Chapter 1

______________ founded the American Psychological Association (APA). A. Carl Jung B. G. Stanley Hall C. Gustav Fechner D. Wilhelm Wundt

B. G. Stanley Hall

There is a great deal of overlap between neuroscience and ______________ psychology. The latter is an older term that is being replaced by behavioral neuroscience in contemporary psychology. A. biological B. social C. clinical D. educational

A. biological

______________ asserts that psychology can be a true science only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives. A. Structuralism B. Behaviorism C. Socialism D. Functionalism

B. Behaviorism

A writer from a popular fashion magazine has penned an article titled "Dating in the 21st Century." She analyzed her own dating experiences and incorporated them into this piece. This type of psychology is known as _____________. A. folk psychology B. health psychology C. consumer psychology D. forensic psychology

A. folk psychology

______________ can be best defined as the study of the relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and their relationship to behavior and thought. A. Clinical psychology B. Biological psychology C. Social psychology D. Educational psychology

B. Biological psychology

______________ psychology is the single largest subdiscipline in psychology. A. Social B. Clinical C. Educational D. Cognitive

B. Clinical

In which of the following subdisciplines of psychology are researchers often referred to as experimental psychologists? A. Social psychology B. Cognitive psychology C. Clinical psychology D. Educational psychology

B. Cognitive psychology

______________ is the study of how we perceive information, how we learn and remember, how we acquire and use language, and how we solve problems. A. Social psychology B. Cognitive psychology C. Clinical psychology D. Educational psychology

B. Cognitive psychology

______________ psychology is a blend of psychology, law, and criminal justice. A. Social B. Forensic C. Developmental D. Cognitive

B. Forensic

______________ can be best defined as the study of human culture and origins. A. Anthropology B. Psychology C. Literature D. Archaeology

A. Anthropology

Dr. Hughes conducts laboratory studies of the thought processes involved in problem solving. Which of the following types of psychologists is she most likely to be? A. Cognitive B. Evolutionary C. Educational D. Social

A. Cognitive

In the 1870s the first laboratories in psychology were opened in _____________. A. Germany B. China C. the United States D. Austria

A. Germany

Which of the following questions is most likely to be discussed by a cognitive psychologist? A. How do people visualize objects in their minds? B. How does the presence of other people change an individual's thoughts, feeling, or perceptions? C. Why are we attracted to particular kinds of people? D. How does parent-infant bonding affect adult relationships?

A. How do people visualize objects in their minds?

______________ psychology promotes personal growth and meaning as a way of reaching one's highest potential. A. Humanistic B. Gestalt C. Positive D. Holistic

A. Humanistic

Some of the thinking in the new cognitive movement was based on a book by the British psychologist Frederick Bartlett (1886-1969). Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the views of Frederick Bartlett? A. Memory is not an objective and accurate representation of events but rather a highly personal reconstruction based on one's own beliefs, ideas, and point of view. B. Psychology can be a true science only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives. C. A detailed analysis of experience as it happens provides the most accurate glimpse into the workings of the human mind. D. Our experiences during childhood are a powerful force in the development of our adult personality.

A. Memory is not an objective and accurate representation of events but rather a highly personal reconstruction based on one's own beliefs, ideas, and point of view.

In the context of psychology, which of the following is a major difference between scientists and philosophers? A. Philosophers do not collect data to test their ideas. B. According to scientists, the mind simply receives what our sensory organs—eyes, ears, nose, skin, and tongue—take in from the outside world. C. Philosophers believe that human beings create knowledge from experience. D. According to scientists, human beings create knowledge from reflection and thinking.

A. Philosophers do not collect data to test their ideas.

What modern view of psychological disorders developed at the end of the 1800s? A. Psychological disorders are a form of illness that should be diagnosed and treated. B. Psychological disorders are actually thought disorders, rather than instances of spirit possession caused by witchcraft. C. Psychological disorders are mood disorders and should be treated by psychoanalysis. D. Psychological disorders have medical causes and should be treated by trephination.

A. Psychological disorders are a form of illness that should be diagnosed and treated.

The assumption that dreams have meaning and are the most direct route to the unconscious mind was put forth by: A. Sigmund Freud. B. Wilhelm Wundt. C. William James. D. G. Stanley Hall.

A. Sigmund Freud.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the ancient views on psychology? A. The ancient Chinese made connections between a person's bodily organs and their emotions. B. The earliest cultures to seek natural explanations for disorders were the ancient Americans. C. The ancient Chinese (2,600 BCE) believed in supernatural explanations of psychological disorders. D. Frenchman Philip Pinel was the first to write about a man suffering from a phobia of heights—what we now call acrophobia.

A. The ancient Chinese made connections between a person's bodily organs and their emotions.

For which of the following reasons is ancient Greece significant in the history of psychology? A. The foundations for psychology as a science can be traced to ancient Greece. B. Wilhelm Wundt, one of the first known psychologists, established his laboratory in ancient Greece. C. The first doctorate in psychology was awarded in ancient Greece. D. The ancient Greeks compiled the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM).

A. The foundations for psychology as a science can be traced to ancient Greece.

Which of the following is true concerning the science and practice of psychology? A. The practice of psychology originated first, followed by the science of psychology. B. The science of psychology originated first, followed by the practice of psychology. C. The science and practice of psychology originated at roughly the same time. D. The practice and science of psychology originated at the same time, but in different places.

A. The practice of psychology originated first, followed by the science of psychology.

Which of the following questions is most likely to be discussed by a social psychologist? A. Why are we attracted to particular kinds of people? B. How do our reasoning skills change as we age? C. How do people visualize objects in their minds? D. How does parent-infant bonding affect adult relationships?

A. Why are we attracted to particular kinds of people?

The industrial side of industrial/organizational psychology: A. applies principles of psychology to the selection of employees and evaluate their job performance. B. aims to increase productivity and satisfaction of workers by considering how the work environment and management styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity. C. develops treatments for mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. D. explores how thought and behavior change and show stability across the life span.

A. applies principles of psychology to the selection of employees and evaluate their job performance.

Using noninvasive advanced imaging techniques and electrical recordings, _______ study the structure and functions of the living brain. A. behavioral neuroscientists B. developmental psychologists C. positive psychologists D. personality psychologists

A. behavioral neuroscientists

Wilhelm Wundt is credited with: A. giving psychology its independence from philosophy and physiology. B. identifying the effects of childhood experiences on the development of our adult personality. C. evaluating the effects of social forces on one's behavior. D. developing the discipline of psychophysics.

A. giving psychology its independence from philosophy and physiology.

Core sciences are those that: A. have many other disciplines organized around them. B. are a combination of several different sciences. C. are always drawn from common sense. D. are the simplest to understand.

A. have many other disciplines organized around them.

The German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin was the first to describe "dementia praecox," the mental disorder now known as _____________. A. schizophrenia B. bipolar disorder C. major depressive disorder D. Munchausen's syndrome

A. schizophrenia

Max, an early researcher in psychology, was interested in thought and behavior. He attempted to break experiences down into their component parts in order to study them. Max was most likely a: A. structuralist. B. functionalist. C. behaviorist. D. psychoanalyst.

A. structuralist.

Cognitive science focuses on the scientific study of _____________. A. thought B. asylums C. computers D. school psychology

A. thought

Mary Whiton Calkins: A. was the first female president of the American Psychological Association. B. was a student of Sigmund Freud. C. opened the first psychology laboratory in the United States. D. started the first scientific journal in American psychology, the American Journal of Psychology.

A. was the first female president of the American Psychological Association.

Samantha sees a sign on a club's marquee that says "CLUB _ EN FRO_ 8PM TO 4AM." Although some letters are missing from the sign, she knows it is listing the hours when the club is open. Samantha's perception would be of greatest interest to ______________ psychologists. A. positive B. Gestalt C. industrial/organizational D. social

B. Gestalt

The Greek physician ______________ was the first to write about a man suffering from a phobia of heights—what we now call acrophobia. A. Galen B. Hippocrates C. Socrates D. Aristotle

B. Hippocrates

______________ helps us understand people through description and analysis of past events and artifacts. A. Literature B. History C. Sociology D. Anthropology

B. History

Which of the following behavior patterns was removed from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual in 1973? A. Dissociative identity disorder B. Homosexuality C. Conversion disorder D. Anxiety disorder

B. Homosexuality

Which of the following types of psychologists is most likely to be a part of the human resource department of a large corporation? A. Cognitive psychologist B. Industrial/organizational psychologist C. Social psychologist D. Developmental psychologist

B. Industrial/organizational psychologist

______________ can be best defined as the study of how the real or imagined presence of others influences thought, feeling, and behavior. A. Clinical psychology B. Social psychology C. Educational psychology D. Industrial psychology

B. Social psychology

______________ seeks to understand people in terms of large-scale social forces and with a focus on groups rather than individuals. A. Archaeology B. Sociology C. Literature D. Psychology

B. Sociology

In which of the following approaches to psychology was introspection the primary research method used to understand thoughts and behavior? A. Psychophysics B. Structuralism C. Empiricism D. Behaviorism

B. Structuralism

______________ believed that a detailed analysis of experience as it happened provides the most accurate glimpse into the workings of the human mind. A. Socialists B. Structuralists C. Behaviorists D. Functionalists

B. Structuralists

The ______________ therapy focuses on changing a person's maladaptive thought and behavior patterns by discussing and rewarding more appropriate ways of thinking and behaving. A. sublimation B. cognitive-behavioral C. thought stimulation D. reaction formation

B. cognitive-behavioral

Behaviorism is an extreme form of _____________. A. functionalism B. environmentalism C. structuralism D. empiricism

B. environmentalism

Empiricism is the belief that all knowledge and thoughts come from _____________. A. scriptures B. experience C. genetic endowment D. observation

B. experience

Jim, an early researcher in psychology, was interested in how the mind works. He focused on his own experience of pain in an effort to understand how and why people feel pain. Jim was most likely a: A. structuralist. B. functionalist. C. behaviorist. D. psychoanalyst

B. functionalist.

Topics in ______________ psychology range from studies of how stress is linked to illness and immune function to research on the role of social factors in how people interact with health care professionals. A. cognitive B. health C. forensic D. educational

B. health

To compare psychophysics and physics, if physicists study the physical properties of light and sound, psychophysicists study: A. sources of light and sound. B. human perception of light and sound. C. commercial uses of light and sound. D. effects of light and sound on the environment.

B. human perception of light and sound.

Philip Pinel of France is said to have been the first major proponent of _____________. A. the use of narcotics to treat pain B. humane therapies for the mentally ill C. the study of the mind-body connection D. considering psychology as a science

B. humane therapies for the mentally ill

If we compare the human mind with a computer, behavior and thoughts would be analogous to _____________. A. central processing unit (CPU) B. output C. storage device D. input

B. output

Psychoanalysis assumes that: A. underlying biological events such as hormonal changes mediate all human behavior. B. the unconscious mind is the most powerful motivator of behavior. C. social forces are the most powerful motivators of adult behavior. D. dreams have no meaning to or relationship with the unconscious mind.

B. the unconscious mind is the most powerful motivator of behavior.

______________ can be best defined as the study of the links among brain, mind, and behavior. A. Social psychology B. Industrial psychology C. Behavioral neuroscience D. Developmental psychology

C. Behavioral neuroscience

Which of the following was used as a new metaphor for the human mind in cognitive psychology? A. Light switch B. Camera C. Computer D. Transmitter

C. Computer

______________ psychologists treat and assess relatively healthy people and assist them with career and vocational interests. A. Cognitive B. Health C. Counseling D. Clinical

C. Counseling

Which of the following types of psychologists is most likely to conduct a research on how reasoning skills or emotional skills change with age? A. Clinical psychologist B. Behavioral psychologist C. Developmental psychologist D. Educational psychologist

C. Developmental psychologist

In the United States, the first practitioner of moral treatment of the mentally ill was _____________. A. René Descartes B. Sigmund Freud C. Dorothea Dix D. John Locke

C. Dorothea Dix

______________ coined the term psychophysics. A. Carl Jung B. Wilhelm Wundt C. Gustav Fechner D. G. Stanley Hall

C. Gustav Fechner

Which of the following is NOT one of G. Stanley Hall's achievements? A. He founded the American Psychological Association (APA). B. He opened the first psychology laboratory in the United States. C. He coined the term psychophysics. D. He started the first scientific journal in American psychology, the American Journal of Psychology.

C. He coined the term psychophysics.

Which of the following statements is true of psychology? A. Modern psychology is more likely to study the brain and behavior than the mind. B. It does not have any other disciplines organized around it. C. It is a core science, along with medicine, physics, and math. D. It is not a science, but a clinical practice.

C. It is a core science, along with medicine, physics, and math.

Which of the following psychologists asserted that psychology can be a true science only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives? A. William James B. Abraham Maslow C. John Watson D. Carl Rogers

C. John Watson

______________ helps us understand people through its methods of storytelling, character exploration, setting, and imagery. A. History B. Anthropology C. Literature D. Psychology

C. Literature

Which of the following fields is considered a "parent" of the discipline of scientific psychology? A. Literature B. Physics C. Philosophy D. Chemistry

C. Philosophy

______________ psychology can be defined as a scientific approach to studying, understanding, and promoting healthy and positive psychological functioning. A. Health B. Developmental C. Positive D. Clinical

C. Positive

______________ can be best defined as medicine men or women who treat people with mental problems by driving out their demons with elaborate rituals, such as exorcisms, incantations, and prayers. A. Hunters B. Chiefs C. Shamans D. Laggards

C. Shamans

Which of the following studies is most likely to be conducted by Cathy, who is majoring in biological psychology, for her honors thesis? A. The social origins of major depressive disorders B. The extent to which childhood peer experiences influence adult behavior C. The relationship between the neurotransmitter serotonin and happiness D. A computer model of humans' deductive reasoning processes

C. The relationship between the neurotransmitter serotonin and happiness

The organizational side of industrial/organizational psychology: A. involves matching employees to their job and uses psychological methods to select and evaluate employees. B. focuses on the treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders and ways to promote psychological health. C. aims to increase productivity and satisfaction of workers by considering how the work environment and management styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity. D. considers what makes people unique as well as the consistencies in people's behavior across time and situations.

C. aims to increase productivity and satisfaction of workers by considering how the work environment and management styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity.

Dr. Hennessy believes that psychologists should analyze only human conduct that can be observed, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives. He is most likely a strict _____________. A. humanistic psychologist B. functionalist C. behaviorist D. social psychologist

C. behaviorist

Ed, an early researcher in psychology, was interested in how the environment impacts tendencies to act. He believed that focusing on the mind through introspection was not scientific. Ed was most likely a: A. structuralist. B. functionalist. C. behaviorist. D. psychoanalyst.

C. behaviorist.

According to structuralism, A. our experiences during childhood are a powerful force in the development of our adult personality. B. psychology is a sub-discipline of philosophy. C. breaking down experience into its elemental parts offers the best way to understand thought and behavior. D. psychology is an empirical science which is independent of medicine and physiology.

C. breaking down experience into its elemental parts offers the best way to understand thought and behavior.

Common sense, rather than the scientific method, is used by: A. research psychologists. B. clinical psychologists. C. folk psychologists. D. social psychologists.

C. folk psychologists.

Psyche, the root word of "psychology," comes from the Greek for _____________. A. heart B. soul C. mind D. personality

C. mind

Dr. Hansen is conducting a study to understand whether or not one's level of extraversion stays the same from infancy to adulthood. She is most likely a _____________. A. geneticist B. cognitive psychologist C. personality psychologist D. doctor of osteopathy

C. personality psychologist

James has received training in medicine and has an MD degree; in addition to offering therapy he can prescribe drugs. Based on this information, it can be concluded that James is a: A. clinical psychologist. B. counseling psychologist. C. psychiatrist. D. psychologist with his own clinic.

C. psychiatrist.

Around the turning of the 20th century, Sigmund Freud developed a form of therapy known as _____________. A. cognitive-behavioral therapy B. aversion therapy C. psychoanalysis D. behavior modification

C. psychoanalysis

Psychology can be considered as a modern empirical science because: A. psychology originates from medicine. B. psychology is based on the laws of nature. C. psychologists test predictions about behavior with systematic observations and by gathering data. D. psychologists believe that human beings create knowledge from reflection and thinking.

C. psychologists test predictions about behavior with systematic observations and by gathering data.

Sarah is observing high school students use Facebook and Skype. Her purpose is to see how these students perceive information, how they acquire and use language, and how these media change the way they communicate in the society. She is most likely a student of: A. anthropology. B. human resource management. C. psychology. D. history.

C. psychology.

Psychology gained its independence from philosophy when researchers started to examine and test human sensations and perception using ______________ methods. A. abstract B. behavioral C. scientific D. reflection

C. scientific

Psychology is most accurately defined as the _____________. A. study of people through description and analysis of past events and artifacts B. study of people in terms of large-scale social forces and with a focus on groups rather than individuals C. scientific study of thought and behavior D. scientific study of human culture and origins

C. scientific study of thought and behavior

The ancient Chinese made connections between a person's bodily organs and their emotions. According to these connections, the ______________ housed ideas and intelligence. A. heart B. liver C. spleen D. kidneys

C. spleen

Clinical psychology can be best defined as the study of: A. how the real or imagined presence of others influences thought, feeling, and behavior. B. how thought and behavior change and show stability across the life span. C. the diagnosis and treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders, and the promotion of psychological health. D. what makes people unique as well as the consistencies in people's behavior across time and situations.

C. the diagnosis and treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders, and the promotion of psychological health.

In which year did Wundt set up a psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, now considered the birthplace of experimental psychology? A. 1729 B. 1652 C. 1965 D. 1879

D. 1879

By the 1980s, cognitive science combined many disciplines in addition to psychology. Which of the following is one of these disciplines? A. Etymology B. Genealogy C. Chemistry D. Anthropology

D. Anthropology

______________ was the first to distinguish thought disorders (schizophrenia) from the mood disorders of melancholia (depression) and manic depression (bipolar disorder). His views were a major influence on diagnostic categories formulated during the 20th century. A. Dorothea Dix B. Sigmund Freud C. John Locke D. Emil Kraepelin

D. Emil Kraepelin

______________ conducted some of the earliest research in perception and laid the groundwork for what later became known as psychophysics. A. William James B. Johns Hopkins C. Rosalie Raynor D. Ernst Weber

D. Ernst Weber

Which of the following tasks is most likely to be performed by a forensic psychologist? A. Applying principles of psychology to the selection and training of employees B. Evaluating the effectiveness of a particular teaching technique C. Providing career counseling to students of criminal justice D. Evaluating the state of mind of a defendant at the time of a crime

D. Evaluating the state of mind of a defendant at the time of a crime

Which of the following early approaches to psychology focused on why and how people think and feel? A. Socialism B. Behaviorism C. Structuralism D. Functionalism

D. Functionalism

Which of the following questions is most likely to be discussed by a developmental psychologist? A. How do people visualize objects in their minds? B. How does the presence of other people change an individual's thoughts, feelings, or perceptions? C. Why are we attracted to particular kinds of people? D. How does parent-infant bonding affect adult relationships?

D. How does parent-infant bonding affect adult relationships?

______________ psychology is also known as folk psychology. A. Research B. Clinical C. Scientific D. Popular

D. Popular

______________ psychology shares with humanism a belief that psychology should focus on studying, understanding, and promoting healthy and positive psychological functioning. A. Health B. Developmental C. Gestalt D. Positive

D. Positive

______________ is the science of understanding individuals—animals as well as people. A. Archaeology B. Sociology C. Anthropology D. Psychology

D. Psychology

Which of the following is most likely to be the focus of educational psychology? A. The relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and their relationship to behavior and thought B. The role of psychological factors in the physical health and illness of students C. The changes in our emotional skills that take place as we age D. The effectiveness of particular teaching techniques

D. The effectiveness of particular teaching techniques

Who is considered the founder of American psychology? A. Elizabeth Loftus B. Carl Jung C. Sigmund Freud D. William James

D. William James

Trephination involves: A. recruiting large numbers of individuals to participate in clinical trials of controversial pharmaceuticals. B. associating a previously neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus to create a desired response. C. studying large groups of individuals from various cultures to determine similarities and differences across these cultures. D. drilling a small hole in someone's skull for medical reasons or to release demons thought to possess the person.

D. drilling a small hole in someone's skull for medical reasons or to release demons thought to possess the person.

By the 1980s, more and more psychologists had become receptive to the ideas that who we are and what we do and think are very much influenced by genetic factors and brain activity, with a long _______ past. A. Gestalt B. cognitive C. educational D. evolutionary

D. evolutionary

Developmental psychology can be best described as the study of: A. how we perceive information, how we learn and remember, how we acquire and use language, and how we solve problems. B. the links among brain, mind, and behavior. C. the relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and their relationship to behavior and thought. D. how thought and behavior change and show stability across the life span.

D. how thought and behavior change and show stability across the life span.

If we compare the human mind with a computer, sensation would be analogous to _____________. A. central processing unit (CPU) B. output C. storage device D. input

D. input

The earliest researchers in psychology examined the subjective experience of physical sensations. This area of study is known as: A. neuroscience. B. philosophy. C. physiology. D. psychophysics.

D. psychophysics.

Psychoanalysis assumes that the unconscious blocking, or repression, of disturbing thoughts and impulses—especially ______________ impulses—is at the heart of all maladaptive adult behavior. A. depressive and unethical B. aggressive and unethical C. illogical and depressive D. sexual and aggressive

D. sexual and aggressive

Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination are topics most likely to be studied by _____________. A. geneticists B. cognitive psychologists C. neurologists D. social psychologists

D. social psychologists

In medieval Europe from approximately 400 to 1400 CE (Common Era), psychological disorders were attributed to: A. biological issues. B. deeds in past life. C. social status. D. supernatural causes.

D. supernatural causes.

Psychologists use a standardized reference when diagnosing psychological disorders called _____________. A. the Interpretation of Dreams B. the American Psychological Association Guide to Mental Disorders (APAGMD) C. Dr. Freud's Guide to Mental Illnesses D. the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

D. the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

Gestalt psychology proposed that: A. people learn by making associations. B. breaking down experience into its elemental parts offers the best way we can understand thought and behavior. C. psychology is a sub-discipline of philosophy. D. we perceive things as wholes rather than as a compilation of parts.

D. we perceive things as wholes rather than as a compilation of parts.

Personality psychology can be best defined as the study of: A. how the real or imagined presence of others influences thought, feeling, and behavior. B. the relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and their relationship to behavior and thought. C. the treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. D. what makes people unique as well as the consistencies in people's behavior across time and situations.

D. what makes people unique as well as the consistencies in people's behavior across time and situations.