Chapter 1: Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy
cognitive behavior therapy
Albert Ellis founded rational emotive behavior therapy, a highly didactic, cognitive, action- oriented model of therapy, and A.T. Beck founded cognitive therapy, which gives a primary role to thinking as it influences behavior. Judith Beck continues to develop CBT; Christine Padesky has developed strengths- based CBT; and Donald Meichenbaum, who helped develop cognitive behavior therapy, has made significant contributions to resilience as a factor in coping with trauma.
alderian therapy
FOUNDER: ALFRED ALDER this is a growth model that stresses assuming responsibility, creating one's own destiny, and finding meaning and goals to create a purposeful life.
person- centered therapy
FOUNDER: CARL ROGERS This approach was developed during the 1940's as a nondirective reaction against psychoanalysis. Based on a subjective view of human experiencing. It places faith in and gives responsibility to the client in dealing with problems and concerns.
gestalt therapy
FOUNDER: FRITZ AND LAURA PERLS an experiential therapy stressing awareness and integration: it grew as a reaction against analytic therapy. It integrates the functioning of body and mind and places emphasis on the therapeutic relationship.
psychoanalytic therapy
FOUNDER: SIGMUND FREUD a theory of personality development, a philosophy of human nature, and a method of psychotherapy that focuses on unconscious factors that motivate behavior. Attention is given to the events of the first six years of life as determinants of the later development of personality
existential therapy
FOUNDER: VIKTOR FRANKL< ROLLO MAY< AN D IRVIN YALOM reacting against the tendency to view therapy as a system of well- defined techniques, this model stresses building therapy on the basic conditions of human existence, such as choice, the freedom and the responsibility to shape one's life, and self- determination. it focuses on the quality of the person-to-person therapeutic relationship.
choice theory/ reality therapy
FOUNDER: WILLIAM GLASSER this short- term approach is based on choice theory and focuses on the client assuming responsibility in the present. Through the therapeutic process, the client is able to learn more effective ways of meeting her or his needs.
behavior therapy
KEY FIGURES: B.F. SKINNER AND ALBERT BANDURA this approach applies the principles of learning to the resolution of specific behavioral problems. results are subject to continual experimentation. The methods of this approach are always in the process of refinement. The mindfulness and acceptance- based approaches are rapidly gaining popularity
feminist therapy
KEY FIGURES: JEAN BAKER MILLER, CAROLYN ZERBE ENNS, central concept is the concern for the psychological oppression of women. Focusing on the constraints imposed by the sociopolitical status to which women have been relegated, this approach explores women's identity devolpment, self- concept, goals and aspirations, and emotional well- being.
postmodern approaches
social constructionism, solution- focused brief therapy, and narrative therapy all assume that there is no single truth; rather, it is believed that reality is socially constructed through human interaction. These approaches maintain that the client is an expert in his or her own life.
family systems therapy
this systemic approach is based on the assumption that the key to changing the individual is understanding and working with the family.
