Chapter 1 - What is Programming

11. Grace Hopper's immeasurable contributions to computer science have earned her the nickname

"Amazing Grace"

14. Describe a High-Level Language.

A language that uses English words as instructions.

BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)

BASIC

22. COBOL was designed for which group of people?

Business community

In 1972, an improved version of B was released. This was called ___.

C

38. What is the major difference between Java and C++?

C++ can work with OOP or not to use OOP. Java does not give you that choice.

7. What does programming in Machine Language mean?

Directly manipulating the 1s and 0s of a computer.

(1957) The first successful high-level programming language.

FORTRAN

19. What was the first successful programming language?

FORTRAN

41. What is Sneaker Net?

Running around to share computer information is now called the Sneaker Net

50. Wireless connections are convenient, but there are some problems. List 2 of them.

Signals are not always reliable You may be stuck in an area somewhere the signal is weak.

45. What is a server?

Special, dedicated computers

27. Why did Tom Kurtz and John Kemeny create BASIC?

Easy-to-learn language

29. Why did a number of college professors did not like BASIC?

It did not teach proper programming structures.

31. How is Pascal different from PL/I?

It was a very lean language.

36. What is the first Platform Independent language?

Java

20. FORTRAN was designed for which groups of people?

Mathematicians

48. Normally, businesses and schools have a series of LANs that all connect into a large network called what?

The Modern Internet

2. What is a program?

A Program is a sequence of instructions, which enables a computer to perform a desired task.

3. What is a programmer?

A Programmer is a person who writes a program for a computer.

15. Describe a Very-High-Level Language.

A language that uses pictures that you can click and drag to program the computer.

42. The first practical networks for personal computers were called what?

A small group of computers with a common purpose all connected to each other

43. What is a peer-to-peer network?

A small group of computers with a common purpose all connected to each other

Assembly Language was first introduced by the British with the EDSAC. EDSAC had an assembler called Initial Orders which used single-letter mnemonic symbols to represent different series of bits.

Assembly Language

13. Refer to your answer to the previous question. Why are these languages considered "low-level?"

Because they function at, or very close to, the level of 1s and 0s.

33. In 1969, a slimmed down version of BCPL was released. It was simply called B. In 1972, an improved version of B was released. What was that language called?

C

35. In 1983, Bjarne Stroustrup created a new language by combining C with OOP. What was that language called?

C++

As computer programs grew more complex a new, more powerful, and more reliable type of programming. Object Oriented Programming (OOP).

C++

Created (largely by Grace Hopper) for the business community and the armed forces.

COBOL

It services the other computers in the network which are called clients.

Clients

A compiler translates the entire program into an executable file before execution.

Compiler

8. What computer first introduced Assembly Language?

EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer)

In 1964, the IBM System/360 family of computers standardized hardware and was suitable for both.

FORTRAN vs COBOL

25. PL/I was created by combining all of the features of which 2 languages?

FORTRAN and COBOL

23. Who was the primary designer of COBOL?

Grace Hopper

Grace Hopper wrote the first compiler (a type of translator) in 1952 for the language A-0. This paved the way for the other languages that followed. Many of these were also created in part or in whole by Grace Hopper.

Grace Hopper

10. Who is credited with making the term debugging popular and also wrote the first compiler?

Grace Hopper (Amazing Grace)

Languages that use English-like words as instructions. Easier, but less powerful. Ex: BASIC, Pascal, COBOL, FORTRAN, PH/I, Java

High Level Languages

This will cost money and every person, every school, every business, who wants this access needs to use an Internet Service Provider or ISP.

ISP

9. What was the name of the assembler in that computer?

Initial Orders

A means of communication had to be created that was capable to keep working regardless of damage created anywhere.

Internet

49. What does ISP stand for?

Internet Service Provider

An interpreter translates one program statement at a time during execution

Interpreter

An __________ behaves like the internet on a local business level. This promotes security, speed and saves cost.

Intranet

_______ is Platform Independent Language.

Java

It is known for being one of the languages specifically designed to help develop artificial intelligence.

LISP

21. LISP is known for being one of the languages specifically designed to help develop

LISt Processing

A new kind of programming has come about that is very high-level.

Lego Mindstorn NXT

44. What does LAN stand for?

Local Area Networks

Languages that function at, or very close to 1s and 0s. Powerful, but very difficult. Ex: Machine Language, Assembly Language

Low-Level Languages

6. What is another word for Machine Language?

Machine Code

Machine code means you are directly manipulating the 1s and 0s of the computer's binary language.

Machine Code

12. List 2 Low-Level Languages.

Machine Language or Assembly Language

5. What was required to simply enter numbers into the Mark-I calculator?

Manipulating its 1,440 switches.

C and C++ are sometimes considered to be ______-_______ languages.

Medium-Level

40. Were early personal computers networked?

NO

39. In 1998, the Lego Corporation created their first point-and-click language for use with their Lego Mindstorms robots. In 2006, they released their next language. What was that language called?

NXT

26. The intention was that PL/I would be "everything for everyone". The reality was this language was not popular. Explain why.

New programmers found the language too complex and overwhelming to learn.

47. Where in the Internet is the central location where all the control computers are located?

No where

34. What does OOP stand for?

Object Oriented Programming

Niklaus Wirth decided to create a language specifically for the purpose of teaching programming.

PASCAL

This language combined all of the number crunching features of FORTRAN with all of the record handing features of COBOL.

PL/1

24. After IBM standardized hardware with System/360, they set out to standardize software as well by creating

PL/I

These types of networks were frequently called Local Area Networks or LANs

Peer-to-Peer Networks

A program is a sequence of instructions that makes a computer perform a desired task.

Program

A programmer is a person who writes a program for a computer.

Programmer

1. Traditionally, the introductory courses in computer science focus on _______________.

Programming

4. What was required to program the ENIAC?

Programming the ENIAC required rewiring and the ENIAC had thousands of wires.

A ______ is a special computer that is connected to the LAN for one or more purposes.

Server

If you needed to print something, and you were not directly connected to a printer, you saved your work to a floppy disk, you had to get up and walk over to the printer computer.

SneakerNet

30. Niklaus Wirth created the language Pascal specifically for the purpose of

Teaching Programming.

37. What does "Platform Independence" mean?

That a program created on one computer will work and have the exact same output on any computer.

46. The Internet came about during what period in our history?

The "Cold War"

28. Explain why the use of BASIC become widespread when personal computers came out in 1976.

The Altair and the Apple had little memory and couldn't handle FORTARN or COBOL, but were able to handle BASIC.

16. What does a computer translator do?

Translates a high-level language into low-level machine code.

18. How does an interpreter translate?

Translates one program statement at a time DURING execution.

17. How does a compiler translate?

Translates the entire program into an executable file BEFORE execution.

A translator (compiler or interpreter) translates a high-level language into low level machine code.

Translators

Languages that use clickable pictures as instructions. Ex: Lego Mindstorms NXT

Very High Level Languages

32. What was BCPL originally intended for?

Writing compilers