Chapter 1

six characteristics of life

1. Are organized 2. Respond to Stimuli 3. Reproduce and develop 4. Have a metabolism 5. Have the capacity to adapt 6. Require materials and energy

In the order of increasing complexity (simple on top to complex at the bottom), list the three levels of biological organizations that occur between cell and organism

1. Tissue 2. Organ 4. Organ system

Members of domain Archaea inhabit aquatic environments that have which three of the following conditions that other organisms could not survive

Acidic, salty, and hot

What are two components of cell theory

All living things are made of cells and cells only arise from preexisting cells

Things that scientist can use to make observations:

All of their senses, tools or instruments and precious studies (notes: not their feelings about what they think will happen)

greenhouse effect

Carbon dioxide and other gases absorbing and radiating heat back to the earth

The basic building block of life, and the biological level at which the properties of life are first observed is the

Cell

Which group in an experiment, is a test group that isn't exposed to the experimental variable?

Control group

In reviewing a scientific study prior to publications, experts look to see that the research is

Credible, accurate, unbiased, and well executed

The biological molecule that contains the genes is

DNA

The hereditary information of organisms, encoded in genes, is called _______. This material contains instructions that direct organizations and metabolism in an organism.

DNA

A low probability value, p, indicates that

Data is statistically significant, not likely due to random chance

Reasoning that involves "if, then" logic is

Deductive reasoning

Humans proceed through several stages of ________, or change, as they become an adult from the zygote formed by an egg and sperm uniting. During some of these stages, the individual may grow.

Development

All living organisms are assigned into three groups called _______, which is the largest classification category and includes archaea, bacteria, and eukarya

Domain

The most inclusive biological taxon is the

Domain

taxa categories

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

The human species tends to modify and obtain various materials from ______ but humans also greatly depend on them for the ecological services that they provide, such as chemical cycling

Ecosystems

_______ food and nutrient cycling in an ecosystem climate largely determine where different ecosystems are found in the biosphere

Energy

The concept of changed in frequency of traits influencing reproductive success is described by which scientific theory?

Evolution

The underlying concept of biology, because it explains so many aspects of the science, is

Evolution

Also known as the independent variable, the factor in an experiment that is being tested is called the

Experimental variable

Which of these is typically used to test a hypothesis?

Experimentation

True or false: a theory is the same as a hypothesis

False

True or false: in a study that tests how well two different antibiotics work to treat ulcers, everyone receives the experimental variable (the antibiotics)

False

Life requires materials and energy. An ecosystem functions as energy __________ (cycles/flows) and chemicals ___________ (cycle/flow) between organisms.

Flows, cycles

Which eukaryotic group contains mainly multicellular organisms that function as decomposers

Fungi

An organ is a

Group of several tissues that function together as a unit

In an ecosystem, as energy is transferred from one link in the food chain to another, some of the energy dissipates as

Heat

What may be tested through experimentation or observations?

Hypothesis

Which of the following is generally tested by experimentation?

Hypothesis

experimental design

Is the manner a scientist intends to use to conduct research

Select the two statements that describe the responding variable

It is the result that occurs due to the experimental treatment, it is called the dependent variable

Observations can be used in science as a

Means to construct hypothesis

Scientist often use ______ organisms or systems as a representation of an actual subject that can be studied firsthand to aid in our understanding of a process

Model

Inheritable changes in genetic information, called ________, provide an important source of variation, some of which is good, and some of which is bad. Differences in hair and eye color are visible examples of these changes.

Mutations

Both domain Archea and domain Bacteria contain organisms having cells with

NO nuclei

In an experiment to test the efficacy or antibiotics in treating ulcers, endoscopy is used to determine the presence of a sense of ulcers in the experimental groups. Data collected from the endoscopy procedures on the test and control groups is analyzed. The analysis of this data provided the ______ of this experiment

Results and conclusion

The names used in order to avoid confusion when discussing species are

Scientific names

If experimental data is analyzed and found to have a probability value (p value) somewhere between 0.001 and 0.05, then the data is said to be statistically ______, meaning the results are very unlikely to be due to chance alone

Significant

In the scientific name for humans, sapiens is the

Species name

Identifying, describing, and naming organisms are the tasks of

Taxonomy

The broad field of systematics that involves the scientific naming of organisms is called

Taxonomy

Taxonomy

The scientific study of how living things are classified

An ecosystem requires all of its energy from

The sun

True or False: when publishing research, many scientists include information such as standard deviations with their data to indicate how uncertain some values are or how far off averages are

True

True or false: all eukaryotes are more closely related to one another than to any prokaryote

True, because they're in the same domain

Natural selection occurs as a population

Undergoes differential reproductive success

inductive reasoning

Uses specific observations to arrive at a hypothesis

What encompasses biodiversity

Variability of ecosystems, number of species, genetic variability

Climate change

a change in global or regional climate patterns because of an imbalance of carbon

Global warming

a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants.

The hollow bones of hawk, which allow it to fly, are an example of

an adaptation

The smallest unit that displays the properties of life is called

cell

Select two components of cell theory

cells only arise from preexisting cells, all living things are made of cells. THEY ARE NOT either prokaryotic or eukaryotic

The descent of organisms from common ancestors with changes in the frequencies of traits over time is called

evolution

In an ecosystem, chemicals move from one organism to another through links in a ________

food chain

The maintenance of normal internal conditions in a cell or an organism is called

homeostasis

The diversity of life

is explained by adaptations to the environment

The unity of life

is explained by descent from a common ancestor

Models are used in science when

it is not possible to use the actual subject

levels of organization (smallest to largest)

population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

Energy flows in an ecosystem from

producers, consumers, decomposers

Prokaryotes are

single celled organisms lacking a true nucleus and nuclear membrane

Adaptations can be

structural or behavioral

A control group undergoes all of the conditions of the experiment except

the experimental factor

Systematics

the science of naming and grouping organisms

A group of similar cells that perform a particular function is called

tissue

The two most biologically diverse ecosystems are

tropical rain forests and coral reefs

Eukaryotes are

unicellular or multicellular organisms that have a membrane bound nucleus

The inhabit of environments that may be similar to conditions on primitive Earth are found in domain

Archaea

These organisms are found literally everywhere including the air and soil as well as your digestive tract

Bacteria

An organisms movement, whether self-directed or in response to stimulus, constitutes a large part of the organisms _______, which is largely directed towards reproducing, getting food, or avoiding injury

Behavior

Many organisms depend on behavior, which is controlled by the _______ system, to regulate their internal environment, thus maintaining homeostasis

Nervous system

Which of the following has more support in the scientific community, theory or principle?

Principle

The characteristic of all organisms that describes a change in behavior when some stimulus is introduced is called

Response

Which of the following is a characteristic of all living organisms?

Response to stimuli

Which characteristic of life is behavior most closely associated with?

Responsiveness

What is most important in determining where an ecosystem is found

Nutrient cycling, and energy flow

Scientific Method Steps

Observations, Hypothesis, Experiment, Data Collection, Conclusion, If nessasary restart

The notion that organisms have hierarchical levels of structure refers to their

Organization

Life is _____ at many levels, from atoms to cells, tissues, organs, organ systems and organisms

Organized

energy flows in an ecosystem

PROducers, CONsumers, DEComposers

Things that are NOT a Characteristics of all living things

Photosynthesis (its a process), and movement (coral reefs dont move)

Natural selection results in changes to the characteristics of a

Population