Chapter 1 Oceanography
leftover gases from the nebula
Earth's initial atmosphere formed from
The Moon formed due to the impact of a Mars-Sized body with the Earth
How did the Moon form?
oceans
The most likely place for the basic building blocks for the development of life to interact and produce life is in Earth's
continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust
which of the following statements regarding continental and oceanic crust is TRUE?
Arctic Ocean
Based on definition, it is more appropriate to consider which ocean as a sea?
five
Based on physical properties, Earth consists of __
Asthenosphere
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Asthenosphere Granite Basalt Oceanic crust Continental crust
Atmosphere
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Atmosphere Mesosphere Core Asthenosphere Lithosphere
Indian
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Black Mediterranean Indian Adriatic Caspian
Oxygen
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Carbon dioxide Oxygen Ammonia Water vapor Methane
Magellan
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Eratosthenes Magellan Herodotus Pytheas Ptolemy
Mediterranean
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Indian Arctic Atlantic Mediterranean Pacific
Ptolemy
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. John Cabot Ferdinand Magellan Vasco de Gama Christopher Columbus Ptolemy
Jurrasic
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Jurassic Silurian Devonian Permian Ordovician
Heterotrophs
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Photosynthesis Autotrophs Heterotrophs Plants Chemisynthesis
Belief
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Theory Testing Observation Hypothesis Belief
basalt
Oceanic crust is predominantly composed of the igneous rock called
basalt
Oceanic crust is primarily
can form ozone and block some UV radiation
One of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth is because oxygen
shape, position
Our world ocean can be divided into four principal oceans plus an additional ocean, based on the ____ of the ocean basins and the ___ of the continents.
theories
Plate tectonics and evolution, which are held with a high degree of confidence because of rigorous testing and verification, are examples of
ages of rocks
Radioactive materials can sometimes be used to determine the
simple organic compounds
Stanley Miller's 1952 experiment created____from the chemical ingredients thought to exist in Earth's early ocean
Christopher Columbus' discovery of the "New World"
The European "Age of Discovery" began with
Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe
The European "Age of Discovery" ended with
nebula
The Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about 5 billion years ago from a huge cloud of dust and gas called a
It was blown away by the solar wind
What happened to the nebular gas that remained from the formation of the planets and their satellites?
bacteria
according to the fossil record on Earth, the earliest-known life-forms were primitive
granite
Continental crust is predominantly composed of the indigenous rock called _____
three
Based on chemical composition, Earth consists of __
Scurvy
Prior to 1768, which of the following claimed the most human lives at sea?
hydrogen
A cometary model of the formation of Earth's ocean must include the chemical difference between the ____ in comet ice and that in Earth's water
hypothesis
A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a/an
billion
According to the fossil record on Earth, the earliest known life-forms lived in sea floor rocks about 3.5 ____ years
chemical composition
Although Earth's oceans have existed since early in the formation of the planet, its ___ must have changed
50,000
Archaeological evidence suggest that beat technology was developed about____ years
water vapour released from volcanic outgassing
Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to
highest, lowest
Earth is a layered sphere with the ___ -density material found near the centre of Earth and the ___-density material located near the surface
4.6 billion years old
Earth is about
carbon dioxide, water vapour, sulphur dioxide and methane
Earth's primordial atmosphere most likely includes
outgassing
Earth's second atmosphere formed from
billion
Earths atmosphere became oxygen rich about 2.45 __ years ago
billion
Evidence suggests that the Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about five ____years ago
asthenosphere
Isostatic adjustments are the result of the buoyancy of Earth's lithosphere as it floats on the___ below which is denser and plastic like
outgassing
Most of Earth's water was derived from
Vikings of Scandinavia
Most of the explorations by the northern and western Europeans during the Middle (Dark) Ages were undertaken by
3,682 meters (12,080 ft)
The average depth of the world's ocean is approximately
Phoenicians
The first humans from Western Hemisphere known to have developed the art of navigation were the
Eratosthenes
The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of the Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt, was
Phoenicians
The first recorded circumnavigation of Africa was made by the
Atlantic, Arctic, Southern, Indian, and Pacific
The four principal ocean basins (plus an additional ocean) on Earth are the ___
anaerobic bacteria
The great oxidation event resulted in the massive die-off of which of the following?
geological
The study of the structure of the sea floor and how the sea floor has changed through time is an example of _____ oceanography
physical
The study of transmission of light and sound in the oceans is an example of ____ oceanography
Pacific Ocean
The largest of the ocean basins, which currently covers more than half of the ocean surface, is the
natural selection
The mechanism by which populations evolve and new species develop is called
Pytheas
The method of determining latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by measuring the angle between an observer's line of site to the North Star and line of site to the northern horizon was developed by
all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud
The nebular hypothesis suggest that
photosynthetic
The oldest fossilised remains of organisms are primitive ____ bacteria recovered from rocks formed on the sea floor about 3.5 billion years ago
differing densities of the elements that make up the earth
The separation of the earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the
required an external food supply
The very earliest forms of life probably
cambrian
Trilobites were dominant during which geologic period?
Pacific Ocean
Which ocean covers more than half of the ocean surface area of Earth?
Southern Ocean
Which ocean is actually a part of three other oceans?
Indian Ocean
Which ocean is mostly, but not entirely, in the southern hemisphere?
Atlantic Ocean
Which ocean is similar in size and average depth to the Indian Ocean?
Pacific Ocean
Which ocean is the deepest ocean in the world?
Arctic Ocean
Which ocean is the shallowest ocean in the world?
Pacific Ocean
Which ocean is the single largest geographic feature of the planet?
Indian Ocean
Which ocean was considered by 14th century Europeans to be one of the seven seas?
Pacific Ocean
Which ocean's name come from a word meaning peace?
Erik Thorvaldson
Which of the following Vikings is credited with discovering Greenland?
The depth of this trench exceeds the height of Mount Everest.
Which of the following is TRUE concerning the deepest part of the ocean?
Indian Ocean
Which of the following modern seven seas was also recognised by pre-15th century European as one of their seven seas?
Fiji, Tonga and Samoa
Which of the following parts of Polynesia was populated first?
Easter Island
Which of the following parts of Polynesia was populated last?
all of the continents could fit into the space occupied by the Pacific Ocean
Which of the following statements about the Pacific Ocean is TRUE?
Protoearth's deep structure was homogeneous
Which of the following was true about the Protoearth?
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
Who is credited with being the first European to see the Pacific Ocean?
Eratosthenes
Who is credited with being the first person to accurately determine Earth's circumference?
Juan Sebastian del Caño
Who left Spain in September 1519 and became the first person to complete a circumnavigation of the globe when he returned to Spain three years later?
Bjarni Herjolfsson
Who of the following is thought to be the first Viking to have seen what is now called Newfoundland?
Vasco da Gama
Who sailed from Europe around the tip of Africa to India and established a new trade route?
James Cook
Who was killed Hawaii during his last sea voyage after a skirmish with local people?
Ferdinand Magellan
Who was killed in the Philippines during his last sea voyage after a skirmish with local people?