Chapter 1 psych test

One of the differences between Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson is that:

Erik Erikson saw that development occurred throughout the life span

Which of the following is a criticism of behavioral theory?

It places too much emphasizes on the environment

These theorists suggested that behavior is learned in the environment either through paired associations, punishments and reinforcements, or modeling.

Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, Albert Bandura

The specialization of function in each of the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex in the brain is called:

Lateralization

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship among biological development, cognitive development, and social development?

The three are interdependent processes throughout the life span

Jessica is a very attractive teenager with beautiful brown eyes and high cheekbones. She is constantly receiving compliments about her looks and being asked out on dates. Her genes have influenced her environment in the following manner:

There is evocative genotype--environment correlation between her genes and her environment

"Development is best thought of as being strongly influenced by the environment, especially the various social and cultural contexts with which one interacts. To understand development, psychologists must analyze an individual's interactions within and between these different contexts." This statement would MOST likely come from:

Urie Bronfenbrenner

Adjusting already existing schemes to fit new information and experiences is called:

accommodation

People seek out environments that are consistent with their genetic makeup. For example, outgoing children may join the drama club or speech/debate team. This is an example of a(n):

active (niche-picking) genotype- environment correlation

Jean Piget believed that children:

actively construct their own cognitive worlds

"Students at this age are full of surprises," comments the high school teacher, "They come in looking and acting like punk rockers one day, then like nuns and monks the next!" Erik Erikson would say these students are:

actively exploring different roles

Evolutionary development psychology suggests that the way in which people develop is:

adaptive

The second stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory is:

autonomy vs shame & doubt

As a criticism of evolutionary psychology, Albert Bandura proposed a:

bidirectional view

Infants can learn through:

both classical conditioning and operant conditioning

Axon is to ______ as dendrite is to ______.

carrying signals away from the cell body; carrying signals to the cell body

Which of the following research methods looks at one person in depth and generally over a long period of time?

case study

Which of the following statements is true?

correlation does not equal causation

Professor Jones is researching the cultural differences in school performance between Japanese and American children. He is comparing memory scores between two groups of fifth graders. One of his groups is from Japan and the other group is from the United States. Professor Jones is conducting a _______ study.

cross-cultural

What is the correct sequence of language development?

crying, cooing, babbling, gestures

The "visual cliff" is used to measure:

depth perception

Which of the following describes the cephalocaudal pattern of development?

development of the brain, followed by the spinal cord, and then leg nerves

During which period of development is the unborn baby MOST AT RISK of developing a structural defect due to the effects of a teratogen?

during the embryonic period

The theory stating that we directly perceive information that exists in the world around us is:

ecological

The second stage of childbirth begins with the _____ and ends with the _______

emergence of the child's head; delivery of the child out of the mother

When studying development, behavioral theorists believe that only behavior must be observed because it:

is the only direct and measurable indication we have of development

Behaviorists believe that language is:

learned through reinforcement

Which of the following does your psychology professor, Shawn, want you to do

make at least one office visit

Biology is to _____, as environment is to _____.

nature and nurture

When she was a teenager, two members of Anna's family were killed by a tornado. More than 30 years later, she is still terrified by storms. This is an example of how a(n) __________ event can influence a person's development.

nonnormative life

By age 55, many people need reading glasses or bifocals to improve their vision. This physiological change is a good example of a:

normative age-graded influence on development

A researcher is interested in the effect of exercise on stamina in elderly patients. The patients are randomly assigned to be in a high-exercise or low-exercise training program for 8 weeks. At the end of the program, their stamina is measured by seeing how long they can walk comfortably on a treadmill. In this study, the dependent variable is:

number of minutes on the treadmill

Heather crawls from her room into the hallway to look for her mother after she leaves. According to Jean Piaget, this shows that she is capable of:

object permanence

Ling-Chi is trying to make sense of her world. According to Piaget's theory, the two processes she uses to do this are __________ and _________.

organization; adaptation

Rachel has always enjoyed reading. Now that she is a parent, she provides her daughter with many books to read, hoping the child will also learn to enjoy reading. How do behavior geneticists refer to this type of interaction between heredity and environment?

passive genotype--environment correlation

Hidalgo is very good at simple addition and subtraction, but he has a hard time understanding the abstract algebraic problems that his sister, who is in high school, does. Hidalgo is currently in which of Jean Piaget's stages of development?

peroperational

A phenotype can consist of ______ as well as _______ characteristics

physical; psychological

Jean Piaget believed that children's thinking in one stage is __________ that in another stage.

qualitatively different from

Life expectancy increased during the 20th century because of improvements in:

sanitation, nutrition, & medicine

The Apgar scale is a method used to assess the health of newborns. A score of 3 would:

signal an emergency because the baby's survival is in doubt

Children living in poverty tend to have _______ vocabularies when compared with wealthier children.

smaller overall

Whereas Jean Piaget emphasized the biological processes of cognitive development. Lev Vygotsky emphasized the effects of _______ on development.

social interaction and culture

People with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics are said to share the same:

socioeconomic status

The longitudinal method of research consists of:

studying the same individuals over a long period of time.

What makes one stage more advanced than another in Jean Piaget's theory?

the child's new way of understanding the world

A ________ is an integrated set of ideas that helps to explain, and a ______ is a set of specific assumptions that can be tested to determine their accuracy.

theory; hypothesis

All of the following are contributions of the psychoanalytic perspective, EXCEPT:

this perspective includes child, adolescent, and adult development stages

Duvon's wife has just given birth to their son. Duvon is likely to feel:

upset that the baby comes first

A child's expansive vocabulary is directly correlated with his or her parents':

verbal interactions with the child