chapter 1 test A&P

contractility

Inotropic agents affect: A. stroke volume B. depolarization C. contractility D. heart rate

atria

The P wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents the depolarization of cells in the: A. ventricles B. atria C. sinoatrial (SA) node D. atrioventricular (AV) node

maintaining blood glucose

What is NOT a primary effect of aldosterone? A. maintaining blood glucose B. regulating extracellular fluid volume C. maintaining acid-base balance D. maintaining blood pressure

hypoglycemia

What might accompany an overdose of insulin? A. ketoacidosis B. hyperglycemia C. hypoglycemia D. polyuria

hypocalcemia

What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)? A. low basal metabolic rate B. cold temperatures C. hypocalcemia D. hypercalcemia

oxytocin

Which hormone controls the milk-let-down reflex? A. gonadotropins B. oxytocin C. antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) D. prolactin

skin color

Which of the following factors does not influence heart rate? A. skin color B. gender C. body temperature D. age

fat breakdown

A short-term effect of growth hormone is: A. the production of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) B. the stimulation of glucose uptake by cells C. protein synthesis D. fat breakdown

tachycardia

Archie has a resting heart rate of 125 beats per minute. Classify his cardiac dysrhymia? A. heart block B. bradycardia C. asystole D. tachycardia

tetany

As a result of the long refractory period in the contractile cell, cardiac muscle can NOT exhibit: A. tetany B. fatigue C. treppe D. oxygen debt

cardiac pacemaker cells

Autorhythmicity in the heart is the responsibility of: A. contractile cells B. smooth muscle cells C. cardiac pacemaker cells D. skeletal muscle cells

True

Blood pressure regulation is a function of aldosterone since this hormone indirectly promotes water reabsorption. A. True B. False

60 ml (equation --> end-diastolic volume - end-systolic volume = stroke volume)

Calculate the stroke volume (SV) is end-systolic volume (ESV) is 50 ml and the end-diastolic volume (EDV) in a resting heart is 110 ml. A. 10 ml B. 160 ml C. 50 ml D. 60 ml

hormones

Chemical messengers released by endocrine glands to regulate some functions of other cells are known as: A. hormones B. neurotransmitters C. electrolytes D. antibodies

heart

Coronary circulation involves the delivery of oxygenated blood to the: A. heart B. brain C. lungs D. liver

The ventricles will contract more slowly

Determine the impact if the connection between the sinoatrial (SA) node and the atrioventricular (AV) node becomes blocked? A. The atria will contract more forcefully B. The ventricles will contract more slowly C. The ventricular rhythm will not change D. The ventricles will contract more quickly

high blood glucose levels

Excess cortisol could result in: A. increased parasympathetic nervous system activation. B. an alkaline blood pH C. low blood pressure D. high blood glucose levels

True

Glucosuria, polyuria, and polydipsia are symptoms of both type I diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) and type II diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus). A. True B. False

True

Hormones only affect certain types of cells known as target cells. A. True B. False

antagonists

Hormones that act on the same target cells yet have opposite effects are said to be: A. hydrophilic hormones B. synergists C. antagonists D. neurohormones

tropic hormones

Hormones that control hormone secretion from other glands are known as: A. growth hormones B. trophic hormones C. tropic hormones D. steroid hormones

acromegaly

Hypersecretion of growth hormone after the epiphyseal plate closes causes a disorder known as: A. acromegaly B. congenital hypothyroidism C. gigantism D. pituitary dwarfism

decreased delivery of oxygen

If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from _________________. A. a decrease in the number of available mitochondria for energy production. B. an inadequate supply of lactic acid C. decreased delivery of oxygen D. a lack of nutrients to feed into metabolic pathways

humoral stimulation p.s. has to do with blood

Increasing levels of blood glucose stimulate the release of insulin. This type of stimulation is known as: A. positive stimulation B. neutral stimulation C. humoral stimulation D. hormonal stimulation

pineal gland

Melatonin is produced by the: A. kidneys B. pineal gland C. adrenal glands D. heart

closure of the heart valves

Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events? A. excitation of the SA node B. friction of blood against the chamber walls C. closure of the heart valves D. opening and closing of the heart valves

The AV valves are shut while both semilunar valves are forced open

Predict the position of the valves during the ventricular ejection phase. A. The AV valves are forced open while both semilunar valves are shut B. The AV valves are semilunar valves are shut C. The AV valves and semilunar valves are forced open D. The AV valves are shut while both semilunar valves are forced opem

True

Pressure in the aorta is greater than pressure in the pulmonary trunk; therefore, the left ventricle has to generate a greater pressure than the right ventricle in order to eject blood from the heart. A. True B. False

A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction

Select the correct statement about cardiac output. A. Decreased venous return will result in increased end diastolic volume. B. A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction. C. If a semilunar valve were partially obstructed, the end systolic volume in the affected ventricle would be decreased. D. Stroke volume increases if end diastolic volume decreases

The entire heart contracts as a unit or it does not contract at all.

Select the correct statement about the function of myocardial cells. A. The refractory period in skeletal muscle is much longer than that in cardiac muscle. B. The entire heart contracts as a unit or it does not contract at all. C. The influx of potassium ions from extracellular sources is the initiating event in cardiac muscle contraction. D. Cardiac muscle cells are innervated by sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic nerve fibers so that the nervous system can increase heartrate

upregulation

Target cells make more receptors for a particular hormone when the level of that hormone declines in the blood stream. This process is known as: A. upregulation B. downregulation C. the second-messenger system D. synergism

the force the ventricles must overcome to eject blood into their respective arteries

The afterload is described as: A. the amount of blood that has drained into the ventricle by the end of their filling phase. B. the ability to generate tension C. the force the ventricles must overcome to eject blood into their respective arteries. D. the length or degree of stretch pf the sarcomeres in the ventricular cells before they contract.

preload

The degree of stretch experienced by the sarcomeres in the ventricle cells before they contract is called: A. contractility B. afterload C. stroke volume D. preload

sympathetic nervous system

The effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine have nearly the same effects as the neurotransmitters of the: A. afferent nervous system B. somatic nervous system C. parasympathetic nervous system D. sympathetic nervous system

True

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system is a special blood supply that provides a connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary glands. A. True B. False

True

The left ventricle has greater muscle mass than the right ventricle since it pumps against greater resistance. A. True B. False

an opportunity for the heart to fill with blood

The long length of the cardiac action potential, at 200-300 msec, allows for: A. a reduction in strength of the heart's contractions B. an opportunity for the heart to fill with blood C. less calcium ions to enter cells D. a faster heart rate

True

The sympathetic nervous system increases cardiac output by increasing both heart rate and stroke volume. A. True B. False

stroke volume (SV)

The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one heartbeat is known as: A. heart rate (HR) B. cardiac output (CO) C. stroke volume (SV) D. end-diastolic volume (EDV)

insulin

Type I diabetes mellitus is caused by a lack of: A. aldosterone B. insulin C. glucagon D. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

The Frank-Starling law states that the more ventricular muscle cells are stretched, the more forcefully they contract.

What best describes the Frank-Starling law? A. The Frank-Starling law states that the greater the stroke volume, the greater the heart rate. B. The Frank-Starling law states that the greater the volume of blood discharged from the heart, the greater the pressure required to discharge the blood. C. The Frank-Starling law states that the more the ventricular muscle cells are stretched, the more forcefully they contract. D. The Frank-Starling law states that the slower the heart rate, the greater the cardiac output.

nearby but different types of cells

What do paracrine cells target? A. distant tissues B. the same cell or cell type C. cells using neurotransmitters D. nearby but different types of cells

thyroid gland

What does thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, or thyrotropin) target? A. thyroid gland B. anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) C. posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) D. hypothalamus

iodine

What element is necessary for the production of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)? A. calcium B. iodine C. magnesium D. potassium

insulin

What hormone is the primary antagonist of glucagon? A. thyroid hormone B. insulin C. cortisol D. growth hormone

thyroid hormones

What hormone(s) determines the basal metabolic rate at rest when fasting? A. thyroid hormones B. insulin C. glucagon D. catecholamines

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin p.s. this question asked what was released, the posterior pituitary does not produce hormones

What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary? A. no hormones are made by the posterior pituitary B. stimulating hormones C. releasing and inhibiting hormones D. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

slow heart rate

What is NOT a symptom of hyperthyroidism? A. increased blood pressure B. slow heart rate C. weight loss D. heat intolerance

The endocrine system releases hormones into the bloodstream to reach receptors on target cells

What is a major function of the endocrine system? A. The endocrine system communicates directly with target cells through the use of neurotransmitters. B. The endocrine system produces immediate, short-lasting effects. C. The endocrine system secretes products into ducts that lead to body surfaces or cavities. D. The endocrine system releases hormones into the bloodstream to reach receptors on target cells.

releasing and inhibiting hormones

What is delivered over the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system? A. releasing and inhibiting hormones B. tropic hormones C. stimulating hormones D. trophic hormones

prevent backflow of blood through the heart

What is the function of the valves in the heart? A. promote contraction of the ventricles B. eliminate pressure variances within the heart C. invert during contraction of the ventricles D. prevent backflow of blood through the heart

raise blood glucose levels

What is the main function of glucagon? A. raise blood glucose levels B. lower blood glucose levels C. regulate blood pressure D. regulate sodium and potassium ion levels

water retention by the kidneys

What is the primary effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin)? A. increases urine production by the kidneys B. water retention by the kidneys C. sodium retention by the kidneys D. blood glucose regulation

sinoatrial (SA) node

What normally serves as the pacemaker of the entire heart? A. atrioventricular (AV) node B. sinoatrial (SA) node C. Purkinje fiber system D. atrioventricular (AV) node

stroke volume (SV) and heart rate (HR)

What two values are needed in order to calculate cardiac output (CO) for a ventricle? A. stroke volume (SV) and heart rate (HR) B. heart rate (HR) and end-diastolic volume (EDV) C. stroke volume (SV) and blood pressure (BP) D. end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV)

hydrophobic hormones

What type of hormone can cross the plasma membrane to bind to a receptor in the cytosol or nucleus? A. hydrophobic hormones B. hydrophilic hormones C. protein hormones D. amine hormones

steroid hormone

What type of hormone is made from cholesterol? A. steroid hormone B. protein hormones C. amine hormone D. peptide hormone

hydrophobic hormones

What type of hormone usually travels in the blood plasma bound to a protein? A. hydrophobic hormones B. free hormones C. neurotransmitters D. hydrophilic hormones

isovolumetric relaxation phase

When is the S2 heart sound heard? A. isovolumetric relaxation phase B. isovolumetric contraction phase C. ventricular filling D. ventricular ejection phase

hypothalamus

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin) made? A. anterior pituitary B. hypothalamus C. thyroid gland D. posterior pituitary

vagus nerves (CN X)

Which cranial nerve has a negative chronotropic effect on heart rate? A. hypoglossal nerves (CN XII) B. glossopharyngeal nerves (CN IX) C. trochlear nerves (CN IV) D. vagus nerves (CN X)

insulin

Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels? A. growth hormone B. glucagon C. insulin D. cortisol

Ventricles are in diastole

Which of the events below does not occur when the semilunar valves are open? A. Ventricles are in diastole B. AV valves are closed C. Blood enters pulmonary arteries and the aorta D. Ventricles are in systole

regulation of blood calcium levels

Which of the following is NOT a main effect of the thyroid hormones? A. regulation of the metabolic rate and thermoregulation B. synergism with the sympathetic nervous system C. regulation of blood calcium levels D. promotion of growth and development

papillary muscles

Which of the following is NOT a population of pacemaker cells in the heart? A. Purkinje fiber system B. papillary muscles C. atrioventricular (AV) node D. sinoatrial (SA) node

increased digestive functions

Which of the following is NOT an effect of epinephrine? A. dilated bronchioles B. increased heart rate C. increased digestive functions D. constricted blood vessels

follicle-stimulating hormone

Which of the following is a gonadotropin? A. thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) B. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) C. corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) D. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

thyroid gland

Which of the following is a primary endocrine organ? A. testes B. pineal gland C. thyroid gland D. heart

mammary glands

Which of the following organs contains target cells for oxytocin? A. bones B. lungs C. mammary glands D. kidneys

sinoatrial (SA) node

Which of the following pacemaker cell populations has the fastest intrinsic rate of depolarization at 60-70 times or more per minute? A. Purkinje fiber system B. atrioventricular (AV) bundle C. sinoatrial (SA) node D. atrioventricular (AV) node

pulmonary vein

Which of the following vessels carries oxygenated blood? A. pulmonary trunk B. pulmonary vein C. pulmonary artery D. superior vena cava

cardiac output (CO)

Which of the following volumes should be the greatest? A. end-diastolic volume (EDV) B. cardiac output (CO) C. stroke volume (SV) D. end-systolic volume (ESV)

QRS wave

Which wave on the electrocardiogram (ECG) represents ventricular depolarization? A. QRS wave B. T wave C. P wave D. R-R interval

pituitary gland

With which gland does the hypothalamus have a close anatomical and physiological relationship? A. adrenal gland B. pituitary gland C. pineal gland D. thyroid gland

extracellular sodium and potassium ion levels

Aldosterone regulates: A. blood iodide ion levels B. blood glucose levels C. extracellular sodium and potassium ion levels D. blood calcium ion levels