Chapter 1- Gen. Psychology Wight

6. What are some other research fields of psychology? It has many subfields.

Developmental Psychologists, Learning and Motivation, Cognitive Psychology, Biological Psychology, Evolutionary Psychology, Social and Cross Cultural Psychology

Which of the following ideas is essential to determinism? (A) People who try harder are more successful (B) People choose their behaviors by free will (C) Most differences in behavior are under genetic control (D) Every behavior has a cause

Every behavior has a cause

d. Biological Psychology

explains behavior in terms of biological factors, such as activities of the nervous system, the effects of drugs and hormones, genetics, and evolutionary pressures. Most interest in effects of brain damage

4. Here are four types of psychologists. Which one is correctly matched to a research area? a. Social psychologist—evolution of behavior b. Developmental psychologist—child behavior c. Cognitive psychologist—how people behave in groups d. Biological psychologist—thought and knowledge

b

5. Why do some people taste certain foods more strongly than others do? a. The taste area of their brain is significantly larger b. They have up to three times as many taste buds c. They have higher amounts of a hormone produced by the adrenal gland d. They come from a culture that puts more value on taste

b

7. In the early days of psychology, structuralists wanted to discover _____ and functionalists wanted to understand _____. a. What mind can do...the elements that compose mind b. The elements that compose mind...what mind can do c. Treatments for mental illness...the best ways to rear children d. The best ways to rear children...treatments for mental illness

b

2. Which of the following contradicts the idea of dualism? a. Biologists' principle of homeostasis. b. Physicists' principle of the conversation of matter and energy. c. Chemists' principle of ionic bonding. d. Psychologists' principle of reinforcement.

b.

10. How does basic research differ from applied research? a. Basic research is simpler, and requires less training b. Basic research is more complex, and requires greater training c. Basic research seeks solutions to current problems, rather than theoretical understanding d. Basic research seeks theoretical understanding, rather than a solution to the current problem

d

3. Of the following who can prescribe drugs? a. Psychiatrists only b. Clinical psychologists only c. Psychoanalysts only d. Psychiatrists, most psychoanalysts, and a few clinical psychologists

d

8. Which of these topics would a behaviorist probably avoid? a. Stimulus-response connections b. Animal behavior c. Learning d. Thought and knowledge

d

functionalism

learn how people produce useful behaviors

basic research

seeks theoretical knowledge for its own sake, such as understanding the processes of learning and memory

c. Cognitive Psychology

studies thought and knowledge, how people make decisions, solve problems, and convert thoughts into language

a. Developmental Psychologists

study how behavior changes with age "from womb to tomb" concentrates most on children

dualism

the mind is separate from the brain but somehow controls the brain and therefore the rest of the body

Free Will

we consciously decide what to do

7. People with a _____ degree enter a wide variety of careers or continuing education.

Bachleor's

6. Which of these topics was a major research concern for the earliest psychologists? a. Vision and other sensations b. Mental illness c. Social conformity d. Expert solving problems

a

9. What event led to the rise of clinical psychology as we know it today? a. World war II b. Popular films that depicted mental illness c. The writings of Sigmund Freud d. Economic collapse

a

behaviorism

a field of psychology that concentrates on observable, measurable behaviors and not mental processes

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

a method of brain imaging that assesses metabolic activity by using a radioactive substance injected into the bloodstream

2. What are the three general terms about psychology?

a. "It Depends" many influences b. "Progress depends on Good Measurement" research is slower in emotion and personality c. "Confidence in the Conclusions Should Depend on Strength of the Evidence"

2. Edward Titchener, one of Wundt's students

a. Attempted to analyze the elements of mental experience, relying on people's own observations (others were discouraged by this approach)

4. What is the difference between psychology and psychiatry?

a. Clinical psychologists have a PhD, PsyD, or master's degree. Psychiatrists are medical doctors. Both treat people with emotional problems, but psychiatrists can prescribe drugs and other medical treatments. Counseling psychologists help people deal with difficult decisions.

3. What topic was the main focus of research for the earliest psychologists and why?

a. Early psychological research focused mainly on sensation because sensation is central to experienced and because the early researchers believed that sensation questions were answerable.

3. What are the three most profound philosophical questions?

a. Free-Will vs Determinism- i. Determinism- the view that everything, including human behavior, has a physical cause. ii. Free will- we consciously decide what to do b. Mind-Brain Problem- i. The question of how conscious experience relates to the activity of the brain. c. Nature-Nurture Issue- i. Behavior depends on both nature (hereditary) and nurture (environment). The relative contributions of these vary from one behavior to another.

8. What is one concern of the early psychologists that has persisted through the years?

a. Human intelligence

1. Who was the first to began research?

a. In 1879, Wilhelm Wundt established the first laboratory devoted to psychological research in Leipzig, Germany. Medical doctor and sensory researcher b. Demonstrated meaningful psychological research c. Asked them to introspect- look within themselves

5. What would service providers to organizations include?

a. Industrial/organizational psychology- the psychological study of people at work... deals with issues like hiring the right person, training, developing work teams, determining salaries b. Human Factors- attempts to facilitate the operation of machinery so that ordinary people can use it efficiently and safely... first worked in military c. School Psychology- specialists in the psychological condition of students

7. How did Darwin's theory of evolution influence psychology?

a. It prompted some prominent early psychologists to compare the intelligence of different species.

11. What approach to psychological research mostly influences today?

a. Neuroscience

1. What is psychology?

a. Psychology is the systematic study of behavior and experience. b. Deal with both theoretical and practical questions.

9. What was a common study for psychologists in the mid-1900s?

a. Rats in mazes... this approach failed to produce general laws of learning and behavior

4. Why did psychologists abandon Titchener's structuralist approach?

a. Structuralists asked people to describe their inner experiences in detail. However, researchers had no way to check the accuracy of the reports.

6. What did researchers in the 1800s and early 1900s concentrate most on?

a. Studies of the senses, partly because sensation is central to mental experience.

5. Who is responsible for the founding of American Psychology?

a. William James, the founder of the American psychology, focused attention on how the mind guides useful behavior rather than on the contents of the mind. By doing so, he paved the way for the rise of behaviorism.

structuralism

an attempt to describe the structures that compose the mind

applied research

deals with practical problems, such as how to help children with learning disabilities

b. Learning and Motivation

how behavior depends on the outcomes of past behaviors and current motivations effect of a reward on future behavior

f. Social Psychology and Cross Cultural Psychology

how people behave in groups i. Social psychologists- study how an individual influences other people and how the group influences as an individual ii. Cross Cultural Psychology- compares the behavior of people from different cultures

Monism

the view that conscious experience is inseparable from the physical brain

Determinism

the view that everything, including human behavior, has a physical cause.

e. Evolutionary Psychology-

tries to explain behavior in terms of the evolutionary history of the species, including why evolution might have favored a tendency to act in particular ways.