Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Techonology

Zacharias Janssen

develop the first compound microscope

Society

- Have some form of subcultures. - Refers to a group of people living in a community. - It is a web of social relationship, which is always changing. (MacIver and Page)

Society

- Is a group of individuals sharing a common culture geographical location, and government. - Enable individuals to acquire necessary survival skills, maximize their potential, and share resources. - Is characterized by the presence of the following elements: o Social solidarity - whereby members of the community live together for mutual benefit o Shared identity and culture among members that serve as basis for their patterns of action and behavior o A common language o A large population and the ability to sustain succeeding generations of members o Definite geographical area o Political, economic, and social organization

culture

- Is loosely defined as a society's way of life, provides the basis for forging identities. - Allows people to understand themselves in relation to others and provides them a lens through which they base what is considered the "right way" of doing things.

irrigation and dikes

- Sumerians were challenged to mass produce food items, but the elements in the environment seemed uncooperative - Sumerians created ____________ canals to bring water to farmlands and at the same time control the flooding of the rivers. - one of the most beneficial engineering workds - it increased food production

petroleum refinery

- at first people used animal oils for generating light to illuminate their homes. - however, the production of animal oils could not keep up with the demand. - invented by Samuel M. Kier, who invent kerosene by refining petroleum. - development of kerosene established the petroleum refinery industry - at present petroleum is widely used in powering automobiles, factories, and power plants, among others

sailboats

- during the time, wheel was not yet invented; the main mode of transportation was through waterways such as rivers and seas. - were used to carry large quantities of products and were able to cover large distances. - were essential in transportation and trading as well as in fostering culture, information, and tecchnology

telephone

- invented by Alexander Graham Bell - governments needed some kind of communication system which would allow them to administer their states well. - was used to discuss important day-today decision

technology

- techne=art/craft - logy=study(logos)

cuneiform, Uruk city, The Great Ziggurat of Ur, irrigation and dikes, sailboats, wheel, the plow, and roads

8 major contributions during Sumerian civilization

greece

Athens - known as the birthplace of western philosophy, some of the major achievements of the Greeks include in-depth works on philosophy and mathematics.

ink

Egyptians invented this by combining soot with different chemicals to also produce with different colors. - must withstand the elements of nature since it was use dot record history,, culture, and codified laws. it must also be temper-proof so that people could not simply tinker with those written down by authorities.

hanging gardens of Babylon

a major contribution in Babylon civilization

agricultural societies

a. Around 10,000 years ago, the development and spread of agriculture led to the emergence of civilizations in Mesopotamia and china, and this brought about the establishment of ___________. b. Food production became more efficient due to the new methods of learning, the invention of more advanced tools, and the establishment of permanent settlements. c. Plow animals; irrigation; farming; subsidence farming - enough food for community (producing); surplus farming - excess goods exchanged to other community

horticultural and pastoral societies

a. Their emergence was brought about by the gradual shift from the hunting-and-gathering lifestyle to a more sedentary life, and the introduction of agriculture as a more stable food production method. b. Horticultural societies - relied on the cultivation of plants as their primary source of food c. Pastoral societies - depended on the domestication of animals, d. Plating seeds; handmade tools (horticultural society) e. Semi-nomads; domestication of animals (pastoral society)

Julius Caesar

first roman who started to stack up papers/papyrus

tea

is a beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling water over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves.

Kohl

was created by mixing soot or malachite with mineral galena.

culture

- Is one of the important bases that define and influence a society. - Refers to the sets of beliefs, ideas, values, practices, knowledge, history and shared experiences, attitudes, as well as material objects and possessions accumulated over time an dshared by the members of society. - (E.B. Tylor's concept) it is the complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person learns and shares as a member of society.

Louis Pasteur

- a French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist, who found a way to solve the problem regarding on the food preservation - he also contributed on molecular asymmetry, fermentation, and vaccination

Health

- a primary challenge ancient people faced was the conservations of life. - different illnesses and diseases, both natural and man-made, hampered the full potential of a human being.

hieroglyphics

- a system of writing using symbols (Egypt) - same says it is adapted from the Sumerians, but the Egyptians believed that this witting system was provided to them by their gods. - was the language that tells the modern world of the history and culture of the ancient Egyptian

medieval/middle ages

- also known as age of exploration - it was started by massive invasions and migrations. - wars were prevalent during this time - wars have resulted in population decline, but during the latter part of the period, there was a significant rise in population. - trade and commerce among nations increased = greater demands for transportation technology

silk

- although _______ is naturally produced by _____ worms, the Chinese were the ones who developed the technology to harvest the _____ and process it to produce paper and clothing. - it bridged the gap between the western world and the middle kingdom

cosmetics

- although the modern time, it is used to improve and highlight the facial features of a person, Egyptians function in ancient Egypt was for both health and aesthetic reasons. - ex: Egyptians wore Kohl around the eyes to prevent and even cure eye diseases. Egyptians also believed tat a person wearing make-up was protected from evil and that beauty was a sign of holiness.

the plow

- another farm technology invented by the Mesopotamians - a technology which would enable them to dig the ground where seeds would be planted. - was invented to dig the earth in a faster pace. - it enabled to mass produce food without taking so much effort and time.

wig

- are used to enhance the appearance of people who are balding or those who want to try new hair trends in modern days - but during the ancient Etyptian times, these were worn for health and wellness rather than for aesthetic purposes. - was used to protect the shaved heads of the wealthy Egyptians from the harmful rays of the sun.

navigation

- assisted them in their journeys to unfamiliar and strange area in the world. - allowed them to return home after they discovered new places or completed an important trade with another group of people

science

- body of knowledg - scire = to know

Babylonian civilization

- emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. - were the great builders, engineers, and architects

Uruk city

- first true city in the world. - it is a great wonder because of how it was erected. - there was no building stones in the location of this city and lumber was limited, making the construction a big challence. - Sumerians were able to build the city using only mud or clay form the river, which they mixed with reeds, producing sun-baked bricks--a true engineering feat.

cuneiform

- first writing system - a system that utilizes word pictures and triangular symbols which are carved on clay using wedge instruments and then left to dry. - it allowed the Sumerians to keep records of things with great historical value or their everyday life.

pasteurization

- food preservation and food safety became an issue - Louis Pasteur invented ____________, the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster - it helps to store milk for a longer time and it prevents illnesses

society

- group of people interacting in one another and occupying a territory; culture/goals

mosquito ovicidal/larvicidal trap system

- introduced from the department of science and technology-industrial technology development institute (DOST-ITDI) - also known as OL trap - is made of natural ingredients that are lethal to mosquitos but safe for humans and the environment

SALT lamp

- invented by Aisa Mijeno - a lighting system that utilizes a material abundant in the Philippines-saltwater. - an environment-friendly light source that runs on salt water. - is safer as it poses no risk of fire and emits no toxic gases - the salt water can easily make by two tablespoons of salt and a glass of tap water - SALT = sustainable alternative lighting

salamander amphibious tricycle

- invented by Dominic N. Chung and Lamberto Armada, together with chief designer Victor 'Atony" Llave - it can cross not only flooded streets but also rivers and lakes. - may also be utilized to travel from island to island

medical incubator

- invented by Dr. Fe del Mundo, a filipino pediatrician and the first Asian woman admitted into Harvard Medical School - made by indigenous and cheap materials and did not run on electricity - made by placing a native laundry basket inside a bigger one. - hot water bottles were inserted between the baskets to provide warmth and a makeshift hood to allow oxygen circulation - main purpose was to maintain conditions suitable for a newborn, usually a pre-term baby.

printing press

- invented by Johann Gutenberg - a more reliable way of printing using a cast type. - He utilized wooden machines that extracted juices from fruits, attached to them a metal impression of the letters, and pressed firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper, which then made an exact impression on paper. - it involved to be the mechanical printing press - was invented to address the need for publishing books that would spread information to many people at a faster rate.

kerosene

- invented by Samuel M. Kier - referred to as the "illuminating oil" because it was used at first to provide lighting to homes. - it was applied for heating purposes.

water mill

- is commonly used in agricultural processes like milling of grains which was a necessary form of food processing during that time. - it gave mass production such as rice, cereals, flours etc - is considered better than mills powered by farm animals because they required less effort and time to operate since the farmer did not have to raise animals. - they only required access to rivers or flowing water where a mechanism of a large wheel with small "buckets" of water attached to it could be installed.

Chinese Civilization

- is considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia. - it was famous among other ancient civilizations because of its silk trade.

gun powder

- is one of the most interesting inventions in China. - it was developed by chinese alchemists who aimed to achieve immortality. - they mixed charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate, but instead of creating an elixir of life, they accidentally invented a black powder that could actually generate large amounts of heat and gas in an instant. - is also used in fireworks during important celebrations in china.

war weapons

- it can be offensive tools or defensive instruments - for open-area battiles, people developed cross bows and long bows so that they could attack the enemies at long ranges, keeping themselves safe with the protection of walls and fortresses. - in close-range hand-to-hand combat, soldiers should wear something to protect themselves, a need addressed by the creation of iron body armors.

water clock/clepsydra

- it utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to the other. - widely used as a timekeeping device during the ancient times - amount of water determines how much time has elapsed since it is full.

tea production

- it was believed that the first ______ was drunk by a chinese emperor. - was developed when an unknown chinese inventor created a machine that was able to shred _____ leaves into strips. this machine was done using a wheel-based mechanism with sharp edges attached to a wooden or ceramic pot.

culture

- lifestyle; complex of a whole (capabilities) - is a complex of a whole that shared or capabilities like knowledge beliefs, laws, morals, arts, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by a man as a member of a society. - we cannot find a society without a culture.

aesthetics

- moreover, in order to integrate ancient people's needs, people ventured into what is now known as the field of engineering. - the development in this field allowed humans to build structures that would address their specific needs and wants.

alarm clock

- most utilized gadgets today - purpose is just the same of as present days; to tell an individual when to stop or when to start. - the ancient Greek's __________ used large complicated mechanisms to time the __________. - they made use of water (or sometimes small stones or sand) that dropped into drums which sounded the ______.

telescope

- need for nautical inventions was high - ship captains needed to see far and wide for them to navigate or to avoid dangers at sea - it helps in the observation of remote objects, was a great help for navigators during this time

great wall of china

- once considered the only man-made structure that could be seen from outer space - is said to be the largest and the most extensive infrastructure that the nation built - was constructed to keep out foreignn invaders and control the borders of China. - made with stone, brick, wood earth, and other materials

hanging gardens of babylon

- one of the seven wonders of the ancient world - was said to be a structure made up of layers upon layers of gardens that contained several species of plants, trees, and vines. - according to the legends, the great Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II built the gardens for his wife, Queen Amytis. - however, no physical evidence has been found to prove the existence of this place. - exact location is also unknown.

roman architecture

- oneof the most visual contributions of the ancient roman empire to the world. - was considered a continuation of Gree architecture, however, roman architecture was still regarded as pioneering since the romans were ale to adapt new building and engineering technology on architectural designs established in the past. - abel to preserve great and elaborate architectural designs - produced sturdier and stronger infrastructures. - creatively redesign old architectural patterns to adapt tot eh new trends at that time.

ancient times

- people were concerned with transportation and navigation, communication and record-keeping, mass production, security and protection, as well as health, aesthetics, and architecture.

science and technology

- play major roles in the everyday life. - they make difficult and complicated tasks easier and allow people to do more with so little effort and time. - were developed by gradual improvements to earlier works from different time periods

roman numerals

- roman's number system -since the roman empire was expanding, it had to deal with many nations to maintain its power. for this reason, the romans devised their own number system specifically to address the need for a standard counting method that would meet their increasing communication and trade concerns.

Sumerian civilization

- sumeria is located on the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia. - Sumerians are known for their high degree of cooperation with one another and their desire for great things. - they are not contented with the basic things that life can offer. this desire pushed them to develop many things connected with science and technology

architecture

- the development in engineering also ushered in the introduction of architecture. - during ancient times, elaborate architectural designs were signs of technological advancement of a particular civilization.

eJeepney

- the diesel-powered jeepney produces large quantities of black smoke,and is usually a major contributor of noise pollution due to its primitive exhaunt system. - to counter these disadvantages, it was developed - it utilizes electricity instead of the more expensive diesel - it's environment-friendly since it does not emit any smoke and noise

wheel

- the first _______ were not made for transportation but for farm work and food processes. - with the use of the ________ and axle, mass production was made easier. - farmers were able to mill grains with less effort in less time.

newspaper

- the first ______________, known as gazettes, contained announcements of the roman empire to the people. - it made before the invention of paper, these gazettes were engraved in metal or stone tablets and then publicly displayed.

mass production

- the increase in size and number of nations connoted increased demand for food and other basic necessities. - this condition implied that people must be able to produce food at a given time and space since resources were getting scarcer as more people struggled to share the basic necessities.

paper or papyrus

- they made writing easier for the world - before they used clay tablets for their writing, but it had a having hard time in safe-keeping and transporting since it is very fragile, heavy etc. - papyrus = plant that grew abundantly along the Nile river in Egypt; lighter and thinner than clay tablets; less breakable - Egyptian were able to process the plant in order to produce thin sheets on which one could write down things. - major accomplishment in Egyptian record-keeping and communications - people were able to send letters or correspondences anywhere in the world

Egyptian civilization

- this civilization is famous for its legacy - located in North Africa

calculator

- this had already been developed, but modern times required a faster way to compute more complicated equations - computing devices must also be easy to carry - easier arithmetic calculations - resulted in the development of more complex processing machines like the computer

microscope

- to develop the proper medicines for illnesses, experts must understand the sickness through an investigation. - it magnify things invisible to the eye - it was key in discovering new means in preventing and curing various illnesses

communication

- was also essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy new places.

roads

- was developed to facilitate faster and easier travel - made it witht he same technology they used in making the sun-baked bricks that they laid down on the ground. - Mesopotamian later poured bitumen, a brick sticky substance similar to asphalt, to smoothen the _______.

record-keeping

- was important because they needed to remember the placesthey had been to and document the trades they made with each other. - was vital to keep records of their history and culture so they could establish their identities as they tried to relate with other cultures and civilizations.

roman empire

- was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west. - was considered to be the cradle of politics and governance during that period

bound books or codex

- with the invention of paper, it became easier for civilizations to write down everything that hapened in their time. - as a result, civilizations became fond of record-keeping, especially documenting historical events and newly legislated laws. - according to sources, Julius Caesar started teh tradition of stacking up papyrus to form pages of a book. later on, they were able to provide covers to protect the papyrus. - the cover initially were made of wax but were later on replaced by animal skin

the great ziggurat of Ur

- ziggurat=mountain of god, was built in the same manner that they constructed the city of uruk. - was constructed using sun-baked bricks. - it was served as the sacred place of their chief god, where only their priests were allowed to enter.

questions for reflection

1. give three other major scientific and technological developments in the world (or in the Philippines) that created a large impact on your daily life 2. what historical antecedents gave rise to the inventions you mentioned in the first question? 3. How did the developments in science and technology shape human history?

alarm clock, and water mill

2 contributions in greek civilization

newspaper, bound books or codex, roman architecture, roman numerals

4 contributions in roman civilization

printing press. microscope, telescope, and war weapons

4 major contributions during medieval/ middle ages

pasteurization, petroleum refinery, telephone, and calculator

4 major contributions during modern times

silk, tea production, great wall of china, and gunpowder

4 major contributions in china civilization

paper of papyrus, hieroglyphics, cosmetics, wig, water clock/clepsydra,

5 major contributions in Egyptian civilization

salamander amphibious tricycle, salt lamp, medical incubator, mosquito ovicida/larvicidal trap system, and ejeepney

5 major inventions in the phililppines

hunting and gathering

a. Communities date as far back as several million years ago and were considered the first societies. b. The basic social and economic nits were the family and local clan which organized hunting and gathering activities and distributed the accumulated food supply. c. Small; nomads; caves

industrial societies

a. Meanwhile, the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in England during the latter half of the 18th century transformed agricultural societies to _____________ b. Technological advancements resulted in the invention of machines that improved production. c. The rise of urban centers or cities was also a major development during this period. d. (1800-1899); 19th century (industrial revolution); introduction of machines and technology; bourgeoisie-capitalist; proletariat-working class masses

post-industrial societies

a. Since the late latter portion of the 20th century, many countries have become _______ b. In this society, knowledge is a commodity and technological innovation is key to long-lasting growth and development. c. Internet; can be used to personal use as well; individual complex knowledge + advance technology

gazettes

the first newspapers

transportation

was significant during ancient time because - people were trying to go places and discover new horizons. - to search for food and for better locations for their settlements. - to trade their surplus good

security and protection

weapons and armors were important as well in the discovery of new places or the establishment of new alliances with other tribes.

affects of developments in science and technology

with all in mind, one can conclude that the developments in science and technology, aside from affecting the lives of people, were the results of many prior antecedents. our of necessity, people in ancient times were able to discover and invent things that would impact the lives of the modern people.