pay more for their own defense.

Stamp Act Congress

(1765) it was the first gathering of elected representatives from several of the American colonies to devise a unified protest against new British taxation.

Declaratory Act

(1766) Act that asserted the Parliament had the power to make laws for the colonies.

Writs of Assistance

(1767) General search warrants that enabled customs officers to enter a place to look for smuggling.

Townshend Acts

(1767) Series of regulations and taxes including Revenue Act due to the Stamp Act crisis.

Sam Adams

(1768) One of the leaders of the resistance, drafted a letter talking about the Townshend Acts, eventually resulted in Boston Massacre.

Virginia Resolves

(1769) Stated that only the House had the rights to tax Virginians.

Declaration of Rights and Grievances

(1774) Expressed loyalty to the king but condemned the Coercive Acts. Also announced colonies were making a nonimportation association.

Coercive Acts

(1774) Laws made to punish Massachusetts, closed port, council members elected by government, trials of British soldiers treated on England, local officers to be in homes of people.

Olive Branch Petition

(1775) Attempt to avoid a full war with Great Britain.

Common Sense

(1776) Pamphlet by Thomas Paine, arguing totally against King George III.

Opening Moves

(1776) Washington was asked to defend New York City. British captured and used it as their headquarters. Spy Nathan Hale sent by Washington but caught, said: "I only regret I only have one life to lose for my country!"

Battle of Saratoga

(1777) Crucial American victory, improved American morale and convinced French to support them.

Philadelphia Falls

(1777) Defeat of Washington by Howe, captured Philadelphia but Continental Army escaped.

Battle of Yorktown

(1781) Benedict Arnold betrayed Americans and went with Cornwallis, until Anthony Wayne resisted. French supported Americans, went together and bombarded Yorktown, victory for America.

Manumission

(1782) Voluntary freeing of enslaved persons.

Treaty of Paris

(1783) British recognized US as a new nation with Mississippi as west border. Florida back to Spain. France got African and Caribbean colonies.

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

(1786) Declared that Virginia no longer had and official church and that the state could not collect taxes for churches.

Anti-Federalists

(1786) opponents of the Constitution. They accepted the need for a national government. They considered themselves self-sufficient and were suspicious of the wealthy and power.

Federalists

(1786) supporters of the Constitution. They believed that an effective federal government that could impose taxes on foreign goods would help their business. They wanted a strong central government.

The Federalist

(1787) collection of 85 essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. Explained how the new Constitution worked and why it was needed.

Ratification

(1788) make officially valid.

National Colonization Act

(1820s) Mexico gave up 26 empresarios(agents or contractors) large grants of texas land. in exchange they promised to fill it with certain number of settlers.

Fredonia

(1820s) there were angry disagreements about wether the Mexican gov. or the Empresarios controlled the region, so Edwards declared that the settlements of Americans in Texas now constituted a independent nation

John C Calhoun

(1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.

Brigham Young

(1844) after a mob killed Joseph Smith, the Church's leader, Young decided to take his people west to escape further persecution

Popular Sovereignty

(1846-1847), People living in a territory had the right to decide by voting if slavery would be allowed there.

Lewis Cass

(1847), Senator of Michigan proposed that the citizens of each new territory should be allowed to decide for themselves if they wanted to permit slavery or not.

Conscience Whigs

(1848), Opposed slavery and Zachary Taylor because he wanted to expand slavery westward.

Cotton Whigs

(1848), Supported slavery and Zachary Taylor.

Forty-Niners

(1849), 80,000 people arrived at California to look for gold. Frenzy for gold led to chaos and violence.

The Great Compromiser

(1850), Henry Clay of Kentucky, promoted the Compromise in 1820 and the nullification crisis in 1833.

The Caning of Charles Sumner

(1856) Charles Sumner senator of Massachusetts delivered a Speech against Andrew Butler, senator of South Carolina. Then, Preston Brooks cousin of Butler attacks Sumner with a cane and beats him savagely, leaving him injured.

Wilmot Proviso

(August,1846), David wilmot proposed that in any territory the US gained from mexico there will not be any slavery or involuntary servitude.

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

(DDE), A regional defense pact pulled together by Dulles to prevent the "fall" to communism of South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.

Declaration of Independence

(July 4, 1776) Document drafted by Jefferson declaring themselves the United States of America.

Albany Conference

(June 1754.) Meeting of Representatives from seven of the thirteen British colonies to discuss better relations with Indian tribes, searching treaty with Mohawks.

Battles over Tariffs

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Changes in the workforce [1870-1910]

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Farragut attacks Mobile

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Industry and Agriculture during Cold War

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Japanese Change in Strategy

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Natural Resources [1800s]

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Problems of Jewish Refugees

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Pros and Cons of Paper Money

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Pros and Cons of Tariffs

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Putting the Enemy on Trial

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The Siege of Petersburg

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The struggle for North Africa

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Union's War Boom

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Use of Advertisements [1850-1900]

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Wilderness to Cold Harbor

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Worker-Employer relations

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Working conditions for Union Pacific laborers

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Working conditions in industrial settings

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Platt Amendment

1) Cuba could not make treaty with other country to weaken independence or allow power control of territory in Cuba. 2) Cuba had to allow US to buy or lease naval stations in Cuba. 3) Debt had to be kept low to prevent foreign countries from landing troops. 4) US would have right to intervene to protect Cuban independence and keep order.

Haymarket Riot

100,000 workers rioted in Chicago. After the police fired into the crowd, the workers met and rallied in Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police. The Chicago workers and the man who set the bomb were immigrants, so the incident promoted anti-immigrant feelings.

Coal Strike of 1902

150,00 workers demanded pay increase, reduction of hours and more. Roosevelt wanted arbitration, yet they refused. He threatened with military control, they accepted arbitration.

Great White Fleet

16 battleships sent by Teddy around the world to showcase military might.

John Deere

1837, he engineered a plow with sharped edged steel blades that cut cleanly through the sod

Bear Flag Republic

1846 settlers in northern california led by Fremont declared California independence of Mexico and renamed the region

Pacific Railway Act

1862 legislation to encourage the construction of a transcontinental railroad, connecting the West to industries in the Northeast (Union Pacific and Central Pacific RR)

Whiskey Ring Scandal

1875, a group of government officials and distillers in Missouri scammed the government by filing false tax reports allegedly by Grant's private secretary.

Pendleton Act

1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons

Wabash v. Illinois

1886 - Stated that individual states could control trade in their states, but could not regulate railroads coming through them. Congress had exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce.

McKinley Tariff

1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history

The Pullman Strike

1894 railway workers strike for higher wages against the Pullman Company. In which Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued. President Grover Cleveland issued a court order to stop the strike, strike achieved nothing.

Selective Service and Training Act

1940 law requiring all males aged 21 to 36 to register for military service

The Founders

55 delegates of the Philadelphia convention. 7 were state governors, 39 members of the Confederation Congress. 8 signed the declaration of independence. notable members: Washington, Franklin, Hamilton, Sherman, and Madison.

Boston Police Strike

75% of the police work walked off the job. Coolidge sent the National Guard to stop the Boston Police Strike. Fired all of the policemen that wanted to get back to work and replaced them with new police form.

Crisis in Little Rock

9 black students were going to enter a school in little rock. The school refused and reacted with an angry white mob and calling the Arkansas national guard. Eisenhower convinced Faubus to retire the troops, yet the mon continued and beat up 2 African American reporters. Eisenhower sent us army troops to encircle the school for the rest of the school year.

Farmers' Alliance

A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy

American Colonization Society (1816)

A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.

Alamo

A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force.

Battle of the Coral Sea

A battle between Japanese and American naval forces that stopped the Japanese advance on Australia.

Lakota Sioux Defend Their Territory

A branch from the Dakota, the Lakota, had fought before to other settlers. With the entrance of Federal troops to prevent more problems, the Lakota successfully attacked many of these small armed groups.

Erie Canal (1825)

A canal which started the revolution in transportation that swept through the Northern states in the early 1800s. This revolution led to dramatic social and economic changes.

Grandfather Clause

A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.

Deflation

A decline in the price level

Mugwumps

A group of renegade Republicans who supported 1884 Democratic presidential nominee Grover Cleveland instead of their party's nominee, James G. Blaine.

Rationing

A limited portion or allowance of food or goods; limitation of use

Calhoun Resolutions

A series of policies to target the Wilmot proviso, Calhoun argued that the states owned the territories of the US in common, and that Congress had no right to ban slavery in the territories.

The Great Compromise

A state's representation in the House of Representation would be based on population; Two senators for each state; all bills would originate in the house; direct taxes on states were to be assessed according to population

The Underground Railroad

A system that helped slaves follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North.

Literacy Test

A test given to persons to prove they can read and write before being allowed to register to vote

Liberty Ship

A type of large, sturdy merchant ship built in World War II

Bessemer Process

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

Kansas-Nebraska Act(1854)

Act that repealed the Missouri Compromise and introduced as the guiding principle the idea of popular sovereignty--the idea that citizens of newly formed territories could decide when they applied for statehood whether slavery would be allowed in their new state.

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

Adams used this Florida turmoil to put pressure on Spain in ongoing border negotiations. Occupied with problems throughout its Latin American Empire, Spain gave in and ceded all of Florida to US. The treaty finalized the western border of the Louisiana Purchase along Texas's Sabine and Red Rivers and along the Arkansas River.

David G. Farragut

Admiral of the Union Navy during the Civil War. Led the daring attack on New Orleans the led to the Union's control of the Mississippi River.

James Meredith

African American air force veteran. Applied to University of Mississippi, yet the governor of Mississippi stood on the path of him to deny his entrance. JFK sent troops to escort him to university. A full riot exploded, 160 marshals wounded. JFK sent thousands more, he could complete university.

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

African Americans / Women in the Army

African Americans were segregated in the war, but fought fierce fully gaining recognition. Women first served in armed forces. Nurses, operators, assemblers and more. 10,000 overseas.

Exodusters

African Americans who moved from post reconstruction South to Kansas.

Secession

After Lincoln was chosen many southern states voted to retire of the Union.

Dakota Sioux Uprising

After being moved to a reservation in Minnesota and not being payed their annuities, the Dakota Sioux slaughtered many settlers in the area, although the Chiefs wanted a war with soldiers, not civilians.

Reconstruction

After the war, the Confederacy was destroyed. The president and the Congress had to deal with it.

Norris v. Alabama

Alabama's exclusion of African Americans from juries violated their right to equal protection under the law.

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

The first three laws were aimed at aliens, people living in the country who were not citizens. The first law required immigrants to wait 14 years before becoming citizens. The next two laws gave the president the power to deport without trial any alien deemed dangerous to the United States.The fourth law aimed at preventing sedition, incitement to rebellion. It deprived citizens of their right to criticize public officials.

Farmers Fall on Hard Times

America was the world's leading wheat exporter by 1880s, but with other country's competition, prices dropped and many farmers had to forfeit their land for loans they had made.

American declaration of war

American Declaration of War: On April 2, 1917, Wilson went before congress to ask for a declaration of war against Germany. The war Resolution passed by a large majority in both the Senate and the House.

Eugene Debs

American Socialist Party candidate for president, former American Railway Union leader. Won nearly a million votes in 1912.

William Westmoreland

American commander in South Vietnam that declared enemy was at the brink of defeat.

Vietnam POWs

American families lingered for their relatives and friends who were missing of captured by Vietnamese. Families were not convinced with the idea of the policies around them.

General Arthur MacArthur

American general versus the Filipiono guerillas. Adopted policies that Americans condemned Spain for using in Cuba. Reconcentration camps. His troops captured Aguinaldo.

The Election of 1856

American presidential election held on Nov. 4, 1856, in which Democrat James Buchanan defeated Republican John C. Frémont with 174 electoral votes to Frémont's 114.

The Decision to Drop the Bomb

American program to build atomic bomb. great debate in America on whether or not to use the bomb. Aug. 6, 1945 U.S. dropped an atomic bomb, code named "little Boy" on Hiroshima. Later they dropped another bomb on Nagasaki. Aug. 9, 1945 Soviet Union declares war on Japan. Aug. 15, 1945 V-J Day, Japan surrendered.

Tampico

American soldiers visited Tampico, a restricted area, and were arrested. The US demanded an apology, but Mexico refused.

John C. Fremont

An American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.

Election of 1824

Andrew Jackson (Decomcrats) vs. John Q. Adams and Henry Clay (National Repulicans) vs. William Crawford ; Clay threw his political weight behind Adams and helped him win the House election.

1Andrew Johnson

Appointed president because of Lincoln's death. Issued a similar version of the Proclamation of Amnesty and pardoned thousands of southerners. The planter elite and ex-government officials were not pardoned.

Bataan Death March

April 1942, American soldiers were forced to march 65 miles to prison camps by their Japanese captors. It is called the Death March because so may of the prisoners died en route.

The Battle of Gettysburg

As Lee moved his Confederate force to the north again (this time to Pennsylvania), he was met by Meade's force at Gettysburg on July 1-3, 1863. The failure of General George Pickett's charge enabled the Union to win the battle. President Jefferson Davis was planning to deliver negotiators to the Washington D.C. with the Confederate victory at Gettysburg. Since the Union won the battle instead, Lincoln did not allow the negotiators to come.

The Battle of Antietam

As Lee moved into Maryland, he met McClellan's forces again at the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862. McClellan managed to halt Lee's forces after his forces discovered Lee's battle plans. Although not a victory, the Union stopped the Confederate march northward.

Closing the Frontier

As the railroads and the new lands were being sold, the expansion of American territory eventually couldn't continue because there was no more land to expand into.

Prison Reform (1816)

At the time, the prison was at poor quality. The condition was reformed to a much better one. The belief changed to rehabilitating them. Now, prisoners had time to think about their wrongdoing and feel remorse

Force Bill (1833)

Authorizes the president to use military to enforce acts of Congress. Made to defend the union from separation

Mellon Program

Balance budget, reduce government's debt and cut taxes.

Clayton Antitrust Act

Banned tying agreements, which required retailers who bought from one company to stop selling a competitor's products. Labeled the worker's magna carta because it gave unions the right to exist.

Angel Island

Barracks to accommodate the Asian immigrants. Most immigrants were young males who awaited the results for their immigration hearings in dormitories packed with bunks

Murfreesboro

Battle in Tennessee. Technically a draw but Union officially won. Cleared the Confederates out of Tennessee.

Democratic National Convention of 1968

Because President Lyndon B. Johnson had announced he would not seek reelection, the purpose of the convention was to select a new presidential nominee to run as the Democratic Party's candidate for the office

Graft

Being a politician, accepting money in exchange of ¿¿¿land???

Election of 1888

Benjamin Harrison is elected as a result of money from big business ad veterans votes. Supported the increase in tarrifs and pensions, and resulted in the economy going into a depression by 1880

Chinese Civil War

Between Mao Zedong's communism and the Nationalist Government. The US supported the National government, yet bad administration made the support inefficient. The Communists captured Beijing and the rest of the country, installing the People's Republic of China.

Black Republicanism

Black population entered the government and southerners claimed that it ruled the south, which was not the case.

Maine

Boat of the US anchored in the Havana harbor. Exploded and 266 died, was the spark to the Spanish American War, thinking Spain exploded the boat.

Compromise of 1877

Both candidates below (Tilden and Hayes) ran up and were close in the elections. So much fraud was made, that a commission was set up. After intense debate, some democrats voted for Hayes, which suggested a deal being made. It is not clear if the deal was made, but if it was, then it was the Compromise of 1877.

Alfred Mahan

Captain, officer in the US Navy, taught at the Naval War College. The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660-1783. Pointed out that many propsperous people in the past had build large feelts in order to trade with the world. A large navy was eneded to defend its right to trade with other countries.

Molly Pitcher

Carried water to Patriot gunners during the Battle of Monmouth.

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

Central Intelligence Agency for covert missions to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them with pro-American leaders.

Boxer Rebellion

Chinese rebels against foreign control. Klled 200 foreigners in Beijing. International force stopped them. Instead of dividing China, they asked for compensations.

Taiwan Crisis

Chinese wanted to recover Taiwan. Eisenhower and the US threatened with nuclear bombs, China backed down.

Christopher Columbus (who denies him and who funds him) (1484 - 1502)

Columbus asks for Portuguese monarchy funding for a trip to "India", but they deny it. The spanish approve it in 1492.

Subsequent trips

Columbus brought Gold by creating mines where locals were forced to work. He then mapped the entrance of the Orinoco river, Guatemalan and Panamanian coastal lines.

General Howe

Commander in Chief of the British forces during the Revolutionary War.

Matthew C. Perry

Commodore that leaded the expedition to Japan to negotiate a trade treaty. He arrived at Yedo Bay and convinced the Japanese with American technology, leading to the industrialization of Japan and the opening of ports in Japan.

George Dewey

Commodore who led his squadron into Manila Bay in the Philipines. At dawn, his fleet opened fire and rapidly destroyed the Spanish warships.

Holding companies

Companies that hold a majority of another company's stock in order to control the management of that company. Can be used to establish a monopoly.

Republican Party

Composed of Northern Whigs and Free-soilers; opposed further expansion of slavery into the new territories.

Second Battle of Bull Run

Conflict between Lee and General John Pope in August 1862, ending in a decisive victory by Lee that led to increased confidence and an attempt to convince Maryland to secede,

Impeaching Judges (1781)

Congress could impeach and remove judges for arbitrary or unfair decisions, not just for criminal behavior.

Quasi-War (1798)

Congress suspended trade with France and captured armed French ships. They were fighting an undeclared war at sea. Ended with the signing of the Convention of 1800, in which United States gave up all claims against France for damages to American shipping, and France released the United States from the treaty of 1778.

Wade-Davis Bill

Consensus arrived by moderate and radical republicans in which confederate white men promised to be loyal to the Union, thus creating a new state government. Measures were taken to avoid another Confederate-like government in the south. Lincoln did not sign because it was too harsh.

Mary Lyon

Created a higher level of education for women only at Massachusetts

War Labor Board (WLB)

Created in 1918 by Woodrow Wilson, a government agency that controlled disputes between employees for productive production during the war.

Munich Crisis

Czech annexation was more complicated due to their alliance with France and the Soviet Union.

Battle of the Bulge

December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

The Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Declared by President Monroe, American continents were henceforth not to be considered as subject for future colonization by any European powers.

James Buchanan

Democrat candidate that defeats John C. Fremont.

Stephan A. Douglas

Democrat that believed in popular sovereignty in the territories.

Republicans Split

Democrats believed there was money influencing politicians by having to raise taxes to pay the ponds that the Civil War left. Some republicans, who were known as Liberal Republicans, believed this as well, and split. Liberal Republicans nominated Horace Greeley as their candidate.

Democrats Redeem the South

Democrats regained control in congress through various means of fraud. Also, by demonizing African Americans, white farmers eventually voted for Democrats. By 1876, all of the southern states were dominated by Democrats, except Louisiana, Florida, and South Carolina.

Election of 1924

Democrats very divided and undecided. Hurt by Harding administration. Republicans argued for "Keep Cool with Coolidge." Favored business. A lot, 16%, favored the Progressive Party, but the Republicans won with more than 50%.

Workingman´s Party of California

Denis Kearney organized the organization to fight Chinese immigration in 1870s. They won seats in California's legislature and made opposition to Chinese immigration a national issue.

Industrial Revolution (1700s)

Dramatic changes in transportation, a revolution occurred in business and industry. Factories, machines, were less skilled workers were necessary.

Annexing Hawaii

Due to Hawaii's favorable climate and agriculture, US was interested in them. Different favors made people like the US and support annexation rather than the Queen. Cleveland was against it, but the next president finally approved it.

Voting Rights Open Up

Due to Revolution, all classes felt equally important. Any white male could vote i some states.

Cuban Rebellion

Due to slavery and unfair treatment, Cubans organized guerilla war agianst Spain. US supported them and gave them home. Declared independence later with José Martí.

War Production Board

During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers

National Road (1806-1811, 1821)

East-west highway; road reached Wheeling, Virginia. It was the only great federally funded transportation project of its time. Jefferson and his successors believed in the power for internal improvements. More roads in west connected Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Buffalo, New York to eastern markets.

Education for the Workplace

Education helped future workers prepare for the jobs they hoped would lift their families out of poverty. Attendance, neatness, and efficiency were skills developed for the workplace; vocational and technical education in the high schools provided students with skills required in specific trades.

Suez Crisis

Egyptians took control of the Suez Canal. British and French, who owned it, sent troops to invade Egypt. Eisenhower got mad and the Soviets threatened rocket attack to Brit and Fran. Troops also were sent. Strong American pressure. French and British had to surrender.

Treaty of Fort Laramie

Eight native american groups agreed to specific geographic boundaries, while the U.S promised that these territories would belong to the native americans forever

End of Korean War

Eisenhower went to Korea to stop the war by threatening China to use nuclear weapons. An armistice was signed, ending war.

Transcendentalism (1830-1840)

Encourage the people to transcend or overcome the limits of their minds. Let their souls reach out to embrace the beauty of universe.

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Ended the War of 1812 and restored pre war boundaries but did little else. It increased the nation's prestige overseas and generated a new spirit of patriotism and national unity.

Gang system (1800s)

Enslaved persons were organized into work gangs that labored from sunup to sundown plowing, planting, cultivating or picking depending on the season. Driver was the leader.

Florence Nightingale

Established sanitary nursing care units. Founder of modern nursing. began professional education of nursing.

The Marshall Plan

European Recovery Program, which would give European nations American aid to rebuild their economies.

Three-Fifths Compromise (1787)

Every five enslaved people in a state would count as three free persons for determining both representation and taxes. (SLAVES)

The Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804)

Expedition by Lewis and Clark to trace the Missouri River and find a route to the Pacific Ocean. Increased the American knowledge of the Louisiana Territory and also gave the United States a claim to the Oregon territory along the coast.

America Embargo on Japan

FDR decided to restrict the sale of strategic materials so Japanese suffered, helping the British.

Teapot Dome Scandal

Fall, Secretary of Harding, allowed private interests to lease lands containing US Navy oil reserves at Teapot Dome. Fall received bribed from these private interests totaling more than $300,000. Fall was the first Secretary to go to prison.

Expanding Higher Education

Federal land granted to states worked for the purpose of establishing agricultural and mechanical colleges. Women's educational opportunities lagged behind men's; however, during this period of time private women colleges opened.

The Hartford Convention (1814)

Federalists met and called for several constitutional amendments to increase the region's political power.

American Federation of Labor

Federation of craft labor unions lead by Samuel Gompers that arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor

The Bay of Pigs

Fidel Castro won power. Communist influence. La Brigada, Cuban exiles trained by Eisenhower program, were sent to the bay of pigs under the orders of JFK to take out Fidel. Invasion was a disaster. This made look weak and disorganized the us government.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipino revolutionary leader who had staged an unsuccessful uprising agains the Spanish. Quickly launched a new guerilla war. He trusted Americans at the beginning but later became suspicious.

Trusts

Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies.

First Battle of Bull Run

First major battle of the Civil War, in which untrained Northern troops and civilian picnickers fled back to Washington. This battle helped boost Southern morale and made the North realize that this would be a long war.

Elizabeth Blackwell

First women with medical degree. Created New York Infirmy for Women. A school to teach medicine for women only

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

First women's rights convention in American History. Issued "Declaration of Sentiments"-declared "all men and women are created equal" and listed women's grievances against laws and customs that discriminated against them.

Southern Shortages

Food shortages from lost manpower, Union occupation, loss of slaves; Blockade creates other shortages

Slave codes (1800s)

Forbade enslaved men and women from owning property or leaving a slaveholder's premises without permission.

Non-Intercourse Act (1809)

Forbade trade with France and Britain while authorizing the president to reopen trade with whichever country removed its trade restrictions first. it was to play France and Britain against each other, but it failed.

Republic

Form of government where power resides with a body of citizens entitled to vote.

Organization of American States

Formed in 1948 to promote democracy, economic cooperation, & human rights; Members pledged not to interfere with one another; The US often dominated this organization

The Battle of San Jacinto

Fought on April 21, 1836, in present-day Harris County, Texas, was the decisive battle of the Texas Revolution. Led by General Sam Houston, the Texian Army engaged and defeated General Antonio López de Santa Anna's Mexican forces in a fight that lasted just 18 minutes. About 630 of the Mexican soldiers were killed and 730 captured, while only 9 Texians died

New Immigrants (1815-1860)

The greatest wave almost 2 million came from Ireland. Second large group were Germans, 1.5 millions. These people came to America to have a new life. Waited for fresh start. But also experience discrimination and prejudice.

General George Patton

General in the U. S. Army who helped lead the allies to victory in the battle of the bulge

Zachary Taylor

General that was a military leader in Mexican-American War and 12th president of the United States. Sent by president Polk to lead the American Army against Mexico at Rio Grande, but defeated.

Division of Germany

Germany was divided in 4, French, Soviets, British and Americans kept one part each. Disagreements on the amount of reparations led to US and Soviet tensions.

Battle of the Atlantic

Germany's naval attempt to cut off British supply ships by using u-boats. Caused Britain and the US to officially join the war after their ships were sunk. After this battle, the Allies won control of the seas, allowing them to control supply transfer, which ultimately determined the war. 1939-1945

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria, after Italy abandoned.

Triple Alliance

Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary. Signed by Germany to protect from France.

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy and Japan.

Cotton Gin (1793)

Gin, short for engine; simple machine that quickly and efficiently combed the seeds out of the cotton bolls.

Vicksburg

Grant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union.

Election of 1868

Grant ran for president as a republican. He won six southern and most of the northern states because the south was reorganized using military force, which allowed African Americans to vote.

Free-Soil Party

Group conformed by the Conscience Whigs, antislavery Democrats of NY, and the abolitionist Liberty party; they all opposed slavery in western territories.

Freedmen's Bureau

Group created to aid all those affected by the war; its main goal was to supply goods, attempt to to provide land, and ensure an education to refugees in the South.

Cabinet (1789)

Group of advisers to the president. Washington met with these men to ask for their advice. Treasury Department: Alexander Hamilton

Ku Klux Klan

Group of southerners that opposed "Black Republicans" and terrorized the population with the aim of driving the Union back.

Debt Peonage

The inability to pay debts with high interest when renting a small piece of land resulted in trapping themselves in the land, having to work "forever".

Republicans (1789 - 1793)

Hamilton's opponents led by Madison and Jefferson. Believed that the strength of the United States was its independent farmers (agrarianism).

Federalists (1789 - 1793)

Hamilton's supporters. Favored strong national government and believed that democracy was dangerous to liberty. Also, believed that manufacturing and trade were the basis of national wealth and power.

Henry Kissinger

Harvard professor appointed by Nixon as special assistant for national security affairs and received authority to use diplomacy to end the Vietnam War.

Frederick Douglass (1800s)

He rose from slavery to become a prominent leader of the anti slavery movement and recalled how life as an enslaved person affected him.

James B. Weaver

He was the Populist candidate for president in the election of 1892; received only 8.2% of the vote. He was from the West.

Fall of France

Hitler advanced through Belgium and Netherlands. British and French fell in the trap and sent all of the troops to Belgium, getting trapped.

Polish Corridor

Hitler demanded a highway and railroad across the division between Germany and East Prussia.

The South's Strategy

Hold out against Northern attacks, Fight a defensive war and defend its right be a separate country.

Clearing of the Bonus Army

Hoover ordered to clear all the buildings and called the Army chief after a small incident with two deaths occurred. The army went with cavalry, infantry and tanks to clear the veterans from the city. Bayonets and gas were used to control the Bonus Army.

Use of Labor

IIndentured servants: people willing to come to America and work for a landowner for a specified amount of time. Sometimes land was promised after the job was done. (1600's)

Freeport Doctrine

Idea authored by Stephen Douglas. An area could exclude slavery by not passing laws which cared for slavery.

Annexation of Texas

In 1845, the United States of America annexed the Republic of Texas and admitted it to the Union as the 28th state.

Front Porch Campaign

In 1896, William McKinley conducted this low-key campaign wherein he never left his Canton, Ohio home. Large crowds of spectators were brought to his home to meet the candidate. This campaign contrasted sharply with McKinley'sopposing candidate, William Jennings Bryan, who gave over 600 speeches and traveled many miles all over the United States to campaign. McKinley outdid this by spending about twice as much money. McKinley won this election.

Oregon Trail

In the 1840's mountain men had carved east-to-west passages that they played a vital role in western settlement. The oregon trail was one of the most popular route.

The Presidency of JQA (1824-1828)

Internal improvements; Federal revenue also be used to build a national university and astronomical observatories, and fund laboratories. Congress granted to improve rivers and harbors and extend National Road westward.

Fourteenth Amendment

Introduced by Republicans, it grants citizenship to all American born or naturalized people. In addition it also stated that no one could be denied life, liberty, or property.

George Plunkitt

Irish immigrant who rose to be one of NY most powerful party bosses, pointed out the importance of the urban immigrant groups in the Election Day

Sharecropping

Is when tenant farmers paid rent and the cost of other farming supplies by giving a share of their crop instead of money.

Lecompton Constitution

It contained clauses protecting slaveholding and a bill of rights excluding free blacks, and it added to the frictions leading up to the U.S. Civil War. Kansas rejected it the following August and was admitted to the Union as a free state on Jan. 29, 1861.

Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890

It required the treasury to issue legal tender notes which could then be redeemed for gold, draining gold reserves

'True Womanhood' (1830s-1840s)

It was a magazine to enforce idea of women = housework

Temperance Movement (American Temperance Union) (1833)

It was a movement to prohibit Alcoholism. Alcohol was a big problem in the society. People didn't use money for food or other necessities but alcohol. Maine was first state to prohibit sale of Alcohol. Other states follow Maine by prohibiting alcoholism .

Gradualism (1800s)

It was the people that the slavery should end gradually

Protective Tariff (1816) John Marshall

It was used to nurture American manufacturers by taxing imports to drive up their prices. The Southern farmers and New England shippers opposed this.

the Subtreasury Plan

It would have allowed farmers to store their-harvest at federal warehouses during periods of low prices, and to obtain federal loans worth 80 percent of the crops' market value. The plan's intention was to enable farmers to keep commodities off the market when prices were low, and support themselves with loans until they rebounded.

Jackson and the Bank (1832)

Jackson always believed that the National Bank was meant to create a monopoly for the rich. He didn't want to accept the Supreme Court decision. Jackson veto the bill Congress passed for extending the second NB for other 20 years. People agreed with him and he was reelected. Jackson decided to end the NB once and for all. He decided to put in state banks all the government's money, forcing the bank to call for loans and stop lending. This was a considerable political victory. This was a considerable political victory. But created a huge economic crisis.

Bill of Rights (1700s)

James Madison, one of the leaders in Congress, made the Bill of Rights top priority. The first 8 protect the right of individuals against actions of the federal government. The Ninth Amendment states that the people have other rights not listed. The Tenth Amendment states that any power not specifically given to the federal government are reserved for the states.

Casablanca Conference

Jan. 14-23, 1943 - FDR and Chruchill met in Morocco to settle the future strategy of the Allies following the success of the North African campaign. They decided to launch an attack on Italy through Sicily before initiating an invasion into France over the English Channel. Also announced that the Allies would accept nothing less than Germany's unconditional surrender to end the war.

Embargo Act of 1807 (1807)

Jefferson asked Congress to slow all trade between the United States and Europe. The government ban on trade with other countries, wound up hurting the United States more than France or Britain.

Crittenden's Compromise

John Crittenden of kentucky proposed to divide with a line, slavery would be prohibited north of the line and protected south of it.

Election of 1828

John Quincy Adams against Andrew Jackson, they criticized each other's personalities and morals.Jackson attacked Adams as a aristocrat. Used the Corrupt Bargain to get advantageous. Jackson got the nick name, Old Hickory, because he was tough.

Election of 1866

Johnson wanted less radical measures. Republicans blamed Democrats for the war after a series of mobs against African Americans. Republicans won 3-1 in congress.

Impeachment

Johnson was accused of defiance and misbehavior by not following the Tenure of Office Act in addition to undermining the Reconstruction Program. Impeachment failed because the majority of votes did not win.

The Great Society

Johnson's vision of the more perfect and equitable society the us could and should become.

Patriots

Known also as Whigs, tired of British laws and tyranny.

"Reservationists."

Large group of senators led by Henry Cabot Lodge. Supported the League but would ratify the treaty only with amendments that would preserve the nation's freedom to act independently.

James Blaine

Led early efforts to expand influence in Latin America. Proposed conference in DC to discuss ways in which the nations could help each other. Panamerican Conference was held later.

Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville

Lee won two battles in Virginia, one at F and at C. In the early summer of 1863 they were confident.

Impressment (1807)

Legalized form of kidnapping that forced people into military service. Britain claimed the right to stop American ships and search for deserters to impress them into service.

Election of 1864

Lincoln vs. McClellan, Lincoln wants to unite North and South, McClellan wants war to end if he's elected, citizens of North are sick of war so many vote for McClellan, Lincoln wins

Fort Sumter

Lincoln wanted to resupply Sumter. Davis did not like this at all and he takes Sumter before the supply ship arrived. The confederates announced to Robert anderson, Sumter's Major, to surrender.

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

Lincoln wanted to unify the Union with the South instead of punishing them He pardoned southerners by offering general amnesty if they took an oath of loyalty.

The Chicago Movement

MLK and SCLC largest campaign in the North against poverty and economic conditions. Marched were stopped by events as Selma and Birmingham.

Violence in Birmingham

MLK knew the only way to catch the attention of JFK and the government was violence and disorder. Freedom Riders arrived to Birmingham, where the mayor was against them. African Americans attacked brutally. JFK finally reacted.

Douglas MacArthur and his firing

MacArthur wanted to enter war against China, asking for a blockade, Nationalist forces intervention and use of atomic weapons in Chinese cities. Truman decided to fire MacArthur to show he controlled the military and maintain control.

Atlanta Compromise

Major speech on race-relations given by Booker T. Washington addressing black labor opportunities, and the peril of whites ignoring black injustice

Fall of Atlanta

Major turning point of the civil War when Sherman's Union Army victory insured the re-election of Abe Lincoln

Individualism

Many Americans firmly believed that no matter how humble their origins, they could rise in society and go as far as their talents and commitment would take them.

Ranching and Cattle Drives

Many cowboys adopted the longhorn cattle, which evolved from Spanish introduction. Since cattle was more expensive in the North East, Southern cattle was transported in long drives, or trails that would go from Texas to Nebraska, among other states.

Richard Daley

Mayor of Chicago, ordered the Chicago police to protects the marchers of the Chicago Movement.

Election of 1900

McKinley vs. Jennings Bryan. Bryan anti imperialist. McKinley focused on country prosperity. Four Years More of the Full Dinner Oail. McKinley won by large margin. In McKinley's appearance in Buffalo, León Czolgosz, an anarchist, fired two shots and hit the president. McKinley died two days later. Theodore Roosevelt became president, the youngest (42) at that time. Roosevelt was chosen for his charisma and battles, but people were not truly in favor of him being the president.

Favorite sons

Men who enjoyed the support of leader from their own state and region.

Nueces River

Mexico thought this river was the border between Texas and Mexico

Marquis de Lafayette

Military officer who joined Washington in Valley Forge, helped Washington improve discipline and boost morale.

Iran and Guatemala

Mohammed Mossadegh nationalized Oil Company in Iran and was close to oil deal with Soviet Union. US sent agents to organize riots and arranged a coup to get out Mossadegh and replace him with the Shah. United Fruit Company protection from the communist government of Jacobo Arbenz. Czechoslovakia sent arms to Guatemalan government, and US trained resistance. Jacobo left office.

Inflation

Money loses value.

Baron Montesquieu

Montesquieu published the idea of executive, legislative, and judicial power in (1748). It helped develop the Constitution.

Colored Farmer's National Alliance

More than 1 million southern black farmers organized and shared complaints with poor white farmers. By 1890 membership numbered more than 250,000. The history of racial division in the South, made it hard for white and black farmers to work together in the same org.

March on Washington

More than 200,000 people marched in the nation's capital. Heard speeches and sang. I have a dream.

Greenbacks

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war (plural)

Bacon's Rebellion

Nathaniel Bacon was a wealthy farmer that in (1676), organized a small militia to battle the Native Americans for the backcountry land.

Confederacy

Nation declared to have been formed by the southern states that seceded from the Union in 1860-1861.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Battled against segregation and discrimination. Against lynching.

NBC/CBC

National Broadcasting Company, established a permanent network of stations to distribute daily programs. Columbia Broadcasting System, rival to NBC. Coast-to-coast network of stations. Musicians, actors, comedians and more appeared on their shows. 1928 was the first time the presidential election campaign was covered.

Big Stick Diplomacy

Negotiate peace and welfare for all intimidating with big armies, the big stick.

TET Offensive

North Vietnamese launched a massive surprise attack during Vietnamese New Year. Guerilla fighters attacked virtually all American airbases in South Vietnam and most of the South's major cities and provincial capitals. People began to question the status of North Vietnamese, highly opposing war.

Clara Barton

Nurse during the Civil War; started the American Red Cross

1830 Mexican Actions in Texas

On April 6, 1830, Mexican president Anastasio Bustamante ordered Texas to comply with the emancipation proclamation or face military intervention. To circumvent the law, many Anglo colonists converted their slaves into indentured servants for life. Others simply called their slaves indentured servants without legally changing their status.

Germany declares war

On December 11, Germany declared war thinking the Japanese could stop them in the Pacific and tired of their sinking of U-boats.

William Randolf Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer

Owned New York Journal and New York World respectively.

John Trumbull

Painted major battles and important events in the Revolution.

Bonds (1790)

Paper notes promising to repay money after a certain length of time with interest. It was issued by Hamilton and the Confederation Congress to fund the Revolutionary War.

The Know-Nothings (1850s)

Party formed by anti-Catholic supporters, first named the American Party and later on receiving this nickname.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Passed by congress to override the black codes; the goal was to provide citizenships to all people born in the United States except Native Americans. It let African Americans to own land and stated that they were to be treated equally in court.

Black Codes

Passed by southerner congressmen which limited African American rights in the South. African Americans needed to work according to labor contracts and those who were under an apprenticeship could be physically abused, this fluctuated from state to state.

Class Structure in the Middle Colonies

Pennsylvania, NY, NJ, and Delaware. Thanks to the wheat boom, many colonists became entrepreneurs, or business people who risked their money buying land. The wheat created a new group called capitalists, or people with money to invest. (1700's)

Reaction in the North (1820s-1860s)

People disagreed with slavery, but didn't want to radical abolitionist movement. Didn't want the southern economy to crash. Yet, didn't like the idea of recapturing run-away slaves. Some states approved law to forbid the recapture

Speculators (1790)

People willing to take a risk in hopes of a future financial gain. Madison and other Southerners were upset because the tax money used to pay off the bonds came from the South.

The Pike Expedition (1805-1806)

Pike mapped much of the upper Mississippi, and headed west to find the headwaters of the Arkansas River. His trips gave Americans their first detailed description of the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains.

Squatters

Pioneers that settled on lands that they did not own

Jackson State Shooting

Police killed two African American students during a demonstration.

Dollar Diplomacy

Policy that believed that if American business leaders supported Latin American and Asian development, everyone would benefit. US increase trade, profits and countries in Lat. America and Asia would rise out of poverty.

Federalism

Political system in which power is divided between the national and states governments.

Interchangeable Parts(1800s)

Popularized by Eli Whitney, transformed gun making from a one by one process into a factory process

Judicial Review (example) (1800s)

Power to decide whether the laws passed by Congress were constitutional and to strike down those laws that were not.

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

President of Mexico during the 1830s. , political opportunist and general who served as president of Mexico eleven different times and commanded the Mexican army during the Texas Revolution in the 1830s and the war with the United States in the 1840s.

Horace Mann

President of senate of Massachusetts. State education board president. He enforced education in Massachusetts. Massachusetts First primary obligatory education. Tax-supported school

Jefferson Davis

President of the confederacy, guaranteed the existence of slavery in Confederate territory. He banned protective tariffs and limited presidency to 6 six only.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Prohibited discrimination against blacks in public place, such as inns, amusement parks, and on public transportation. Declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

Furnishing Merchants

Providers of agricultural supplies to sharecroppers. Usually on credit and high interest rates.

Insurrection

Rebellion against slaveholders.

Nat Turner's rebellion

Rebellion in which Nat Turner led a group of slaves through Virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families

Tea Act of 1773

Refunded ⅘ of the taxes the company had to pay to the ship tea to the colonies, leaving only the Townshend Act.

Election of 1952

Reps nominated Eisenhower. Dems Stevenson. Eisenhower won by a landslide. The House had 8-seat majority to Reps and the Senate equally divided.

Rutherford Hayes

Republican candidate whom many considered to be a moral man free of scandal and lies. He wanted to end with the Radical Reconstruction.

Abraham Lincoln

Republican that was not an abolitionist but said that slavery was morally wrong.

Election of 1884

Republicans nominated Blaine as president but suspicions about his honesty led the Mugwumps to campaign for Democratic nominee Grover Cleveland (honest, frugal, mayor of Buffalo, later governor of NY, fathered an illegitimate child which raised questions)

Election of 1952

Republicans nominated Eisenhower, who organized D-Day invasion. Democrats Stevenson since Truman decided to don't run again. National Hero won by a landslide.

Election of 1800 (1800)

Republicans nominated Thomas Jefferson and the Federalists nominated John Adams. Thomas Jefferson became the new president of America.

Carpetbaggers

Republicans who moved to the southern states looking to be eventually elected in the Southern states governments. Some were interested in money; others in helping the south.

Meat Inspection Act

Required federal inspection of meat sold through interstate commerce and required the Agriculture Department to set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plants.

Tenure of Office Act

Required the Senate to approve the removal of any government official. Johnson challenged the Act and fired Stanton without the Senate's consent.

Steamboats (1807) and Canals

Robert Fulton and Robert R. Livingston made the steamboats; it was a efficient way of transportation.

Destroyers-for-Bases

Roosevelt gave destroyers to the British in esxhange of the permission to build American bases on British-controlled places like Newfoundland, Bermuda and the Caribbean.

Roosevelt's three groups of advisors

Roosevelt had advisors from different areas as academia, business, agriculture, government, law and social work to hear from a lot of point of views. Next, he chose them to disagree between them so he could take the decision alone. New Nationalism. Very influential during the first years. Business and government work together. Distrusted bug businesses and blamed business leaders for the Great Depression. Wanted government planners to run key parts of the economy. New Freedom. Blamed large trusts but believed Government had to restore competition. Support trust busting, breaking up big companies and allowing competition to set wages, prices and production levels. They though gov't should impose regulations on the economy to keep competition fair.

Election of 1912

Roosevelt vs. Taft vs. Wilson. Roosevelt and Taft divided the Republican votes. Roosevelt was Progressive, Taft Conservative. Wilson won due to the division of the Republicans.

Election of 1932

Roosevelt won 472 to 59, Democrats crashing inefficiency of Republicans. Hoover failed to do anything effectively and Roosevelt looked confident to make things better.

Election of 1936

Roosevelt won easy due to the Union Party lack of a good leader. One of the largest landslides.

New Deal

Roosevelt's policies for ending the Depression.

New Nationalism

Roosevelt. Economic power of trusts, complete program of reforms, legislation to protect women and children.

Seminoles (1818)

Runaway or separatist, they used Florida as a base to stage against American settlements in Georgia.

Robert McNamara

Secretary of Defense during LBJ era.

Albert Fall

Secretary of Harding. Allowed private interests to lease lands with oil at Teapot Dome, receiving bribes of more than 300,000 dollars. Went to prison.

Dean Rusk

Secretary of State during LBJ era. Was called by Congress to explain the administration's war program.

Henry Stimson

Secretary of State, decided to only "fire paper bullets" at the Japenese over their invasion of Manchuria. Stimson doctrine proclaimed that the US would not recognize any territorial acquisitions achieved by force.

John Foster Dulles

Secretary of State, dominant figure in the nation's foreign policy in the 50s. Supported Eisenhower's policies of brinkmanship.

John Bell

Senator of Tennessee chosen as a candidate by the constitutional Union Party.

John C. Calhoun

Senator of of South Carolina, was one of the representatives that prepared a series of resolutions to counter the Wilmot Proviso. (In favor of slavery/Pro-southerners).

Henry Cabot Lodge

Senator that pushed for the construction of a new navy.

Yellow Journalism

Sensationalist reporting in which writers often exaggerated or even made up stories to attract readers.

Invasion of Florida (1818)

Sent to Florida to destroy Seminole villages, but he disobeyed orders and seized the Spanish settlements of St. Marks and Pansacola. Then remove the Spanish governor. After that he was demanded by Spanish officials.

Panic of 1893

Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.

March to the Sea

Sherman's march to Savannah which cut off confederate supplies received by the sea

Gold Standard Act

Signed by McKinley in 1900 and stated that all paper money must be backed only by gold. This meant that the government had to hold large gold reserves in case people wanted to trade in their money. Also eliminated silver coins in circulation.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Signed into law by President Andrew Jackson, strongly supported by the South whom was eager to gain access to the lands inhabited by the "Five Civilized Tribes." Though the act was intended to be voluntary removal, significant pressure was put onto the tribes' chiefs to vacate and led to the inevitable removal of most Indians from the states

Growth of the Mining Industry

Silver and ore mines in the West lead to massive movements of people until the town was dried up. This lead to wealth being acquired quickly, problems with claims and ghost towns.

Social Darwinism

Social darwinism argued that society progressed and became better because only the fittest people survived. "Survival of the fittest."

Battle of Little Bighorn

Some American settlers entered the Lakota's reservations, so many left to hunt outside the reservation. After Colonel Custer was sent, 2,500 Lakota and Cheyenne warriors killed 210 soldiers.

Chinese Exclusion Act

The law barred Chinese immigration for 10 years and prevented the Chinese already in the country from becoming citizens.

Gilded Age

Something is gilded if it is covered with gold on the outside but made of cheaper material inside. Twain, Warner, an other writers tried to point out that beneath the surface lay corruption, poverty, crime, and great disparities in wealth between the rich and the poor.

Joseph Stalin

Soviet dictator

Enrique Dupuy de Lome

Spanish ambassador, wrote letter describind McKinley as "weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd." Nation erupted in fury.

Dixiecrat

States' Rights Party who were against the civil rights, nominated Thurmond.

Bleeding Kansas (1854)

String of violent events that pretty much revolved around whether or not Kansas would be a free state or a slave state.

War Democrats

Sub-division of the fractured democratic party. Consisting of a large portion, the war democrats patriotically supported the Lincoln administration. These democrats did not pose as big a threat to the Union as the Peace Democrats or copperheads.

Schenck v. the United States

Supreme Court rules that an individual's freedom of speech could be curbed when the words uttered constitute a clear and present danger.

Hollow Men

T.S. Elliot described a world filled with empty dreams and "hollow men", foresaw a world that would end "not with a band but a whimper."

Rise of Television

TVs more affordable. Over 80% of families had televisions. From 8,000 TVs to 40 million in 10 years. Advertising, sports and news.

William M. ´Boss´ Tweed

Tammany Hall's (NY Democratic political machine of Plunkitt) corrupted boss arrested in 1874.

Tariff of 1789 (Revenue) (1789)

Tariff proposed by James Madison to finance the government. The tariff required importers to pay a percentage of the value of their cargo when they landed it in the United States. Southern planters got angered because they had to pay more for the goods they imported.

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

Taxes imposed on imported goods specially to British products. Many southerners opposed to it. South Carolinians, they argued nullification the law.

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

The 14th amendment provides that anyone born or naturalized is a citizen of the nation and of his or her state. The slaves are property and thus have no rights.

Raid on Washington DC (1814)

The British landed on Chesapeake Bay and destroyed Washington D.C. Baltimore was prepared for the British, who abandoned their attack on the city.

Sand Creek

The Cheyenne people wanted to negotiate peace with landowners. Since previous raids had been done by them, Colonel Chivington decided to attack. It is unclear how the battle happened and how many deaths occurred to the Cheyenne.

Homestead Act

The Federal Government secured land for settlers who would pay $10 and live for five years in a piece of land in the Great Plains, which was usually difficult.

Effects of the French Revolution (1793)

The Federalists opposed the French Revolution, but the the Republicans supported it. Washington declared the United States to be friendly and impartial toward both warring powers.

Yeoman farmers (1800s)

The majority of the white population. Few enslaved persons, small plantations.

Tragedy at Wounded Knee

The Lakota performed the Ghost Dance, a ritual to celebrate a day where the buffalos would return, the settlers would leave and the Lakota would reunite with ancestors. The Federal Government blamed Sitting Bull, a Chief, for the previous problems, which lead to the police having a gunfight with the Lakota. The Chief died and 200 Lakota men and women died.

Volstead Act

The National Prohibition Act, known informally as the Volstead Act, was enacted to carry out the intent of the Eighteenth Amendment, which established prohibition in the United States.

Financing the War

The North passed the Morrill Tariff Act, an excise tax, and used war bonds to finance the war. The South financed the war by issuing unsound currency.

E Bonds

The most common bonds which sold for $18.75 and could be redeemed for $25 after 10 years. Americans bought nearly $50 billion worth of war bonds. Banks, insurance companies, and other financial institutions bought the rest- over $100 billion worth of bonds.

Election of 1860

The Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln for president. The Democrats, for the first time in many years, were not agreed on a favorite candidate. The Democratic convention nominated Stephen Douglas, but the southerners found him too moderate. They nominated John Breckinridge to run against Douglas and Lincoln. Lincoln wins at the end.

Harriet Tubman

The most famous conductor of slaves in the underground railroad.

Andersonville

The most infamous prison in the south. There was no shelter. There was a huge population, and there were food shortages, overcrowding, and disease that killed about 100 men a day during the summer months.

Choosing Sides

The Union had almost all of the navy and merchant ships. The Confederacy had 7 of the 8 military academies in the United States and many of the north's soldiers left to the South. The north had most of the population (22 to 9 million)

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

The United States bought Louisiana from France for $11.25 million. The United States doubled its size and gained control of the entire Mississippi River.

Dividing Oregon

The United states and Great Britain competed for possession though they agreed to occupy land jointly and settle their disputes later

McCulloch vs Maryland

The state of Maryland taxed banknotes produced by the Bank of the United States, claiming that the Bank was unconstitutional. Using implied powers, Marshall countered that the Bank was constitutional and ruled that Maryland was forbidden from taxing the Bank.

Gross National Product

The total value of goods and services, including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country within a specific time period, usually one year.

Nullification (1799)

Theory that states have the right to declare a federal law invalid.

Planters (1800s)

They owned the region's larger plantations.

Credit Mobilier Scandal

This scandal occurred in the 1870s when a railroad construction company's stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the Union Pacific Railroad for railroad construction for their own personal use. To avoid being convicted, stockholders even used stock to bribe congressional members and the vice president.

Crop Liens

This system made merchants to cover debts with the harvested crops and this lead to debt peonage.

Jay's Treaty (1794)

Treaty between the United States and the Great Britain. Jay was forced to agree that Britain had the right to seize cargoes bound for French ports. The treaty prevented war with Great Britain and protected the fragile American economy.

New York Journal and New York World

Two of the nation's major newspapers. Reported dramatic stories of Spanish atrocities. First reported stories of Spanish feeding cuban prisoners to sharks and dogs. The World reported "blood on the roadsides, fields, doorsteps, blood, blood, blood!"

Whiskey Rebellion (1791, 1794)

Under Hamilton, Congress imposed a tax on the manufacture of whiskey, and this enraged Western farmers. In western Pennsylvania, farmers terrorized tax collectors, stopped court proceedings, robbed the mail, and destroyed the whiskey-making stills of those who paid the tax.

Sam Houston

United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863)

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) John Marshall

Upheld constitutionally of the Bank of the US; doctrine of implied powers provided Congress more flexibility to enact legislation. Taxing the national bank was a form of interference and therefore unconstitutional.

Viking settlements (BCE 700 - 1000)

Viking longboats went to America, but most did not settle for the most part. Around 1000 explorer Leif Erikssonn and Vikings explored Labrador coast.

Samuel Tilden

Wealthy lawyer of NY that tried to end corruption in the state and formerly lost against Rutherford Hayes.

West Germany

West Germany was in desperation. The Marshall Plan gave billions of dollars of supplies to West Germany, weakening the appeal of communism and opening new markets for trade. Later officially formed by US, Brit and France. Independent, yet without an army. Separated from East Germany.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Written by Harriet Stowe Beecher targeting slavery in the north.

Thomas Paine

Wrote Common Sense, argued monarchies had been set up by seizing power from the people, time to declare independence.

Danzig

a Baltic Sea port with strong German roots, demanded by Hitler.

Seven Days' Battle

a Confederate victory; thwarted the Union's Virginia Peninsular Campaign of spring and summer of 1862; first battle in which Lee commanded the Confederate Army

Jacob Riis

a Danish born journalist that observed that in a map of new york city, it would show more stripes than on the skin of a zebra

James G. Blaine

a U.S. Representative, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator from Maine, two-time United States Secretary of State, and champion of the Half-Breeds. He was a dominant Republican leader of the post Civil War period, obtaining the 1884 Republican nomination, but lost to Democrat Grover Cleveland

Women's Trade Union League

a U.S. organization of both working class and more well-off women formed in 1903 to support the efforts of women to organize labor unions and to eliminate sweatshop conditions

Okinawa

a campaign in the closing days of World War II in the Pacific (April to June 1945)

Agent Orange

a chemical that strips leaves from trees and shrubs turning farmlands and forest into wasteland. Used in Vietnam War.

Military-Industrial Complex

a concept commonly used to refer to policy and monetary relationships between legislators, national armed forces, and the military industrial base that supports them.

Deflation

a contraction of economic activity resulting in a decline of prices

Volunteers In Service To America (VISTA)

a domestic peace corps. Help people overcome poverty.

Kamikaze

a fighter plane used for suicide missions by Japanese pilots in World War II

Interstate Commerce Commission

a former independent federal agency that supervised and set rates for carriers that transported goods and people between states

Donner Party

a group of 87 American pioneers who in 1846 set off from Missouri in a wagon train headed west for California, only to find themselves trapped by snow in the Sierra Nevada. The subsequent casualties resulting from starvation, exposure, disease, and trauma were extremely high, and many of the survivors resorted to cannibalism.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

a landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States that outlawed major forms of discrimination against racial, ethnic, national and religious minorities, and also women.

New Frontier

a legislative agenda intended by JFK. Aid to education, health insurance to elderly, department of human affairs and help migrant workers.

Annexing the Philippines

a lot of Americans were against it because it betrayed their principles. Decided to annex them because they could not give them to Spain, Germany, France or leave them alone. They "needed American help."

Miracle at Dunkirk

a lot of soldiers trapped in Belgium were sent into Dunkirk, the last port standing. Hitler suddenly stopped and gave them 3 days, enough for the British to mobilize and save them.

Lockout

a management action resisting employee's demands

1785 Ordinance

a method of surveying the western lands, it arrange the land in townships.

Strategic Bombing

a military strategy used in a WWII where the Allies bombed the Japanese for days on end with the goal of weakening their defenses and bringing them to a surrender (which they never do)

James Madison

a nationalist and member of the Virginia Assembly. in 1786 he called a convention of all the states to discuss trade and taxation problems.

Ho Chi Minh Trail

a network of jungle paths where North Vietnam sent arms and supplies south.

Battlefield Medicine

a new field of medicine that happens in the battlefield during action

Fixed costs

a periodic charge that does not vary with business volume (as insurance or rent or mortgage payments etc.)

The Manhattan Project

a secret research and development project of the US to develop the atomic bomb. Its success granted the US the bombs that ended the war with Japan as well as ushering the country into the atomic era

Stock+Stockholder

a share/ part of an ownership of a corporation a person who invests money in a company and are part owners of the company

Segregation

a social system that provides separate facilities for minority groups

Poll Tax

a tax of a fixed amount per person and payable as a requirement for the right to vote

War Powers Act

a way to reestablish some limits on executive power after Vietnam War. Required president to inform Congress of any commitment of troops abroad within 48 hours and to withdraw them in 60 to 90 days unless Congress explicitly approved the troop commitment.

Habeas Corpus

a writ ordering a prisoner to be brought before a judge

Vertical integration

absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture from raw materials to distribution

Horizontal integration

absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level

Joseph McCarthy

accused 305 members of the state department as Communists. Accused La Follette of being comminist. Became senator.

Staple Act

act passed in (1663), every good the colonies exported had to pass by England, to pay taxes.

Romanticism (1800s)

advocated feeling over reason, inner spirituality over:

Inflation

after economy was not restrained by government anymore, prices rose sky high. Wages went down again.

Supreme Court Rivals Roosevelt

after his inefficiency, the Congress refused to pass his new acts. Supreme Court declared the NIRA unconstitutional.

Death of Progressivism

after so many changes of war, economic problems, labor unrest and racial tensions, the Republicans argued for a more stable society. "Not revolution, but restoration, not agitation, but adjustment." Hoped to put racial and labor unrest and economic problems behind and build more prosperous and stable society.

Uprising in Hungary

after the CIA published the secret tape of Khrushchev's speech, riots began in Eastern Europe. Soviet tanks crushed the rebellion.

United States Withdrawal

after the Christmas bombings, finally North Vietnam agreed to renegotiate and Thieu agreed to allow North Vietnam troops in the South. Peace was signed.

Mine Strikes

after the cost of living rose, workers asked form a better payment. Truman controlled this by forcing them to work or going into the army.

Nixon Wins in 1968

after the violence and chaos in Chicago was linked to the Democrats Nixon's popularity grew by his promise of an end to the war and seek for unification, restoration of the law and order. Humphrey was supported by LBJ, but Nixon won.

Fascism

aggressive nationalism, nation more important than individual.

Dawes Plan

agreement with France, Britain and Germany by which American banks would make loans to the Germans that would enable them to meet their reparation payments. Britain and France would accept less in reparations and pay more on their war debts.

Pools

agreements between companies to maintain prices at a certain level

Equal Pay Act

aimed at abolishing wage disparity based on sex.

Battle of Britain

air battle between the Luftwaffe and the British Royal Air Force.

Olaudah Equiano

aka Gustavus Vassa, wrote memories on his slave trade known as the Middle Passage during (1760.)

Open Door Policy

all countries should be allowed to trade with China.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

all signing nations agreed to abandon war and to settle all disputes by peaceful means.

Initiative

allowed a group of citizens to introduce legislation and required the legislature to vote on it.

Referendum

allowed proposed legislation to be submitted to the voters for approval.

Recall

allowed voters to demand a special election to remove an elected official from office before his or her term had expired.

The lowest level

also included Native Americans, Africans, and people of mixed Spanish and African or African and Native American ancestry.

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War. Defeated Lee.

Closed shops

an agreement in which a company agrees to hire union members only

Ernest Hemingway

an ambulance driver in Italy during WWI. "Heroic antiheroes". Direct, simple, concise prose.

Grenville Dodge

an engineer who directed Union Pacific's construction of the railroads out West

Corporation

an organization that is authorized by law to carry on an activity but treated as though it were a single person

American Protective Association

anti immigrant organization. Henry Bowers was the founder who was despised by Catholics and foreigners and committed his group to stopping immigration. This declined after economic recession of 1893.

Kristallnacht

anti-Jewish violence in the night of broken glass due to the assassination of a German diplomat.

Juvenile Delinquency

antisocial or criminal behavior of young people.

David Riesman

argued that conformity was changing people. Wrote The Lonely Crowd.

Urban Society in New England (Class Structure)

at the top of society a small group of wealthy merchants, followed by a large group of artisans, and at the bottom people with no property or skills, mainly workers at the harbor. (1700's)

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

authorization to President Johnson to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

authorized the attorney general to send federal examiners to register qualified voters.

Baptists preaching to African Americans

baptists church accepted, and gained, many slaves, which worried planters about losing control. Despite this, by (1775), 20% of Virginia's whites and thousands of blacks became baptists.

Dien Bien Phu

battle where French tried to take Vietminh's supply lines and force them into open battle. Vietminh bombed the town and forced French to make peace.

Creationism

belief that God created the world as described in the Bible.

Domino Theory

belief that if Viertnam felt into Communism, the other nations of Southeast Asia would also.

Black Panthers

believed a revolution was needed in the US. Urged African Americans to arm themselves and confront white society. Adopted 10 point program.

Marcus Garvey

black leader from Jamaica. "Negro Nationalism." Promoted black pride and unity.

African Culture

black population was great in the South, they developed Gullah (mixture of English and African) and mixed their beliefs with Christian faith. (1700's)

Black Nationalism

black pride. Glorified the black culture and traditions of the past.

British Blockade / Contraband

blocked the entrance of goods to Germany. Prohibited entrance of materials of neutral countries to Germany.

SS St. Louis

boat with 930 Jewish refugees, not accepted in US or Cuba, so went back to Europe.

Two Treatises of Government

book by Locke, explaining the basis of political obligation and justified revolution. (1670).

Home Owner's Loan Corporation (HOLC)

bought the mortgages of many homeowners who were behind in payments. 10 percent of the nation's homeowners received help. This restructured them with longer term repayments and lower interest rates.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

built hydroelectric plants and dams aimed at improving seven Southern states and attracting industry to the South.

On the Road

by Kerouac. His adventures with a car thief and con artist.

McNary-Haugen Bill

called for the federal government to purchase surplus crops and sell them abroad while protecting the American market with a high tariff.

Black Power

can be an interpretation of physical defense and violence as acceptable in defense of one's freedom: African Americans. Others saw it as African Americans should control the social, political and economic direction of their struggle. Pride in African American cultural group.

Father Coughlin

catholic priest in Detroit from the Left. Had a popular radio show. Wanted heavy taxes for wealthy Americans and nationalization of banking system. Organized the National Union for Social Justice.

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

caused by 10% wage cuts. troops were killed, fire set to RR company.

Amendments

changes of the Constitution

Thurgood Marshall

chief counsel of the NAACP.

Conscription

compulsory military service

The Kerner Commission

conducted a detailed study of the Race Riots.

Spanish Civil War

conflict between Franco aided by Germany and Italy versus communists with USSR.

Selective Service

conscription system that required all men from 21-30 to register to the draft.

Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO)

coordinate the new programs of the EOA.

Cost of Living

cost of food, clothing, shelter and other essentials that people need to survive.

Operating costs

costs that occur while running a company

Separation of Powers

created 3 powers.... Judicial, executive and legislative branch

Advertising

created appealing, persuasive messages that linked their clients' products with qualities such as progress, convenience, leisure, success, fashion and style.

Enforcement/Lords Commissioners of Trade and Plantations

created by Charles II in (1675), the lords had to make sure everyone followed the acts. They discovered Massachusetts didn't and England banned them from the chart as a royal colony.

Presidential Commission on the Status of Women

created by JFK to call for action against gender discrimination and affirmed the right of women to equally paid employment.

Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity (CEEO)

created by JFK to stop the federal bureaucracy from discriminating against African Americans when hiring and promoting people.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

created colorful, glamorous characters who chased futile dreams.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

created one year after Sputnik, to coordinate research in rocket science and space exploration.

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

created to monitor American business. Had power to investigate companies and issue cease and desist orders against companies engaging in unfair trade practices.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

created to provide government insurance for bank deposits up to a certain amount. With this, FDR increased public confidence in the banking system.

Generation Gap

cultural separation between children and their parents.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act

cut tariffs hardly at all and raised them on some goods.

Margin Calling

demanded the investor to repay the loan at once if the stock price began to fall.

Civil Works Administration (CWA)

differently from the PWA, they hired workers directly and put them on the federal government's payroll. Employed 4 million. Built or improved 1000 airports, 500,000 miles of road, 40,000 schools and 3,500 playgrounds, parks and playing fields.

The Korean War

dispute between Communist North Korea and Capitalist South Korea for the whole territory. Soviets armed North Korea, making them able to invade.

Assembly Line

divided operations into simple tasks that unskilled workers could do and cut unnecessary motion to a minimum.

Separate-but-Equal

doctrine established by the Plessy v. Ferguson.

The Pentagon Papers

documents leaked that revealed that many government officials during the LBJ administration privately questioned the war while publicly defending it.

Project Venona

documents that provided strong evidence the Rosenbergs were guilty, approximately 3,000 messages between Moscow and the US confirming Soviet spying. US cracked spy code.

James J. Hill.

driving force of the Gr. Northern Railway , Became a Shipping Agent For Winnipeg Merchants Nicknamed the "Empire Builder"

Airline Industry

due to technological advances in WWI, changed transportation industry. Were seen as dangerous novelties. Air-mail service. Airports and commercial flights began.

Assassination of MLK

during a protest in Memphis for billions of dollars by the government to end poverty MLK stood on his hotel balcony and was shot by a sniper.

Election of 1960

enormous impact of television debates. Focused on the appearance of the candidates. Television politics began. Kennedy was outgoing and relaxed from rich family, Nixon poor, formal and stiff in manner. JFK won.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

ensured African Americans' right to vote.

Shay's Rebellion (1786)

erupted in Massachusetts. The rebellion started when the government of Massachusetts decided to raise taxes instead of issuing paper money to pay off its debts. Marched on the state supreme court. Daniel Shays, a former captain in the Continental Army, lead the rebellion.

Scotch-Irish

escaping from Ireland, during (1717 and 1776), 150,000 immigrated to America. Many went to Philadelphia or the Southern Colonies.

Medicare

established a comprehensive health insurance program for all elderly people; financed through the social security system.

Emergency Quota Act

established a temporary quota system, limiting migration.

Economic Opportunity Act (EOA)

established a wide range of programs aimed at creating jobs and fighting poverty.

Baker v. Carr

established that federal courts can hear lawsuits seeking to force state authorities to redraw the electoral districts.

Pietism

european religious movement which stressed an individual's piety or devoutness and an emotional union with God. (1700's)

Babe Ruth

famous baseball player for hitting hundreds of home runs. He was a worldwide celebrity.

Cooperatives

farms owned and operated by the government

Williams Jenning Bryan

favored neutrality in WWI, but his people favored British.

Termination Policy

federal government withdrew all official recognition of the Native American groups as legal entities and made them subject to the same laws as white citizens.

Nationalism

feeling of intense pride of one's homeland.

Poll Taxes

fees paid in order to vote.

Adolf Hitler

fervent anticommunist and admirer of Mussolini.

Poverty Line

figure that the government set to reflect the minimum income required to support a family.

Robert Weaver

first African American to serve in a cabinet. Secretary of Department of Housing and Urban Development.

Harlem Renaissance

flowering of African American arts.

T.S Elliot

focused on the negative effects of modernism.

Conscription

forced military service.

Sit-ins

form of protest used by union workers in the 30s.

Censure

formal disapproval.

Paris Summit in 1960

formal face-to-face meeting of leaders from different countries to discuss important issues. Was interrupted by Khrushchev with the U-2 incident.

Power to Impeach

formally accuse of misconduct, and then remove the president or any official in the executive or judicial branch.

The People's Party

formed to make changes in govt and represent the farmers, Genuine movement beginning with farmers that embraced the number of people who were dissatisfied, Did not come from another party, developed on their own, Nominated someone completely different to show their independence from the other 2 parties, Reform program spelled out first in ocala demands and then more clearly in the omaha platform of 1892, System of subtreasuries which would replace and strengthen the cooperatives of grangers and alliances , Network of warehouses, Abolition of national banks, adsentee ownership of land, direct election of US senators, Regulation and govt ownership of railroads, telephones and telegraphs, System of govt operated postal savings banks, graduated income tax, inflation of currency, Free silver, Anti-semitic, Anti-intellectual

Japanese American Citizens League

founded in 1929 to protect Japanese Americans' civil rights, worked for decades to receive government compensation for property lost by Japanese Americans interned in camps during World War II.

Stalwarts and Halfbreeds

fractions in the Republican party that emerged by 1880; the stalwarts, led by bye Senator Roscoe Conkling, supported the spoils system, while the half-breeds claimed to represent the idea of civil service reform.

Emancipation

freedom from slavement.

Consensus

general agreement.

Stonewall Jackson

general in the Confederate Army during the Civil War whose troops at the first Battle of Bull Run stood like a stone wall (1824-1863)

Graft

getting money through dishonest or questionable means

Direct Relief

give money directly to impoverished families. Hoover opposed this, believing it was better to give it to the state and city.

Calvin Coolidge

governor of Massachusetts that sent the National Guard to stop the Boston Police Strike involving 75% of police. Fired all of the policemen that wanted to get back to work and replaced them with new police form. Due to this, he became the vice presidential candidate in the 1920 election by Republicans.

Attrition

gradual wearing away, weakening, or loss; a natural or expected decrease in numbers or size

Vietnamization

gradual withdrawal of US troops while South Vietnam assumed more of the fighting.

18th Amendment

granted the power to enforce Prohibition.

The Supremes

group in the 60s from the previous one's influences.

Freedom Riders

group of African Americans that traveled with whites into the South to draw attention of South's refusal to integrate bus terminals.

Bolsheviks

group of Communists that competed for power in Russia.

Muckrackers

group of crusading journalists who investigated social conditions and political corruption.

Convoys

groups in which merchant ships and troops transport escorted by warships in the Atlantic.

Nineteenth Amendment

guaranteed women the right to vote.

National Labor Relations Act

guaranteed workers the right to organize unions without interference from employers and to bargain collectively.

Vietcong

guerilla army organized by Ho Chi Minh followers in the North.

Bureau of Corporations

had the authority to investigate corporations and issue reports on their activities.

George Whitefield

he arrived in Philadelphia in (1739), he was a powerful and emotional speaker. He challenged the authority by warning people about listening the ministers that hadn't been reborn again.

Grierson

he took 1700 troops on a cavalry raid through Mississippi. The raid distracted the confederate forces defending Vicksburg and enabled grant to move his troops south of the city

J. Edgar Hoover

head of the General Intelligence Division, eventually becoming FBI. Investigated the revolutionary conspiracy.

Cooperative Individualism

idea by Herbert Hoover, involved encouraging manufacturers and distributers to form their own trade associations, which would voluntarily share information with the federal government, reducing costs and promoting economic efficiency.

Selma March

idea from MLK to act against Sheriff Jim Clark. Clark armed white citizens. A lot of people were arrested by Clark. SNCC and SLCC's activists organized a march for freedom from Selma to Montgomery on US Highway 80. State troopers commanded by Clark fired the pacifists near the Edmund Pettus Bridge.

Socialism

idea that the government should own and operate industry for the community as a whole.

Royal African Company

in (1672), King Charles II granted a chart for the company to engage in slave trade. It made it easy to acquire slaves.

Sir Edmund Andros

in (1686), he became the first general governor of the Dominion, enforcing the Navigation Acts and puritanism.

The Republic of Texas

in September 1836 the newly independent republic called its citizens to the polls and elected Sam Houston as their first president

Mann-Elkins Act

increased the regulatory powers of the ICC.

Entrepreneurs

individuals who start new businesses, introduce new products, and improve management techniques

John Maynard Keynes

influenced Keynesianism. Argued government should spend heavily during a recession, even if it had to run a deficit, in order to jump-start the economy.

Josiah Strong

influential advocate of Anglo-Saxonism, popular American minister. Convinced many americans to support imperialism and an expansion of American power overseas.

Teach-ins

informal discussion of the issues surrounding Vietnam war and reaffirmation of the reasons for opposing it. Started in University of Michigan.

Political Machine

informal political group designed to gain and keep power, mostly where city outgrown the government

Propaganda

information designed to influence opinion.

Civil Rights Act of 1957

intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote.

Hepburn Act

intended to strengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission who regulated the railroad industry. Gave power to set railroad rates.

Louis Armstrong

introduced Jazz, member of the Hot Five. First great cornet and trumpet soloist in jazz music.

Children's Bureau

investigated and publicized problems with child labor.

Margin

investors made only a smash cash down payment. The rest would be a loan.

Guerillas

irregular troops who usually blend into the civilian population and are often difficult for regular armies to fight.

America First Committee

isolationist group that firmly opposed any American intervention or aid to the Allies.

Emancipation Proclamation

issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

English Bill of Rights

it abolished the king's absolute power to suspend laws and create his own. It also made illegal to impose taxes or raise an army without the Parliament consent. (1689).

Land grants

land subsidies granted to railroad companies to encourage construction of rail lines to the West

Plantations

large commercial estates where many laborers lived on the land and cultivated the crops for the landowner. (1600's to 1700's)

Mass Production

large-scale product manufacturing usually done by machinery.

Federal Highway Act

largest public works program in American history. 25 billion for 10-year effort to construct 40,000 miles of interstate highways.

Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor

last straw that made US realize they had to enter WWII; changed Americans from isolationists into avengers

Polio Vaccine

later improved from Salk's injected to Sabin's oral.

Alger Hiss

lawyer and diplomat who served with FDR, attended Yalta and organized UN. Communist sympathizer accused by Chambers.

Lenin

leader of Bolsheviks, overthrew the Russian government and established a Communist government.

Mao Zedong

leader of Communist forces in China.

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

left-wing student organization that organized a march on DC that drew more than 20,000 participants against Vietnam War and draft.

Neutrality Acts of 1935 and 37

made it illegal for Americans to sell arms to any country at war; if a country wanted supplies from the US, they needed to go get them there.

Internal Security Act

made it illegal to combine, conspire, or agree with any other person to perform any act which could substantially contribute to the establishment of a totalitarian government.

Rice & Indigo

main cash crops in South Carolina. (1600's)

Lee Harvey Oswald

man accuse sod killing JFK. Marxist who spent time in the Soviet Union.

Malcolm X

man that was arrested when he was young. In prison he took an active role in the prison debate society. Joined Nation of Islam. He separated from them and visited Mecca. Concluded an integrated society was possible. Nation of Islam killed him for criticizing them. , 1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulses to achieve true independence and equality

Foreign Investment

many Americans invested in an allied victory because they had strong economic ties with them. Fortunes were invested. If allies won the war, money back. If not, money lost.

Immigrants to Pennsylvania

many were Germans that arrived at the early (1700's) and by (1775) they were more than 100,000. Their settlements became known as the Pennsylvania Dutch.

Winfield Scott

member of the whig party, in command of this campaign. 1847 his troops landed at veracruz and later headed for mexico city, battling the enemy along the way

Selectmen

men chosen to manage the town's affairs in the town meetings. (1700's)

The Enlightenment

mid (1700's), new thinking that natural laws can be applied to society, and made emphasis on logic and reasoning (rationalism). Locke (tabula rasa) and Montesquieu were influential writers. Montesquieu published the idea of executive, legislative, and judicial power in (1748), in the book Spirit of the Laws.

Eldridge Cleaver

minister of culture. Member of the Black Panthers. Showed Black Panthers objectives in his book Soul on Ice.

Rough Riders

mix of cowboys, miners and law officers that volunteered from the American West to go to Santiago, Cuba.

Mestizos

mixed Spanish and Native American parentage. The mestizos worked as artisans, merchants, and shopkeepers.

Women in the 1920s

modern look with short hair, colored socks, youthful appearance, glamour, screen star. Too revealing attire, drank and smoked. Some pursued social freedom, others financial independence. Others contributed to science, medicine, law and literature.

Liberty Bonds

money loaned from Americans to the government for the war. Money repaid with interests.

New Consumerism

more luxury items bought. Labor-saving machines. Advertising.

Baby Boom

more than 65 million children were born in the US from 1945 to 1961.

The Battle of the Argonne Forest

most massive attack in American history with 600,000 troops, 40,000 tons of supplies. Slowly took German positions one by one, shattering German defenses and opening a hole in German lines.

The Great Migration

movement of African Americans from the South to Northern cities due to the war.

Prohibition

movement to ban alcohol.

Changes in Radio

music, news, talk shows and weather instead of TV concepts.

Ngo Dinh Diem

nationalist leader who led the South of Vietnam. Fiercely anticommunist.

Satellite Nations

nations that are not under direct control yet need to remain friendly with mother nation. They have to follow certain policies that the nation approves.

Red Scare

nationwide panic that Communists might seize power.

Doughboys

nickname for American soldiers.

John Steinbeck

novelist who added flesh and blood to journalists' reports of poverty and misfortune. Sympathy for the characters and indignation at social injustice.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

officially Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits and Settlement between the United States of America and the Mexican Republic, is the peace treaty between the U.S. and Mexico that ended the Mexican-American War (1846-48).

Auschwitz

one of the biggest camps, 1,300,000 Jews killed.

Levittown

one of the earliest of the new suburbs. Similar looking homes for an inexpensive price. More picturesque environment than the city.

Charles Macune

one of the founders of the National Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union

Nationwide Steel Strike

one of the largest in American history, 350,00 steelworkers went on strike for higher pay, shorter hours and recognition of their union.

The Peale Family

painted by Peale, showed his own family in everyday pose. Americans liked these informal scenes over the European styles.

The Sherman Anti-trust Act

passed in 1890, was a pioneering but weak law that tried to deter the new corporations and monopolies that existed

Martin Luther King

pastor elected leader of the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Later SCLC's first president.

Bounty

payment or reward (especially from a government) for acts such as catching criminals or killing predatory animals or enlisting in the military

People's president (1828)

people admired Andrew Jackson. Orphanage at the age of 14, he fought alone for overcoming all difficulties. Jackson was elected representative of Tennessee. Battle of New Orleans. Invasion of Florida. Had a wild personality; but got better as he grew older. He wanted that people would get more power. Believed in Majority-democracy

Francis Gray Powers

piloted the US U-2 spy plane that was taken down by the Soviets.

Technology in the War

poison gas, tank, airplanes in combat, dogfights that were airplanes with machine guns.

Ohio Gang

poker-playing friends of Harding, he felt more comfortable with them than with sober and serious people. His friends were corrupt, so he felt betrayed.

Miranda v. Arizona

police must inform suspects of their rights during the arrest process.

Pure Food and Drug Act

prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure of falsely labeled food and drugs.

Griswold v. Connecticut

prohibiting the sale and use of birth control devices violated citizens' constitutional right to privacy.

Virginia Plan

proposed scrapping the Articles of Confederation entirely and creating a new national government with the power to make laws binding upon the states and to raise its own money through taxes.

Social Security Act

provide some security for the elderly and for unemployed workers.

National Housing Act 1949

provided for the construction of more than 800,000 units of low incoming houses, accompanied by long-term rent subsidies.

National Defense Education Act (NDEA)

provided funds for education and training in science, math, and foreign languages.

Servicemen's Readjustment Act (GI Bill)

provided generous loans to veterans to help them establish, businesses, buy homes, and attend college.

Medicaid

provided health and medical assistance to low-income families.

Committee on Public Information

provided propaganda to rally citizen support for all aspects of the war effort.

Northwest Ordinance

provided the basis of governing most of the western land. this law created new territory at the north of ohio and east of mississippi

Manchuria

province in northern China, resource rich, perfect place to conquer for Japanese.

Eugenics

pseudoscience that works with improving hereditary traits.

The Affluent Society

published by John Galbraith, noted the difference between an economy of scarcity and an economy of abundance.

Conditions of Urban African Americans

racism was still common. A lot of prejudice against African Americans. They had low-paying jobs. Half of them were in poverty. High unemployment. Bad hygiene led to more deaths. Criminality.

Theodore Roosevelt

raged that McKinley had "no more backbone than a chocolate éclair."

Fordney-McCumber Act

raised dramatically tariffs in an effort to protect American industry from foreign competition. Damaged the selling of American products overseas.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

raised the average tariff rate to the highest level in American history.

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

ran the entire program. Business owners who signed the code agreements received sings of the NRA's symbol. Urged consumers to buy products of the NRA only. Later became unconstitutional.

Alexander Hamilton

recommended that the congress itself call for another convention to be held in Philadelphia in May 1787.

Underwood Tariff

reduced the average tariff on imported goods to about 30 percent of the value of the goods, about half the tariff rate of the 1890s.

Fundamentalism

religious movement that believed the values in society were becoming extinct due to consumer culture and moral decline. They believed the Bible was literally true without errors. Believe Creationism, not evolution.

Robert M. LaFollette Jr.

rival of McCarthy. Accused by him of being communist.

Korematsu v. the United States

ruled that imprisonment of japanese americans was constitutional

Government as a safety net

safeguards and relief programs that protected Americans against economic disaster.

De Facto Segregation

segregation by custom and tradition.

Morgan v. Virginia

segregation on intestate buses was unconstitutional.

Glass-Steagall Banking Act

separated commercial banking from investment banking. Commercial banking, used in every day negotiations, were now prohibited to invest in the stock market.

Iron Curtain

separated the Communist nations of Eastern Europe from the West.

Alliance for Progress

series of cooperative aid projects with Latin American governments.

Mercantilism

set of ideas about world economy and how it works, popular between the (1600's and the 1700's)

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

set up by Hoover to make loans to banks, railroads and agriculture institutions, money from the government.

Grand Banks

shallow region in the Atlantic Ocean that was suitable for fishing and whaling. During the (1700's), it became the base of New England economy.

Hoovervilles

shanytowns, but called Hoovervilles because they blamed the president for this.

Fallout Shelters

shelters for the radiation left over after a blast. This had canned food.

Union Shops

shops in which new workers were required to join the union.

Daylight Savings Time

shortened workweeks for factories that did not make war materials.

Rock n' Roll

similar to African American rhythms and sounds, white people went nuts. Heavy beat.

Race Relations

soldiers coming back from war competed with African Americans for jobs and housing.

The Battle of Chattanooga

solidified union dominance in the west.

Blues

soulful style of music that evolved from African American spirituals whose themes were unfulfilled love, poverty and oppression.

McCarren

sponsored the act to make changing to US government into a toalitarian one illegal

Sweatt v. Painter

state laws had to admit qualified African American applicants.

Reynolds v. Sims

state legislative districts should be equal in population.

Abington School District v. Schempp

state-mandated bible readings in school banned.

Engel v. Vitale

state-mandated prayer in school banded

Trench Warfare

staying in a certain place after digging a hole and attacking from there.

Grapes of Wrath

story of an Oklahoma family fleeing the Dust Bowl to find a new life in California.

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

suspended antitrust laws and allowed business, labor and government to cooperate in setting up voluntary rules for each industry.

Operation Rolling Thunder

sustained bombing campaign against North Vietnam.

Stock Market

system for buying and selling shares of companies.

Sharecropping

system in which landowners leased a few acres of land to farmworkers in return for a portion of their crops

Johnson Treatment

tactics Lyndon Johnson used to persuade others.

Graduated Income Tax

tax on earnings that charges different rates for different income levels

Geneva Accords

temporarily divided Vietnam along the 17th parallel.

Island Hopping

the American navy attacked islands held by the Japanese in the Pacific Ocean. The capture of each successive island from the Japanese brought the American navy closer to an invasion of Japan.

Japan goes elsewhere for resources

the Japanese, who invaded China, wanted to get resources there, but the US refused.

Election of 1908

the Republicans nominated Taft. He was as a brother to Roosevelt. He served as lieutenant, judge, governor and secretary of war. Everyone loved him, so he was elected over twice defeated William Jennings Bryan.

Siege

the action of an armed force that surrounds a fortified place and isolates it while continuing to attack

Operation Overlord

the code name for the Allied invasion of Europe at Normandy on June 6, 1944; also known as D-Day

Seventeenth Amendment

the direct-election amendment stated the election of senators by popular vote.

Laissez-Faire

the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs

Marxism

the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded

Supply-side economics

the idea of lowering taxes so businesses can invest their extra money, growing the economy and actually collecting more taxes.

Expanded voting rights (1824-1840)

the increase in voting during the presidential elections. In 1824, about 355,000 had voted. In 1828, about 1.1 million citizen voted. By 1840, more than 2.4 million american voted.

Ida B. Wells

the lynching of blacks outraged her, an african american journalist. in her newspaper, free speech, wells urged african americans to protest the lynchings. she called for a boycott of segregated street cars and white owned stores. she spoke out despite threats to her life.

Anger at the Draft

the majority of the soldiers sent to the Vietnam War were from poor families that could not go to college. College extended escape from draft until graduation.

Christmas Bombings

the most destructive air raid of the entire war. American B-52s dropped thousands of tons of bombs on North Vietnamese targets for 11 straight days, pausing only on Christmas day. Used to convince North Vietnam to negotiations again.

Change of the Dominion

the new kings dissolved the dominion, but instead of returning all the power to Massachusetts, they passed a chart in (1691). It joined Massachusetts, Plymouth, Maine, and Bay Colony into the royal colony of Massachusetts.

Populism

the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite

Trail of Tears (1838)

the removal of some 18,000 Cherokees, evicted from lands in southeastern United States and marched to Indian Territory (Oklahoma); nearly 25 percent of the people perished from disease and exhaustion during the trip.

The Cuban Missile Crisis

the soviets had missiles pointing to Cuba, the us to turkey. Americans threatened that if soviets sent missiles to Cuba, us would send to Russia. Both leaders agreed to remove their missiles, and the us to don't invade Cuba.

Black Tuesday

the steepest dive yet in prices. Stocks lost 10-15 billion dollars in value.

McCarthyism

the tactic of damaging reputations with vague and unfounded charges.

Reapportionment

the way in which states draw up political districts based on changes in politics.

Brinkmanship

the willingness to go to the brink of war to force the other side to back down.

Ethnic Cities

these cities are immigrants that settled in a part of a city and speak their native language, recreate the churches, synagogues, clubs and newspapers of their homelands.

Jewish Immigrants

they first arrived to New Amsterdam (later called NY). By (1776), approximately 1,500 jews lived in the NE colonies.

Diplomatic Problems /w the British

they flooded the market with cheap goods and left many americans unemployed. american merchants in debt to british lenders. return property to loyalists

Mary and William of Orange

they took the english throne in (1689).

Firebombing Devastates Japan

to help the b-29 planes hit their targets, U.S. used bombs filled with napalm: a jellied gasoline. if the bombs missed their targets, it would start a fire which would spread to the target. the tokyo firebombing killed over 80,000 people and destroyed 250,000 buildings

Massive Retaliation

to threaten to use nuclear weapons if a Communist state tried to seize territory by force.

Zimmerman Telegram

told Mexicans to ally with Germany and in exchange receive Texas, New Mexico and Arizona back. US got furious.

Nuremberg Laws

took citizenship away from Jewish Germans and banned marriage between Jews and other Germans.

Race Riots (Watts and Detroit Infamous)

took place in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles from August 11 to 17, 1965. The six-day riot resulted in 34 deaths, 1,032 injuries, 3,438 arrests, and over $40 million in property damage. It was the most severe riot in the city's history until the Los Angeles riots of 1992. Burned and looted entire neighborhoods. // Burning and looting with police and National Guard members. 43 deaths. US Army sent tank and machine guns. Building were destroyed. $250 million damage in property.

Trade Triangle

using bills of exchange or credit bills, merchants developed and wealthy commerce between New England, the Caribbean, and England. (1750)

Bonus Army

veterans that marched to Washington for the legislation of the 1000 dollars to WW1 soldiers.

Power of the President

veto (reject acts of the Congress), propose legislation, appoint judges, put down rebellions, and chief of the armed forces.

Space Race

vying for dominance of the heavens to enhance competitive positions on earth.

Igor Gouzenko

walked out of the Soviet Embassy with plans for the Soviets to infiltrate in the US and Canadian government to know more about the atomic bombs.

Ku Klux Klan (remixed)

wanted to intimidate Catholics, Jews, immigrants and groups "un-American". They fought for "Americanism" led by William J. Simmons. After they started paying the recruiters, the members exploded to 4 million. This was the last time they had a major impact on politics.

Isolationism

wanting to be left alone to pursue prosperity rather than joining League of Nations.

John Wilkes Booth

was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.

Herbert Spencer

was an english philosopher who first proposed the idea of social darwinism. He applied Charles Darwin;s theory of evolution and natural selection human society. He argued that society progressed and became better because only the fittest people survived.

Warren Commission

was established by President Lyndon B. Johnson on November 29, 1963 to investigate the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy that had taken place on November 22, 1963, accusing Lee Harvey Oswald.

The Great Awakening

was one of the major cultural development in America, it renewed the Christian faith and gained many believers. (1700's)

Treaty of Versailles

weakened and discarded many Wilson's proposals because terms of peace were very harsh. Germany lost forces, pay reparations, accept guilt of WWI.

Franchises

where a person owns and runs one or several stores of a chain operation.

Extermination Camps

where they were executed in massive gas chambers.

South Vietnam Falls

without American support the North Vietnamese sent a full-scale invasion of the South. Thieu asked for help since Nixon assured American support if North Vietnam violated agreement. Due to Nixon's resignation and negation of funds to Gerald Ford, the US did not intervened. North Vietnamese captured the South's capital of Saigon, uniting Vietnam under communist rule.

Strikebreakers

workers hired to do the jobs of striking workers until the labor dispute is resolved

An Essay on Human Understanding

written by Locke, it argued that people are born sinless. Society and education can make people better. (1690.)

The Lonely Crowd

wrote by David Riesman, claimed people were changing from inner-directed, from their values and families, to other-directed, concerning the approval of corporation or community.

Spheres of Influence

Área where a foreign nation controlled economic development such as railroad construction and mining.