Chapter 10

19. Which of the following is NOT a touch or pressure cutaneous receptor? A. Golgi Corpuscle B. Pacinian Corpuscle C. Merkel's Disk D. Meissner's Corpuscle

A. Golgi Corpuscle

12. _____________ receptors undergo slow adaptation. A. Tonic B. Phasic

A. Tonic

46. Damage to cranial nerve _____________ would limit the ability to taste sweet substances. A. VII B. V C. X D. XII

A. VII

35. Impulses of pain are also transmitted to the _____ which is part of the limbic system. A. cingulate gyrus B. amygdala C. hippocampus D. caudate nucleus

A. cingulate gyrus

69. Which of the following is NOT part of the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear? A. cochlea B. utricle C. semicircular canals D. saccule

A. cochlea

22. The capsaicin receptor serves as both an ion channel and a receptor for the molecule in chili peppers that causes sensations of A. heat and pain. B. cold and pain. C. pressure and pain. D. heat and pressure.

A. heat and pain.

31. Where do the fibers of the spinothalamic tracts cross? A. in the spinal cord at the level the axons enter the cord B. in the medulla oblongata C. in the thalamus D. the axons do not cross

A. in the spinal cord at the level the axons enter the cord

10. Chemoreceptors that monitor blood glucose levels are also A. interoceptors. B. proprioceptors. C. special senses. D. exteroceptors.

A. interoceptors.

28. Transmission of thermal sensations to the sensory cortex would be impaired by damage to the A. lateral spinothalamic tract. B. anterior spinothalamic tract. C. medial lemniscus tract. D. anterior spinocerebellar tract.

A. lateral spinothalamic tract.

8. Which of the following is NOT a cutaneous receptor? A. muscle spindle B. touch receptor C. heat receptor D. pain receptor

A. muscle spindle

40. The ________________ phenomenon refers to amputees reporting sensations in limbs that are no longer there. A. phantom limb B. lateral inhibition C. referred pain D. adaptation

A. phantom limb

52. Where on the cerebral cortex is taste information sent? A. prefrontal cortex, postcentral gyrus, and insula B. temporal lobe, precentral gyrus, and prefrontal cortex C. thalamus, insula, and postcentral gyrus D. medulla oblongata, insula, and thalamus

A. prefrontal cortex, postcentral gyrus, and insula

58. What causes the release of neurotransmitter when bitter taste has stimulated a taste cell? A. release of Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum B. opening of extracellular Ca2+ channels C. closing K+ channels D. closing Na+ channels

A. release of Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum

50. Which taste modality involves membrane receptors that are coupled to Gproteins? A. umami B. salty C. sour D. All apply.

A. umami

68. The structures that function in equilibrium are known as the A. vestibular apparatus. B. cochlea. C. bony labyrinth. D. organ of Corti.

A. vestibular apparatus.

61. Which of the following is true of olfaction? A. There may be as many as a 1000 different olfactory receptor proteins. B. Humans can distinguish up to 10,000 different odors. C. Humans have the most acute sense of smell of all the mammals. D. All apply.

B. Humans can distinguish up to 10,000 different odors.

57. What causes the release of neurotransmitters from sweet and umami tastes? A. opening of extracellular Ca2+ channels B. closing of K+ channels C. release of Ca2+from endoplasmic reticulum D. closing of Na+ channels

B. closing of K+ channels

17. As the magnitude of a generator potential increases the _____________ of action potentials in the sensory neuron increases. A. adaptation B. frequency C. amplitude D. sensitivity

B. frequency

49. Gustducin A. is an olfactory Gprotein. B. is related to transducin of the eye. C. activates secondmessenger systems that hyperpolarize the receptor cell. D. All apply.

B. is related to transducin of the eye.

62. Which of the special senses is most closely linked with the limbic system? A. hearing B. olfaction C. taste D. vision

B. olfaction

14. The law of specific nerve energies can be used to explain A. phantom limbs. B. paradoxical cold. C. sensory adaptation. D. lateral inhibition.

B. paradoxical cold.

38. As ____________ increases, the two-point threshold decreases. A. receptor number B. receptor density C. receptor sensitivity D. receptor sensation

B. receptor density

67. What is the role of sustentacular cells in the olfactory epithelium? A. produce new bipolar receptor cells B. to oxidize volatile hydrophobic odorant molecules to make them less soluble C. to repair damaged receptor cells D. to form basal stem cells

B. to oxidize volatile hydrophobic odorant molecules to make them less soluble

6. Which of the following is a special sense? A. touch B. vision C. pain D. All apply.

B. vision

33. The __________ fibers are thin myelinated axons that carry sensations of heat, cold, and pain to the spinal cord. A. Adelta B. Bgamma C. C D. Abeta

C. C

42. Which of the following is TRUE of taste? A. Taste receptors are considered interoceptors. B. Sweet is sensed at the tip of the tongue. C. Chemicals must be dissolved to stimulate the taste cells. D. All apply.

C. Chemicals must be dissolved to stimulate the taste cells.

64. Olfactory receptors are coupled to A. transducins. B. Na+/Ca2+ channels directly C. G-proteins. D. adenylate cyclase.

C. G-proteins.

32. _____________ is the perception of pain in a somatic location that is caused by damage to an internal organ and not by the activity somatic nociceptors. A. Sensory adaptation B. Lateral inhibition C. Referred pain D. Phantom limb

C. Referred pain

1. Which of the following statements is true? A. Our senses can perceive a wide range of energies. B. Different modalities of sensations have different types of impulses. C. Sensory receptors transduce different forms of physical energy to nerve impulses. D. The brain cannot distinguish between impulses of cold and heat.

C. Sensory receptors transduce different forms of physical energy to nerve impulses.

5. Damage to cutaneous receptors would limit the ability to detect all of the following except A. pain. B. thermal sensations. C. body position. D. touch.

C. body position.

23. The ________________________ is a membrane ion channel on sensory neurons that responds to cold in the 8o to 28oC range by producing a depolarization. A. capsaicin receptor B. twopoint threshold C. cold or menthol receptor D. pacinian corpuscle

C. cold or menthol receptor

9. Cutaneous receptors respond to stimuli that are outside the body and are therefore also A. proprioceptors. B. interoceptors. C. exteroceptors. D. special senses.

C. exteroceptors.

53. Which of the following are NOT types of tongue papillae? A. foliate papillae B. circumvallate papillae C. glossoform papillae D. fungiform papillae

C. glossoform papillae

25. Acute itch is produced by _______ binding to its receptors. A. capsaicin B. menthol C. histamine D. glutamate

C. histamine

39. Sensations are sharpened via A. twopoint discrimination. B. adaptation. C. lateral inhibition. D. phantom limb.

C. lateral inhibition.

29. Proprioception and pressure impulses are carried by large, _______ neurons in the ______ columns of the spinal cord and are ____. A. myelinated, ventral, contralateral B. unmyelinated, lateral, ipsilateral C. myelinated, dorsal, ipsilateral D. unmyelinated, dorsal, contralateral

C. myelinated, dorsal, ipsilateral

59. Information obtained via _____________ is transmitted directly to the limbic system. A. gustation B. audition C. olfaction D. touch

C. olfaction

13. Having the ability to ignore constant phasic stimuli is called A. the law of specific nerve energies. B. tonic adaptation. C. sensory adaptation. D. phasic adaptation.

C. sensory adaptation.

21. Nociceptors may be either myelinated or unmyelinated and function to carry pain sensations to the spinal cord using ____________ and ________________ as neurotransmitters. A. substance P, norepinephrine B. glutamate, acetylcholine C. substance P, glutamate D. acetylcholine, substance P

C. substance P, glutamate

34. How many neurons conduct sensory impulses from the periphery to the postcentral gyrus? A. one B. two C. three D. four

C. three

18. The potential produced by sensory receptors is called a A. local potential. B. generator potential. C. receptor potential. D. Both generator and receptor potentials are correct.

D. Both generator and receptor potentials are correct.

48. Which of the following cranial nerves conveys gustatory information? A. facial B. glossopharyngeal C. hypoglossal D. Both the facial and glossopharyngeal are correct.

D. Both the facial and glossopharyngeal are correct.

56. What extracellular ion is necessary for release of neurotransmitter for salty and sour tastes? A. Mg2+ B. K+ C. Na+ D. Ca2+

D. Ca2+

60. Olfactory receptor proteins are especially located on the membrane of their nonmotile cilia and are coupled to A. cAMP. B. cGMP. C. Ca2+ D. G-proteins.

D. G-proteins.

70. What characteristic does the endolymph of the membranous labyrinth have that is unusual? A. It is similar to the perilymph that surrounds the membranous labyrinth. B. It has a higher than normal concentration of Na+ C. It has a lower than normal concentration of Cl- D. It has a higher than normal concentration of K+

D. It has a higher than normal concentration of K+

41. Chemoreceptors that respond to chemical changes in the external environment are called A. interoceptors. B. nociceptors. C. proprioceptors. D. exteroceptors.

D. exteroceptors.

55. Where is the primary gustatory cortex? A. postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe B. prefrontal cortex C. temporal lobe D. insula

D. insula

15. The least amount of energy that produces adequate stimulation of a receptor is the A. sensory adaptation. B. generator potential. C. allornone law. D. law of specific nerve energies.

D. law of specific nerve energies.

7. Which type of receptor responds to physical deformation of its cell membrane? A. chemoreceptors B. photoreceptors C. thermoreceptors D. mechanoreceptors

D. mechanoreceptors

51. Specialized cells on the tongue that distinguish salty, sour, sweet, meaty, or bitter flavors are called A. taste buds. B. umami cells. C. gustducin. D. taste cells.

D. taste cells.

20. Encapsulated cutaneous receptors are used to detect thermal sensations.

FALSE

4. An individual would normally perceive pain when the chemoreceptors are stimulated.

FALSE

43. Solutions containing a high concentration of hydrogen ions would maximally stimulate taste buds for sweet.

FALSE

45. Monosodium glutamate stimulates bitter taste receptors.

FALSE

47. A given gustatory sensory neuron may be stimulated by more than one taste cell located in a number of different taste pores.

FALSE

54. Taste cells are modified neurons.

FALSE

63. Each olfactory glomerulus receives input from several types of olfactory receptors.

FALSE

11. Phasic receptors adapt rapidly to maintained stimuli.

TRUE

16. The magnitude of the generator potential is directly proportional to the frequency of the action potentials being produced.

TRUE

2. Functional classes of sensory receptors include chemoreceptors and thermoreceptors.

TRUE

24. The capsaicin receptor produces both heat and pain sensations by allowing Ca2+ and Na+ to diffuse into the neuron through transient receptor potential channels.

TRUE

26. Nociceptors relay sensory information to the cortex via the lateral spinothalamic tract.

TRUE

27. Secondorder neurons from the medial lemniscus and spinothalamic tracts synapse with third-order neurons in the thalamus.

TRUE

3. Proprioceptors allow for individuals to determine the position of a limb or body part.

TRUE

36. Areas of the skin with small receptive fields would have a greater sensory acuity.

TRUE

37. The palm of the hand would have a higher receptor density than the upper arm.

TRUE

44. Sweet, umami, and bitter receptors activate gustducin Gproteins that lead to depolarization.

TRUE

65. Basal stem cells in the olfactory epithelium produce new olfactory receptors every one to two months.

TRUE

66. The opening of Na+/Ca2+ channels by cAMP produces a graded depolarization in the olfactory bulb.

TRUE

30. Where do the tracts carrying impulses of proprioception and pressure cross? A. in the spinal cord at the level the axons enter the cord b. in the medulla oblangata C. in the thalamus D. the axons do not cross

b. in the medulla oblangata