Chapter 1 - Cognition

HOw is the information processing system relevant to AI?

because it tries to simulate the processes of human memory through computer programs.

What are 6 concepts cognitive psychology consists of?

information processing, memory, understanding, language acquisition, senses, perception

cerbral cortex & relevance

outer layer of the brain that's responsible for cognitive processes. This helps to distribute the information into regions of the brain.

What are 7 concepts that cogintive psych covers?

perception, language, memory, attention, imaging, human intelligence

What is a limitation for artificial intelligence?

since it is a computer it can not precisely duplicate human cognitive processes. they are unique.

what is so important about Hermann Ebbinghaus and MAry Whiton Calkins?

they both helped to research human memory

What do researchers do in a PET scan? and what is it used to study?

they inject participants with a radioactive chemical before doing a cognitive task in order to measure blood flow. This scan is used to study attention, memory and language but is not very precise.

What are the 5 different neurosicence techniques and tell me whether they can be used by humans, if the information is precise, and what kind of questions they answer.

1) PET- can be used on humans but is not very precise and takes several seconds to produce data which in the brain anything can change in that amount of time. It answers which part of the brain is activates during a cognitive task.; 2) fMRI- is relatively precise but not enough to study the sequnce of events in the cognitive tasks, it can be used on humans and identifies the exact time sequnce of cognitive task; 3) ERP- it is reasonably precise and can be done on humans and identifies the electrical changes in brain; 4) Single cell recording- is not safe for humans so is done on animals.; 5) Artificial intelligence- is a computer approach and can be used on humans but can have some innacuracies.

What are the 3 periods of the historical context of psychology (cognitive)?

1) introspectionism, 2) behaviorism, 3) cognitive approach

What are 2 important concepts involved in the information processing approach?

1) The mental processes can be compared to a computer processing 2) mental processes can interpret information through stages

What are 4 important things that Frederic Bartlett states about cognitive processes/memory processes?

1) memory processes are active 2) construct meaning, 3) help interpret and transform information, 4) help to associate new information with our experiences.

What are the 5 themes for Cognition?

1) processes are active, 2) remarkably efficient and accurate, 3) handle positive information better than negative, 4) are interrelated with one another and cant operate isolated, 5) rely on both bottom-up and top-down processing.

what are the 5 steps for the atkinson shiffrin model?

1) we take in information, 2) goes through our senses into our sensory memory stays here for approx. 2 seconds, 3) some of that information gets lost and some travels into our STM, 4) some of the working memory information is lost and some travels into our LTM, 5) Information from our LTM some can get lost and some can recalled or retrieved again into our STM for use.

Top-down processing

Big picture to details-- from our semantic network to the external.

Bottom-up processing

Details to big picture-- from the environment to our semantics through our senses.

T or F: It is NOT easy to answer a positive question compared to a negative.what theme does this prove?

F. It is easy. this proves the theme that says that cognitive processes can handle positive information better than negative

What do behaviorists think about humans? What Theme of the 5 from cognition does this go along with?

Humans are like blank slates that influence and are being influenced. It goes along with the theme that states that cognitive processes are active and not passive.

Is the single cell recording technique safe for humans? and if not what do they use then to experiment?

No it is not safe so they use animals.

Is this an example of ecological validity? and Why. Yes or No. "I study Biology in math classroom".

No. because its not realistic. You would be more inclined to studying Biology in a bio classroom or where Biological aspects can be found.

What did Piaget emphasize?

Our cognitive strategies change the more we develop and mature

What are 2 brain imaging techniques? write its full names.

PET- positron Emission Tomography and fMRI- functional magnetic Resonance Imaging

T or F: Cognitive processes are adaptive to make life better even with some flaws. and what theme does this prove?

T. this proves the theme that states that cognitive processes are remarkably efficient and accurate.

T or F: Thinking requires us to manipulate our internal representations of what is external to us.

True or T.

Who started the behaviorism approach?

Watson

Recency effect & relevance

We are able to recall the final items we observed in our stimuli. it is relevant because it helps to understand mary calkins view on human memory.

Who started the introspectionism approach?

Wilhelm Wundt

Reductionism. & its relevance

analyze and break down something into smaller parts. This is relevant to theme that states that cognitive processes are interrelated to one another and cant be isolated due to the fact that the smaller pieces are all a part of a whole.

Pure AI & relevance

approach that wants to accomplish a cognitive task efficiently and is associated with the artificial intelligence computer metaphor.

neuron & relevance

basic cell in the nervous system. Neurons goal is to identify which variations in a stimulus produce a consistent change in a single cells electrical activity. it helps provide a mechanism for recognizing patterns.

Artificial intelligence & relevance

branch of computer science that seeks to explore human cognitive processes by creating computer models that accomplish the same tasks that humans do. Helps to understand how we can recognize faces, or create mental images and other cognitive activities.

Introspectionism & give its relevance

carefully trained observers would systematically analyze their own sensations and report them as objectively as possible trying to understand how we view our world. The relevance is that we must think deeply about the components we are observing and break down its components using our senses but can be innaccurate.

Parrallel Distributed Processing aka PDP model & relevance

cognitive processes can be understood in terms of networks that link together neuron-like units and are simultaneous. This proves that cognitive processes are interrelated to each other.

What are 3 disciplines under cognitive science?

cognitive psychology, neuroscience and artificial intelligence

cognitive neuroscience & its relevance

combines research techniques of cognitive psychology with various ways to assess the structure and function of the brain. Helps us to explore the kind of cognitive processes we use.

what are 2 other names for PDP?

connectionism and neural networks

STM aka working memory & relevance

contains a small amount of info that we actively use and can be lost in 30 seconds unless we repeat it. This falls under the Atkinson and shiffrin theory and can prove that our memory is fragile.

Cognitive science & its relevance

contemporary field that studies the mind and the way it processes information. It deals with reality, philosophy and the entire human experience.

association & Give its relevance

could be meaningful, engaging or simply an action. Its relevance is that it helps you to elaborate better causing your mental processes to be more effective

what are 3 characteristics of PDP?

distributing information, processing information simultaeneous or all at once and interpreting the information in a parallel matter.

why was cognitive psychology formed?

due to the disagreement of behaviorist approaches and the growth of language, memory and development/ information processing.

Gestalt psychology & relevance

emphasizes that we humans have basic tendencies to actively organize what we see. This proves that our cognitive processes are interrelated and cant be isolate since the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

LTM

enormous capacity of space for storage of information and can be permanent.

what did william james focus on?

everyday psychological experiences

Psycho-dynamic approach

focuses on our unconscious emotions.

What did Hermann Ebbinghaus focus on?

he focused on factors that influence human memory by using non-sense syllables.

what is the name of one of the computer chess programs under Pure AI?

hydra

ecological validity & give its relevance

if stimuli fits in everyday situations its relevance is that is answers the question how valid is the testing environment in reality?

Cognitive psychology & Give its relevance.

involves the acquisition , storage, transformation and use of knowledge. it helps us to understand how we think and process information from external stimuli.

social cognitive neuroscience & relevance to cognitive neuroscience

kind of cognitive processes we use with interacting with others. It is another technique for cognitive neuroscience.

parallel processing & relevance to PDP

many signals handled at the same time supporting the PDP model as the opposite of serial processing.

Atkinson-shiffrin theory & relevance

memory can be understood as a sequence of steps in which information is transferred from one storage to another. This theory falls into the information processing approach which states the our memory is like a computer and can interpret information through stages.

when did cognitive psychology begin to emerge?

mid-1950's

Atkinson-shiffrin theory is also called?

modal model

Computer metaphor & relevance to themes and AI

our cognitive processes work like a computer. It is a complex, multipurpose machine that processes info quickly and accurately. This proves that our cognitive processes are remarkably effective and accurate and it is part of the bigger picture of Artificial intelligence.

gestalt & relevance to insight

overall quality that goes beyond the individual elements and thinks of the holistic idea. this emphasizes the importance of insight in problem solving.

operational definition & relevance

precise definition that specifies exactly how a concept is to be measured. This is one of the contributions and important concepts for the behaviorist approach.

Event-relate potential technique

records the brief fluctuations in the brains electrical activity in response to stimuli

Brain lesion & relevance

scar in brain tissue. it has helped with understanding the organization of the brain however sometimes they can be difficult to interpret due to its complexity.

empirical evidence & relevance to Aristotle

scientific evidence that you obtain from observation and experiments. Aristotle emphasized the importance of this type of evidence in regards to discussing how humans acquire knowledge

What did Mary White Calkins focus on?

she focused on the recency effect phenomenon.

sensory memory & relevance

storage system that records information from each of the senses with reasonable accuracy. This proves that our cognitive processes are remarkably efficient and accurate.

What did Chomsky emphasize?

structure of language was too complex to be explained by behaviorists

serial processing & relevance

system handles only one item at a given time- system must complete one step before it can move one. It is a part of the PDP approach and cannot be simultaneous.

single cell recording & its relevance

take an electrode and place it in a particular cell in the brain and then wait for a response. (EX: Penfield, William)

computer simulation aka computer modeling & relevance

takes human limitations into account and is created to design a system that matches the way humans work cognitively. Since AI is not precise in duplicating human cognitive processes this helps to match as much as it can.

Behaviorism & give its relevance to watson

the idea that scientists analyze everything and focus on the observable and objective reactions. Watson wanted to use rats to study human behavior analyzing why humans do what they do.

object permanence & relevance

the knowledge that an object exists even when it is temporarily invisible. As children we have this type of cognitive process however as we mature this changes and proves what Piaget emphasized in his linguistic theory.

Cognitive approach & give its relevance

theoretical orientation that emphasizes how people mentally process things and use that knowledge. it is relavent because the attention is directed at humans.

What do researchers do in a fMRI scan? relevance.

they have the participant lay on his or her head and have a magnet produce changes in the oxygen atoms in the brain. This then takes a picture of the atoms while the person is completing a task. Its relevance is because its based on the principle oxygen rich blood proves brain activity and are less invasive.

What do researchers do in a ERP scan? relevance.

they place electrodes on a persons scalp and each electrode records activity generated by a group of neurons located underneath the skull. It is relevant because it is a technique to measure brain activity and can identify electrical changes over a brief period of time in a specific region of the brain NOT the response of a single neuron.

Metacognition & relevance

thinking about how you think, how your exposed to something and how something gets transferred into your LTM. It is relevant because it proves that your cognitive processing is active and you begin to link together ideas.

What is an exampled of William James focus?

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

What are 4 non-invasive ways to research the brain?

using a... PET scan, EEG or ERP, MRI, CT scans

How would cognitive psychology be relevant in your spanish education career?

well since cognition has to do with acquisition, transformation, storage and use of knowledge. It would be relevant in regards to linguistics. How fast students acquire language, how much grammar and vocab they can store daily?, and how I can help them to apply and use Spanish in their daily lives so that it is ecologically valid.

PDP model & its relevance

when people do things cognitively each thing is parrallel to another. Processing of information would be simultaneous. Its relevance is that it substituted the computer metaphor prior.