Chapter 1 - Introduction
Which of the following are physiological measures used to collect data? Check all that apply. A) Check blood levels of hormones B) Observing small group interactions in a laboratory setting C) Having a group of adolescents answer questions about their mood after watching violence on TV D) Functional magnetic resonance imaging
A & D
In 2010, ___________ of U.S. children were living in families with incomes below the poverty line. A) 22% B) 33% C) 5% D) 10%
A) 22%
_____________ was an attachment theorist who stressed that attachment to a caregiver over the first year of life has important consequences throughout the lifespan. A) Bowlby B) Piaget C) Erikson D) Bandura
A) Bowlby
Which psychoanalytic theorist proposed the eight-stage psychosocial theory of development? A) Erickson B) Bandura C) Freud D) Piaget
A) Erickson
Julie mastered the basic skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic. She has recently developed more self-control and is very motivated to do well in school. Julie is most likely in the developmental period of: A) Middle childhood B) Early childhood C) adolescence D) Early adulthood
A) Middle childhood
A method that involves systematically gathering data in a laboratory or natural setting by watching and recording interactions or behaviors is known as ________ research. A) observational B) correlational C) experimental D) standardized
A) Observational
Who is the behaviorist best known for his theory of operant conditioning? A) Skinner B) Lorenz C) Piaget D) Bandura
A) Skinner
In the life-span perspective, no age period dominates development. That highlights the view that development is considered to be: A) lifelong B) multidimensional C) cyclical D) multidirectional
A) lifelong
Which of the following are contributions that psychoanalytic theory has made to developmental science? Check all that apply. A) An emphasis on the unconscious B) A positive emphasis on culture C) A learning theory and theory of operant conditioning that has held up well under scrutiny D) A focus on family relationships E) A developmentally oriented framework
A, C, & D
Which of the following are key concerns for older adults in regard to social policy issues? Check all that apply. A) Access to adequate health care. B) Adult children moving back home after being on their own for a period of time. C) Escalating health care costs. D) Need for alternative networks for supports for those without spouses or children.
A, C, & D
During Erikson's stage of _________ versus shame and doubt, children ages 1-3 begin to assert their independence.
Autonomy
Which of the following statements best reflects the position of most developmentalists? A) Development is influenced by nature and nurture, and stability and discontinuity. B) Development is influenced by nature, nurture, stability, change, continuity, and discontinuity. C) Development is influenced mostly by nurture rather than nature. D) Development is influenced mostly by nature rather than nurture.
B
As individuals reach middle and late adulthood, the ________ of loss in their capacities takes center stage. A) growth and maintenance B) maintenance and regulation C) growth, maintenance, and regulation D) growth and regulation
B) maintenance and regulation
A scientist who supports the __________ perspective would stress the importance of genetically programmed growth tendencies common among humans. A) nurture B) nature C) social D) cognitive
B) nature
Behavioral and social cognitive theories have been criticized for: A) their emphasis on scientific research B) their focus on the unconscious C) insufficient attention to developmental changes D) a lack of focus on environmental determinants
C
The prenatal period is the time from __________ to ____________.
Conception ; birth
Which of the following developmental issues compares quantitative change to qualitative change? A) Biological age vs. psychological age B) Nature vs. nurture C) Normative vs. nonnormative influences D) Continuity cs. discontinuity
D
__________ age is a person's age in terms of physical health, and _____ age refers to a person's adaptive capacities as compared to others of the same chronological age. A) Psychological; social B) Psychological; biological C) Social; psychological D) Biological; psychological
D) Biological; psychological
True or false: Life-span development focuses mostly on the rapid growth and development that occurs during childhood.
False
Konrad ___________, a European zoologist, helped bring ethology to prominence.
Lorenz
_______ age-graded influence include biological processes such as puberty and menopause.
Normative
________ status, or SES, refers to a person's position within society, based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
Socioeconomic
True or false: On the average, adults in the United States are happier as they age.
True
The ________ period of development is the period of transition from childhood to early adulthood. It begins at approximately 10 to 12 years of age and ends at 18 to 21 years of age.
adolescence
Icreasingly, many developmentalists refer to the four _______ of life-span development.
ages
The patterning of environmental events and transitions over the course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances, is called the ________ in Brofenbrenner's theory.
chronosystem
A number based on a statistical analysis that is used to describe the degree of association between two variables is known as the correlation __________.
coefficient
_________-cultural studies compare aspects of two or more cultures.
cross
The _____________ theory states that behavior is tied to evolution, is strongly affected by biological influence, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods.
ethological
In Brofenbrenner's theory, the ___________ consists of links between a social setting in which the person does not have an active role (such as mass media) and the person's immediate environment.
exosystem
A researcher draws conclusions about females' attitudes and behaviors from research conducted with males as the only participants. This is an example of _________ bias.
gender
During Erikson's psychological stage of ________ versus guilt, preschool children encounter a wider social world and face new challenges that require active, purposeful behavioral.
initiative
Erikson's final developmental stage is ________ versus ________. This occurs in late adulthood when people reflect on the past and evaluate if they have lived a life well spent.
integrity vs. despair
Melissa is intrigued with how people change from infancy through late adulthood, she should study ______________ development.
life-span
The information-___________ theory of development emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it.
processing
The three main issues that influence how we look at development are nature and nurture, continuity and discontinuity, and ___________ and _________________.
stability and change
Which of the following are the five stages of psychosexual development according to Freud? Check all that apply A) Genital B) Trust C) Oral D) Phallic E) Latency F) Identity G) Anal
A) Genital C) Oral D) Phallic E) Latency G) Anal
Dr. Abby is a clinical psychologist who specializes in seeing clients who are trying to lose weight. This exemplifies the contemporary focus of life-span development on: A) health and wellness B) continuity and discontinuity C) life stages of development D) experimental research
A) Health and wellness
Which of the following are cognitive theories of development? Check all the apply. A) Information-processing theory B) Piaget's developmental theory C) Vygotsky's sociocultural theory D) Skinner's operant condioning theory
A) Information-processing theory B) Piaget's developmental theory C) Vygotsky's sociocultural theory
According to ________, the presence or absence of certain experiences during critical periods has a long-lasting influence on people. A) ethologists B) observational-learning theorists C) social cognitivists D) information-processing theorists
A) ethologists
Thelma is capable of abstract thinking and has become quite idealistic. According to Piaget, she is in the _____ stage. A) formal operational B) preoperational C) sensorimotor D) concrete operational
A) formal operational
Dr. Ramirez has decided to send out 3,000 questionnaires asking people to self-report on their television-viewing habits. The type of research Dr. Ramirez is most likely conducting is A) survey research B) standardized testing C) laboratory research D) naturalistic observation
A) survey research
Cognitive processes refer to changes in the following areas. (Select all that apply). A) Intelligence B) Thought C) Language D) Relationships E) Physical Nature
A, B, & C
Development is contextual and has 3 types of influences. Select the influences from the list below. A) Nonnormative life events B) normative history-graded C) Normative age
A, B, & C
Which of the following are characteristics or components of the late adulthood period of development? Select all that apply. A) It may involve new social roles and decreasing strength and health. B) It is a time establishing personal and economic independence and career development. C) It begins when people are aging into their 60s or 70s. D) It lasts until death.
A, C, & D
Adele and Bettina shared the experience of the Cuban missile crisis during their senior year in high school. This is an example of a: A) normative grade-level influence B) normative history-graded influence C) nonnormative life event D) normative age-graded influence
B
Vygotsky maintained that development A) occurs without the influence of society and culture B) is inseparable of society and cultural influences C) proceeds through a variety of stages D) can become fixated at a specific psychosexual stage
B
____________ allow a person's performance to be compared with that of other individuals, providing information about individual differences among people. A) Physiological measures B) Standardized testing C) Surveys and interviews D) Naturalistic observation
B) Standardized testing
Ducklings will follow the first moving object they see, usually their mother. This process is called: A) a critical period B) secure attachment C) imprinting D) ethology
C) imprinting
Which developmental period in childhood involves learning to be self-sufficient, caring for the self, developing school readiness skills, and playing with peers? A) Middle childhood B) Infancy C) Late childhood D) Early childhood
D) Early childhood
Which of Erikson's stages of development occurs during the first year of life? A) The preoperational stage B) Shame versus doubt C) The oral stage D) Trust versus mistrust
D) Trust versus mistrust
Dr. Booker is researching friendship patterns across childhood. She has included four groups in her study: 4-year-olds, 8-year-olds, and 10-year-olds. This is an example of A) experimental groups B) random assignment C) a longitudinal study D) a cross-sectional study
D) a cross-sectional study
During Erikson's psychosocial stage of ________________ versus ____________, which usually corresponds with the elementary school years, children's energy should be directed toward acquiring knowledge and intellectual skills.
Industry; inferiority
_______ life events are unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual's life, but do not occur to every individual and do not always influence people in the same way.
Nonnormative
_____ age refers to an individual's ability to adapt to change as compared to people of the same chronological age.
Psychological
A father provides support so all of his children have the opportunity to attend college. Erikson would call this the ______-versus-stagnation stage.
generativity
In Piaget's __________ stage of cognitive development, which lasts from about 2 to 7 years of age, children represent the world by words, images, and drawings.
preoperational
The second of the four "ages" of development, called ________ __________, covers the period from age 20 through age 59.
prime adulthood
An important principle for deciding whether each participant will be placed in the experimental group or in the control group is called ___________ assignment.
random
Which of the following developmental periods is typically the longest, based on today's population trends? A) Adolescence B) Early Adulthood C) Middle Adulthood D) Late adulthood
D
Marco can reason logically about real or specific examples, but he cannot yet reason logically about hypothetical or abstract ideas. Which Piagetian stage is he in? A) Preoperational B) Formal operational C) Sensorimotor D) Concrete operational
D) concrete operational
In terms of adhering to the scientific method, researchers must be cautious when generalizing from an in-depth look at an individual, also known as a _______ ________, because the subject is unique and the method involves judgements of unknown reliability.
case study
When conducting life-span development research, researchers must be cautious of _____________ effects, such as a person's time of birth, era, or generation, because they can powerfully effect the dependent measures in research concerned with age.
cohort
David is establishing economic independence, pursuing a career, and is considering getting married in the near future. David is likely in the _________ adulthood stage of life.
early
An ________ is a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more factors believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other factors are held constant.
experiment
Social policy is the course of action taken by a nation's ________ to promote the welfare of the country's citizen's.
government
Match each of the three major types of research design with its correct description. Left : 1. Descriptive 2. Experimental 3. Correlational Right: A) Aims to assess the strength of the relationship between or among variables B) aims to observe and record behavior C) aims to determine cause and effect
1 = B 2 = C 3 = A
Match the process of development with its example: Process- 1. biological 2. cognitive 3. socioemotional Example- A) language and intelligence B) relationships with others C) physical stature
1 = C 2 = A 3 = B
Match the ethical principle with the correct explanation of the principle Principle: 1. informed consent 2. confidentiality 3. debriefing 4. deception Explanation: A) Participants will be advised of the purpose of the study and methods used once their participation has ended. B) Information on participants must not be published or revealed; ideally, participants' information will remain anonymous C) For study purposes, participants are not told everything in advance because it would change their behavior and alter data. This is allowed as long as participants are not harmed. D) Participants must have information on the costs and benefits of their participation. They must be told that they have the right to withdraw.
1 = D 2 = B 3 = A 4 = C
Rank, in order from first to last, the steps in the scientific method. -Draw conclusions -Analyze data Conceptualize a problem -Collect research data
1) Conceptualize a problem 2) Collect research data 3) Analyze the data 4) Draw conclusions
The upper boundary of the human life span (based on the oldest age documented) is _____ years.
122
Life expectancy in the U.S. is _____ years of age.
78
Waylon is extremely dependent on his parents and is just beginning to develop language and symbolic thought. Waylon is in which developmental period? A) infancy B) Early childhood C) Middle childhood D) Late childhood
A) infancy
Erikson's stage of __________ is a crucial stage in which young adults either form or fail to form healthy relationships. A) intimacy versus isolation B) generativity versus stagnation C) preoperational D) formal operations
A) intimacy versus isolation
Shelby lives with his older sister and parents. He attends school in his community and relates to his friends in school and in his neighborhood. According to Bronfenbrenner's theory, this describes his: A) microsystem B) chronosystem C) macrosystem D) exosystem
A) microsystem
According to a UNICEF study, which of the following are the main global concerns facing women worldwide? (Select all that apply) A) Lack of education B) Violence C) Unrealistic expectations D) Mental health issues E) Infertility problems
A, B, & D
Baltes and his colleagues (2006) hypothesize that mastery of life involves conflict and competition among which of the following goals of human development? Check all that apply. A) Growth B) Maintenance C) Planning for the future D) Regulation of loss E) Evaluating the past
A, B, & D
Life-span expert Bernice Neugarten (1988) argues that in the United States, chronological age is becoming irrelevant. Which of the following examples support her thinking? A) A 28-year-old mayor B) A 70-year-old student C) A 19-year-old student D) A 65-year-old father of a preschooler E) A 50-year-old mayor
A, B, & D
Ethnicity is rooted in: A) nationality B) social economic status C) race D) cultural heritage
A, C, & D
A cross-sectional approach to life-span research studies individuals of various ages at the same time. The advantages of this design are: (Check all that apply) A) it is always an ethical design and is approved by the American Psychological Association B) it is efficient and can be completed in a period of several months C)it is not necessary to wait for people to grow older informed consent is unnecessary
B & C
Which of the following best describe the results of the Minnesota Family Investment Program (MFIP)? Check all that apply. A) Adults' perception of the world improved. B) Children's achievement in school improved. C) Children's intelligence increased D)Children's behavior problems decreased.
B & C
Which of the following correctly describe the life-span perspective of human development? A) It ends once one enters late adulthood. B) It involves growth and change. C) It occurs throughout life. D) It begins at birth.
B & C
Which of the following are key factors of Bandura's social cognitive theory? (Select all that apply) A) The unconscious B) Behavior C) Environment D) Developmental stages E) Cognition F) Feelings
B) Behavior C) Environment E) Cognition
Which of the following types of research design cannot provide casual reasons for the relationship between variables? (Select all that apply) A) Experimental B) Correlational C) Descriptive
B) Correlational C) Descriptive
Which of the following are variables found in experimental research? Check all that apply. A) Operant B) Dependent C) Independent D) Chronological
B) Dependent C) Independent
Amanda is engaging in much more logical and abstract thought than she used to, and she has become quite idealistic. She is far more interested in spending time with her friends than with her family. Amanda is more likely in the developmental period of: A) late childhood B) adolescence C) early adulthood D) middle childhood
B) adolesence
The largest generation to enter adulthood in the United States are called __________. A) silent generation B) baby boomers C) generation 3 D) millenials
B) baby boomers
All of the aspects listed below are part of the multidimensional characteristic of life-span development: (Check all that apply) A) adaptive B) biological C) cognitive D) psychodynamic E) socioemotional
B) biological C) cognitive E) socioemotional
A type of research that is an in-depth look at a single individual is known as: A) experimental research B) a case study C) surveying of a population D) laboratory research
B) case study
Both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories of development assume that A) there is an emphasis on discontinuity B) development does not occur in a stage-like fashion C) personality is formed in early childhood as a child is passing through psychosexual stages D) there are critical and sensitive periods in development
B) development does not occur in a stage-like fashion
Aysha does not believe any one theory can account for all real-life phenomena. She would most likely adopt a/an approach to life-span development. A) psychoanalytic B) eclectic theoretical orientation C) ethological D) behavioral and social cognitive
B) eclectic theoretical orientation
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, a child's cognition is _______ different in one stage compared with another. A) respectively B) qualitatively C) quite D) never
B) qualitatively
Piaget's _________ stage, which lasts from birth to about 2 years of age, is the stage in which infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating physical activities with experiences such as seeing and hearing. A) preoperational B) sensorimotor C) concrete D) preconcrete
B) sensorimotor
Stacey is 20 years old and has begun dating her roommate's brother. They are talking about making a serious commitment and possibly getting engaged. According to Erikson, Stacey is most likely in the: A) formal operational stage B) indentity-vs.-identity confusion stage C) intimacy-vs.-isolation stage D) industry-vs.-inferiority stage
C
Sylvia is a 29-year-old top professional tennis player. Sylvia is no longer winning as many games as she used to. Her body is no longer at its physical peak. It makes Sylvia sad and worried to imagine a future in which she is no longer a top tennis player. This example illustrates: A) an interaction of socioemotional processes only B) an interaction of biological process only C) the interaction of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes D) an interaction between biological and socioemotional processes
C
The story of Ted Kaczynski and Alice Walker is told to draw attention to the fact that A) children with difficult childhoods are always destined to have difficult adults. B) children with easygoing childhoods are always destined to have easygoing adulthoods. C) some children grow up unable to pick up the pieces of a life shattered by tragedy and become unhinged by life and stress. D) children with high demanding parents are always high achievers.
C
Which of the following best describes Erikson's developmental stage that involves adolescents finding out who they are and what they want to do in their lives? A) Industry versus inferiority B) Formal operational C) Identity versus identity confusion D) Initiative versus guilt
C
The "nature" part of the nature-nurture issue in development can be described as: A) the prominent perspective in the controversy at the present time B) a psychological and environmental perspective C) a biological and genetic perspective D) a socioeconomic and psychological perspective
C) a biological and genetic perspective
In the third stage of cognitive development, which Piaget called the ______ stage, children can perform operations that involve objects. They can also reason logically when the reasoning can be applied to specific examples. A) preoperational B) sensorimotor C) concrete operational D) formal operational
C) concrete operational
Madeline is in her early nineties and lives in a nursing home. She has been reflecting on her life and reviewing it as a life well spent. According to Erikson's theory, she is in which stage of development? A) concrete operational B) generativity vs. stagnation C) integrity vs. depair D) postoperational
C) integrity vs. despair
The _______ processes of development produce changes in an individual's emotions and personality. A) life-span B) biological C) socioemotional D) cognitive
C) socioemotional
Some developmentalists believe that biological inheritance and early childhood experiences are crucial to development. Therefore, they emphasize the _________ perspective of development. A) continuity B) discontinuity C) stability D) plasticity
C) stability
Dr. Brandon has to decide what form of research would work best with his research study. Since he hopes to complete his research within six months and is planning to assess his participants only once, he chooses the _________ research approach. A) observaational B) case study C) longitudinal D) cross-sectional
D) cross-sectional
Kyle believes that exposure to violence, even pretend violence, contributes to increased aggression in children. He believes children who play violent video games will be more aggressive than children who don't play violent video games, and he will count the number of aggressive acts the child performs each day. He will look at the relationship between these two variables. This study is the test of his: A) conclusion B) data C) concept D) hypothesis
D) hypothesis
Tamara is one of 30 participants in a study of language development. She was tested when she was two, again when she was five, and will be tested every 3 years until she is 14. Tamara is participating in a ___________ study. A) naturalistic observation B) case C) cross-sectional D) longitudioinal
D) longitudional
Life-span ________ is defined as the pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the life span.
Development
________ encompasses cultural heritage, nationality, race, religion, and language.
Ethnicity
Research results from studies done with participants who are not from diverse cultures or ethnic groups have sometimes been applied to people who are from diverse cultures and ethnic groups. This is clearly a case of cultural and ethnic ___________.
bias
Brain development, height and weight gains, nutrition, and hormonal changes of puberty are all examples of the ___________ (biological/environmental) processes of development.
biological
A research assistant refers to his participants as Latinos. A number of them object to the term, saying that they or their ancestors are from Mexico, Cuba, Spain, Puerto Rico, or Venezuela. This is an example of ethnic __________ because the research assistant is portraying them as more homogeneous than they really are.
gloss
In order to study how nutrition and genetics might affect intelligence, experts from various fields of study form a team. This is an example of how developmental science is a ______________ approach.
multidisciplinary
The observance of behavior in real-world settings, while making no effort to manipulate or control the situation, is known as ___________ observation.
naturalistic
A central focus in developmental research is plasticity, which refers to: A) a person's capacity for change B) the tendency to stay the same C) how interested a person is in the environment D) the ability of preoperational children learn self care
A
The brain plays a role in shaping culture and culture plays a role in shaping the brain. This is pointed out as an example of how A) life-span development is a co-construction of biology, culture, and the person B) life-span development is multidisciplinary C) life-span development is continuous and chronological D) life-span development is contextual
A
Which of the following is considered to be a contribution of the cognitive perspective? A) It places an emphasis on the construction of understanding. B) It offers a neutral view of development. C) It places little attention on individual variations. D) It has pureness of stages.
A
Which of the following is NOT a reason that research is done in life-span development? A) To develop new theories B) To determine whether development is important C) To test hypotheses D) TO test theories of development
B
Which of the following research designs is used to detect if a relationship exists between two or more variables, although it cannot infer causation? A) Experimental research B) Correlational research C) Physiological measures D) Descriptive research
B) Correlational research
A person creates a unique developmental path by actively choosing from the environment the things that optimize his or her life. Which of the following statements describes this process? A) Development is plastic B) Development involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss C) Development is cyclical D) Devlopment is a co-construction of biology, culture, and the individual.
D
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of the longitudinal study approach? A) It can provide information about the importance of early experience for later development. B) It provides information about stability and change in development. C) It provides a great deal of information. D) It is efficient and can usually be accomplished in a short time.
D
In Brofenbrenner's theory, relations between contexts, such as the relation of family experiences to school experiences, is known as the: A) chronosystem B) exosystem C) microsystem D) mesosystem
D) mesosystem
Charlotte and her roommate Sheryl are both participating in a research experiment. Charlotte has been assigned to the _________ group, whose experience will be manipulated, and Sheryl has been assigned to the _________ group, whose experience will not be manipulated.
Experimental; control
True or false: The life-span development spectrum involves sociocultural and individual factors, but not biological factors.
False
______ refers to the characteristics of people as males and females as a central part of their identity in social relationships. A) SES B) Gender C) Culture D) Ethnicity
Gender
According to Brofenbrenner's theory, the _____________ involves attitudes and ideologies of the culture.
macrosystem
Madeline is a fifty year old woman who has become very active in a number of political and social organizations. She is very passionate about mentoring younger people. Madeline is probably in _____ adulthood.
middle
Development is _______________, meaning that some dimensions or components of a dimension expand and others shrink throughout the life span.
multidirectional
As adolescents develop romantic relationships, their time spent with friends may decrease. This is an example of the _______ of development.
multidirectionality
Development is ___________, which means that researchers in many fields share an interest in unlocking the mysteries of development through the life span.
multidisciplinary
A researcher who supports the ________ perspective of human development would point to influences such as family, school, nutrition, accidents, and pollution, among other things. A) nurture B) nature C) cognitive D) biological
nurture
A _____________ is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomena and make predictions.
theory
Which of the following statements are consistent with what happens at each developmental stage in Erickson's psychosocial theory? Check all that apply. A) There is a turning point marked by increased vulnerability and enhanced potential. B) There is a crisis that must be resolved. C) A person must experience disequilibrium in order to move to the next stage. D) The stages must be passed through without overgratification, or fixation will occur.
A & B
Which of the following are criticisms of research performed in the laboratory? (Select all that apply) A) It is not a natural setting. B) It is difficult to control for variables that could be an alternative explanation for the results. C) Participants usually know they are being studied. D) It is an unethical setting for most developmental research.
A & C
A person's _________ age refers to roles and expectations related to a person's chronological age. A) social B) cognitive C) psychological D) biological
A) social
According to data from 2010, a child from which of the following ethnic groups would be MOST LIKELY to live in poverty in the U.S.? A) Asian American B) Non-Latino White C) African American D) Latino
C) African American
Which of the following theorists held that development reflects the influence of five environmental systems? A) Skinner and Bandura B) Erikson C) Bronfenbrenner D) Lorenz
C) Brofenbrenner
