chapter 1 - understanding ethics

Which of the following exemplifies the rules of appropriate individual behavior

Alice travels to different countries for work and conducts herself according to the culture of the country she visits.

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of simple truth

Amelia believes that murder is wrong, a view supported by most people

Susan and Jessica are arguing over the importance of Arthur Dobrin's eight questions to be considered when resolving an ethical dilemma. Susan is of the view that these questions are apt and relevant. Jessica does not agree with Susan's view. Which of the following would weaken Susan's argument

Arthur Dobrin's eight questions are based on the assumption that there is sufficient time for the degree of contemplation that such questions require.

Which of the following is true of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning

Kohlberg states that stereotypical behavior is recognized, and conformity to that behavior develops in the conventional stage of moral development

Which of the following statements accurately explains the basic categories of ethics

Personal integrity, a category of ethics, looks at ethics from an external rather than an internal viewpoint

Which of the following is a problem with the universal ethics approach

The problem with this approach is the reverse of the weakness in ethics for the greater good

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies instrumental value

Victoria possesses half a million in her bank account

The basic assumption of ethical theory is that

a person as an individual or community is in control of all the factors that influence the choices he or she makes

In the context of the basic categories of ethics, _____ is just doing the right thing, and it is something most people can understand and support

a simple truth

Which of the following will most likely influence the moral standards of an individual

a strict family upbringing

The first step in the three-step process for solving an ethical problem is to

analyze the consequences

The study of how ethical theories are put into practice refers to _____.

applied ethics

When ethical theories have to be put into practice, one moves into the area of _____.

applied ethics

The difference between intrinsic value and instrumental value is that

as opposed to intrinsic value, instrumental value refers to the quality by which the pursuit of one value is a good way to reach another value

In the context of ethical theories, a challenge takes the form of a dilemma in which the decision one must make requires one to make a right choice knowing full well that one is

contradicting a personal ethical principle in making that choice

By its very definition, a(n) _____ cannot really be resolved in the sense that a resolution of the problem implies a satisfactory answer to the problem

ethical dilemma

_____ refers to a situation in which there is no obvious "right" or "wrong" decision, but rather a "right" or "right" answer

ethical dilemma

_____ looks at the information available to people to resolve an ethical dilemma, and draws conclusions based on that information in relation to their own ethical standards

ethical reasoning

According to the concept of _____, the traditions of one's society, one's personal opinions, and the circumstances of the present moment define one's ethical principles

ethical relativism

The field of _____ is the study of how people try to live their lives according to a standard of "right" or "wrong" behavior

ethics

"Do unto others as you would have them do unto you" explains the _____.

golden rule

An example of intrinsic value is _____.

health

The quality by which the pursuit of one value is a good way to reach another value is known as _____.

instrumental value

Identify an example of instrumental value

money

The problem with virtue ethics is that

societies can place different emphasis on different virtues

Society refers to a(n)

structured community of people bound together by similar traditions and customs

A person is focused on self-chosen ethical principles that are found to be comprehensive and consistent at the _____ stage of Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning

universal ethical principle orientation

The stage in which an individual is focused on self-chosen ethical principles found to be comprehensive and consistent is _____.

universal ethical principle orientation

Ethical choices that offer the greatest good for the greatest number of people are referred to as _____.

utilitarianism

Ethics for the greater good or _____ is an approach more focused on the outcome of one's actions rather than the apparent virtue of the actions themselves

utilitarianism

Which of the following questions is identified by Arthur Dobrin to resolve an ethical dilemma

what do your feelings tell you?

_____ refers to a set of personal principles formalized into a code of behavior

value system

The Greek philosopher Aristotle's belief in individual character and integrity established the concept of _____.

virtue ethics

_____ refers to a concept of living one's life according to a commitment to the achievement of a clear ideal

virtue ethics

The quality by which a value is a good thing in itself and is pursued for its own sake, whether anything comes from that pursuit or not, is called a(n) _____.

intrinsic value

Which of the following is the final step of the three-step process for solving an ethical problem

making a decision

Alison Anderson, the CEO of Anderson Inc., laid the foundation for an apt professional behavior in her workplace. She is honest, aware, and sensitive and is considered a role model by young entrepreneurs. Which of the following basic categories of ethics is depicted in this scenario

personal integrity

_____, demonstrated by someone's behavior, looks at ethics from an external rather than an internal viewpoint

personal integrity

The lowest level of moral development in Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning is the _____ stage

preconventional

Which of the following statements is true of ethical relativism

The idea of relativism implies some degree of flexibility as opposed to strict black-and-white rules

Riley was granted the title of Doctor of Medicine by a medical school in Ohio. His parents were extremely happy and content with his achievement. The worth attached to the feelings experienced by Riley's parents is an example of _____.

intrinsic value

Which of the following is one of the four basic categories of ethics

personal integrity

The problem with a utilitarian approach to ethics is

the idea that the ends justify the means

Universal ethics argues that

there are certain principles that should apply to all ethical judgments

Charlotte works for an advertising agency. She is usually late in responding to e-mails and work-related queries. She has a change of attitude when she realizes that an important project she was responsible for was delayed due to similar behavior from her manager. Now, Charlotte replies to her e-mails on time. Which of the following indicates that this change in Charlotte's behavior is a result of adopting the Golden Rule

She empathizes with others when she faces a similar situation

Which of the following statements describe the terms "morals" and "values

They are often used to mean the same thing

Amanda and Ross have been chosen to go to Ethiopia for their university's International Student Exchange Program. They read about the beliefs, attitudes, practices, norms, traditions, cuisine, and music of Ethiopia to better adapt to the place. Amanda and Ross are reading about the _____ aspect of Ethiopia

cultural

Joe feels pressured to lie to his client to keep an important contract because of intense market competition. He feels they will never discover the truth. Joe is

undergoing a functional fixedness

In the context of _____, actions are taken out of duty and obligation to a purely moral ideal rather than based on the needs of a situation

universal ethics