Chapter 1 Life span development
The upper boundary of the human life span is ______ years
122 years
Early childhood
2-6 years
Middle childhood
6-11 years
Late childhood
6-12 years
Life expectancy in the US is ____ years of age
79
The_______________ period of development is the period between childhood and emerging adulthood. It begins at approximately 10 to 12 years of age and ends at 18 to 21 years of age.
Adolescence
Which of the following statements is true in regard to conducting ethical research with human subjects at a college or university?
An institutional review board must approve a study prior to its implementation
Life-span development is defined as the pattern of changes that begins
At conception, through the human life span
Which of Erikson's stages involves infants and toddlers beginning to assert their sense of independence?
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
Culture
Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.
Which theorist believed that development reflects the influence of five environmental systems?
Bronfenbrenner
When conducting life-span development research, researchers must be cautious of ____________ effects, such as a person's time of birth, era, or generation, because they can powerfully affect the dependent measures in research concerned with age.
Cohort
People who were teenagers during the Great Depression are bound to differ from people who were teenagers in the 1990s; what could this fact produce in a research study?
Cohort effects
Normative history-graded influences are ______.
Common to members of a particular generation
Which of the following types of research designs aims to observe and record behavior?
Descriptive
A person creates a unique developmental path by actively choosing from the environment the things that optimize his or her life. Which of the following statements describes this process?
Development is a co-construction of biology, culture, and the individual
Sharon is 4 years old and can follow instructions. She is even learning to identify letters. She is in the __________ period of development
Early childhood
Which developmental period in childhood involves learning to be self-sufficient, caring for the self, developing school readiness skills, and playing with peers?
Early childhood
The __________ theory states that behavior is tied to evolution, is strongly affected by biological influence, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods. (Watch your spelling!)
Ethology
True or false: Ethnicity encompasses nationality but not religion or language.
False
True or false; Life-span development focuses mostly on the rapid growth and development that occurs during childhood
False, the focus of life-span development is from conception to death
Which of the following are variables that are part of an experimental research design?
Independent and Dependent
During Erikson's psychosocial stage of _________ versus ________, usually corresponds with the elementary school years, children's energy should be directed toward acquiring knowledge and intellectual skills.
Industry versus Inferiority
During which developmental stage of Erikson's theory do children, usually in the elementary school years, direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills?
Industry versus inferiority
is the developmental period from birth to 18 or 24 months
Infancy
What theory of development emphasizes individuals manipulating, monitoring, and strategizing about information?
Information-processing theory
According to Erikson at what stage do children encounter a wider social world and face new challenges that require active, purposeful behavior?
Initiative vs. guilt
Which of the following correctly describes life span in the study of human development
It involves growth and change and it occurs throughout life
Which of the following characterizes the middle adulthood period of development
It is a period of expanding personal and social involvement, career achievement, and responsibility.
Which of the following characterizes the middle adulthood period of development?
It is a period of expanding personal and social involvement, career achievement, and responsibility.
Which of the following are characteristics or components of the late adulthood period of development? Select all that apply:
It lasts until death, It begins when people are aging into their 60s or 70s, and It may involve new social roles and decreasing strength and health
Which of the following is true of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
It states that adolescents organize their experiences and it consists of four stages
What method do researchers use when they need to exert significant control over what happens in their study?
Laboratory research
Which of the following developmental periods is typically the longest, based on today's population trends?
Late adulthood
Tamara is one of 30 participants in a study of language development. She was tested when she was two, again when she was five, and will be tested every 3 years until she is 14. What kind of study is Tamara participating in?
Longitudinal
According to Bronfenbrenner, the environmental system in which the most direct interaction with social agents takes place is the ______.
Microsystem
Shelby lives with his older sister and parents. He attends school in his community and relates to friends in school and in his neighborhood. According to Bronfenbrenner's theory, this describes his ______.
Microsystem
The _______ period is the developmental period from about 6 to 11 years of age, approximately corresponding to the elementary school years
Middle and late childhood
Which of the following are characteristics of the life span perspective of development
Multidimensional, multidirectional, lifelong
The idea that development is ______ refers to the fact that some dimensions or components of a dimension expand and others shrink throughout the life span.
Multidirectional
Development is _______, which means that researchers in many fields share an interest in unlocking the mysteries of development through the life span
Multidisciplinary
The observance of behavior in real-world settings, while making no effort to manipulate or control the situation, is known as ______ observation
Naturalistic
________ life events are unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual's life, but do not occur to every individual and do not always influence people in the same way.
Nonnormative
_____________ age-graded influences include biological processes such as puberty and menopause. (Remember to type only one word in the blank.)
Normative
Debriefing
Participants will be advised of the purpose of the study and methods used once their participation has ended.
theories view development as being primarily the result of unconscious processes.
Psychoanalytic
A person's _____ age refers to connectedness with others and the roles that individuals adopt.
Social
Which aspects listed are part of the multidimensional characteristic of life-span development
Socioemotional, biological, and cognitive
Dr. Ramirez has decided to send out 3,000 questionnaires asking people to self-report on their television-viewing habits. What type of research is this?
Survey research
Which is true
The maximum human life span has not changed since the beginning of recorded history
dependent variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
Which of the following is a strength of research performed in the laboratory?
The researcher can exert more control over what happens to participants
Which of Erikson's stages of development occurs during the first year of life?
Trust versus mistrust
According to a UNICEF study, which of the following are the main global concerns facing women worldwide
Violence, lack of education, and mental health issues
Why are so many cross-cultural researchers focused on the conditions of women around the world?
Women are more likely to violence, receive an inadequate education, and struggle with mental health problems
Dr. Booker is researching friendship patterns across childhood. She has included four groups in her study: 4-year-olds, 6-year-olds, 8-year-olds, and 10-year-olds. This is an example of __
a cross-sectional study
A central focus in developmental research is plasticity, which refers to
a person's capacity for change
Amanda is engaging in much more logical and abstract thought than she used to, and she has become quite idealistic. She is far more interested in spending time with her friends than with her family. Amanda is most likely in the developmental period of ______.
adolescence
Descrptive
aims to observe and record behavior
correlational
aims to provide information that helps to predict how people will behave
experimental
aims to understand causality
A correlation ______ is a number based on a statistical analysis that is used to describe the degree of association between two variables.
coefficient
f a study is "cross-cultural," this means that it ______.
compares multiple cultures
The prenatal period is the time from
conception to birth
Life span development is considered to be a _________ process and does not end at any particular age
continuous
What term describes the beliefs, customs, and general behavior patterns of a group of people
culture
______ encompasses the behavior patterns and beliefs that are passed from generation to generation
culture
Transgender
describes someone whose gender identity is different from the one they were assigned at birth
Types of research designs
descriptive, correlational, experimental,
Life-span _____ is the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception.
development
multidimensional
development consists of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions
David is establishing economic independence, pursuing a career, and is considering getting married in the near future. David is very likely in the __________ adulthood stages of life
early
The ______ period of development is typically a time of establishing personal and economic independence, career development, and, for many, selecting a mate.
early adulthood
Aysha does not believe any one theory can account for all real-life phenomena. She would most likely adopt a/an ______ approach to life-span development.
eclectic theoretical orientation
Rajiv is 21 years old, and is very much still exploring and experimenting with his identity. He is most likely in the stage of adulthood.
emerging
In recent years, many psychologists have started to use the term ______ to refer to the period of transition from adolescence to early adulthood
emerging adulthood
As individuals reach late adulthood, the ______ of loss in their capacities takes center stage.
growth, maintenance, and regulation
Developmentalists believe that biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes ______.
interact as people develop
Dr. Mokrani meets with parents one at a time to ask them about their thoughts on discipline. What type of research is this?
interview research
Vygotsky maintained that development
is inseparable from social and cultural influences
The average number of years that a person born in a particular year can be expect to live is called
life expectancy
The brain plays a role in shaping culture and culture plays a role in shaping the brain. This is pointed to as an example of how ______.
life-span development is a co-constrution of biology, culture, and the person
Because Melissa is intrigued with how people change from infancy through late adulthood, she should study
lifespan development
Madeline is a fifty year old woman who has become very active in a number of political and social organizations. She is very passionate about mentoring younger people. Madeline is probably in the development period of adulthoods
middle
Development is _______, which refers to the fact that it has biological, cognitive, and socioemotional aspects
multidimensional
Development is _______ , meaning that some dimensions or components of a dimension expand and others shrink throughout the life span
multidirectional
Development is ______, which means that researchers in many different fields have an interest in understanding the many aspects of development.
multidisciplinary
Observing behavior in a real-world situation is a research method called
naturalistic observation
Mike lost a friend in a car crash during his senior year in high school. This would be considered a(n) _______ life event, because it made a major impact on Mike, but not everyone.
nonnormative
Events that typically occur at the same age for most people, such as beginning school in early childhood, are known as ______ influences
normative age-graded
Events or trends (such as social or economic trends) that are common to members of a particular generation are known as ______ influences.
normative history-graded
A method that involves systematically gathering data in a laboratory or natural setting by watching and recording interactions or behaviors is known as ______ research.
observational
In Dr. Crawford's research study, he and his colleagues spend time in a sixth-grade classroom watching teacher-student interactions. The type of research that Dr. Crawford's team is doing is most likely ______.
observational research
The ________ period of development is the time from conception to birth
prenatal
A government's social policy is the course of action taken by the government to _____.
promote the welfare of the country's citizens
Which of the following are factors in which ethnicity is rooted?
race, cultural heritage, and nationality
Socioemotional
relationships with others
is a government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizen
social policy
indepedent variable
the eperimental factor that is manipulted the varible whose effect is being studied
Life span development is
the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception
Human Development
the scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death
Infancy
the stage of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months
Psychoanalytic theories of development place heavy emphasis on the role of ______.
the unconscious
The _______ period of development is a time of transition between infancy and early childhood
toddler
What term describes someone whose gender identity differs from the gender assigned to them at birth?
transgender
Which of these are examples of developmental contexts
work places and historic time periods
Which of the following are key characteristics of Vygotsky's theory? (select all correct answers)
Cultures and Social interaction
According to ______, eight stages of development unfold as an individual goes through life, and a unique developmental task confronts the individual at each stage.
Erikson
According to ______, the presence or absence of certain experiences is especially important during specific time frames called critical periods.
Ethologist
True or false: The life-span perspective involves sociocultural and individual factors, but no biological factors
False, the life span perspective does include biological factors
Deception
For study purposes, participants are not told everything in advance because it would change their behavior and alter data. This is allowed as long as participants are not harmed.
Psychoanalysis
Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
Waylon is extremely dependent on his parents and is just beginning to develop language. Which developmental period is Waylon mostly likely in?
Infancy
Which theoretical approach believes that individuals develop a gradually increasing capacity for sensing, storing, and remembering information that allows them to acquire increasingly complex knowledge and skills
Information-processing
Which of the following statements most accurately reflects what is important in the study of life-span development
It is important to study growth as well as decline when studying the life span
Development is contextual and has three types of influences. What are these influences?
Normative age-graded, non-normative life events, and normative history-graded
Which period of development would a 2-year-old be in?
Toddler period
The "nature" part of the nature-nurture issue in development can be described as ______.
a biological and genetic perspective
The "nurture" portion of the nature-nurture issue in development can be described as ______.
an environmental perspective on how people develop
In the adolescent years, teens discover who they are, what they are about, and where they are going in their lives. This occurs during the stage of development that Erik Erikson described as identity versus identity ____
confusion
In the adolescent years, teens discover who they are, what they are about, and where they are going in their lives. This occurs during the stage of development that Erik Erikson described as identity versus identity _____.
confusion
Both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories emphasize ______.
continuity in development
Both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories of development assume that ______.
development does not occur in a stage-like fashion
Cognitive
language and intelligence
Edgar has recently retired and is struggling to come to terms with his new life style. He is in good health, but has experienced a decrease in strength, which bothers him. This information identifies Edgar as a man in the _______ adulthood stage of life
late
the _______ stage of development is typically the longest
late
The characteristics of masculinity and femininity that form a central part of a person's identity and social relationships is called
Gender
Which of Erikson's developmental stages involves adolescents finding out who they are and what they want to do in their lives?
Identity versus identity confusion
What are the four ways of measuring age?
Social Chronological Biological Psychological
When does Erikson's second stage of psychosocial development occur?
late infancy
In the life-span perspective, no age period dominates development. That highlights the view that development is considered to be
lifelong
Julie has mastered the basic skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic, and very motivated to do well in school. Julie is most likely in the developmental period of ______.
middle childhood
Dr. Phillips, a clinical psychologist, has a client who exhibits some very unusual behaviors. She writes a report on the patient so that her colleagues can benefit from her observations. What type of research is Dr. Phillips conducting?
A case study
Which of the following are true of the correlation coefficient? Select all that apply:
A correlation of 0 means there is no relationship. It ranges from -1.00 to +1.00. Whether a correlation is simply positive or negative does not indicate strength.
What is functional magnetic resonance imaging?
A physiological measure
Which of the following research designs is used to detect whether a relationship exists between two or more variables, although it cannot infer causation?
Correlational research
Informed consent
Participants must have information on the costs and benefits of their participation. They must be told that they have the right to withdraw.
Which of the following are criticisms of research performed in the laboratory? Select all that apply:
Participants usually know they are being studied It is not a natural setting
Which of the following are cognitive theories of development?
Piaget's, Vygotsky, and information-processing theory
The largest generation to enter late adulthood in the United States are called __________.
baby boomers
Research results from studies done with participants who are not from diverse cultures or ethnic groups have sometimes been applied to people who are from diverse cultures and ethnic groups. This is clearly a case of cultural and ethnic
bias
The three main issues that influence how we look at development are nature and nurture, ___________ and __________. and stability and change
continuity and discontinuity
A research strategy that simultaneously compares people of different ages is known as the ______ approach.
cross-sectional
eud's 5 psychosexual stages of development are:
oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
Biological
physical stature
Piaget's ______ stage, which lasts from birth to about 2 years of age, is the stage in which infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating physical activities with experiences such as seeing and hearing.
sensorimotor
Piaget's stage, which lasts from birth to about 2 years of age, is the stage in which infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating physical activities with experiences such as seeing and hearing.
sensorimotor
____ refers to the characteristics of people as males and females as a central part of their identity in social relationships.
Gender
_______ - cultural studies compare aspects of two or more cultures
Cross
Marina is interested in researching the effects of teacher-to-child ratio on academic achievement. This exemplifies the contemporary focus of life-span development on _____
Education
Baltes and his colleagues (2006) hypothesize that mastery of life involves conflict and competition among different goals of human development. Which of the following are those goals? (Choose all that apply)
Growth, regulation of loss, and maintenance
______ age refers to an individual's ability to adapt to change as compared to other people who have lived the same amount of time.
Psychological
______ status refers to a person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
Socioeconomic
______ status refers to a person's position within society, based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
Socioeconomic
Which of the following statements are consistent with the basic premises of Erikson's psychosocial theory? Select all that apply
There is a turning point marked by increased vulnerability and enhanced potential There is a crisis that must be resolved