Chapter 10.// Campaign and Elections

In the 2016 election, which electoral factor was most significant in Hillary Clinton's loss to Donald Trump?

A large part of her voters were concentrated in a few high-population states

The 2010 Supreme Court decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission had what effect on campaign financing?

Allowed Super PACs to spend unlimited money in independent support of candidates

One of the unexpected twists of the 2016 elections was how strong of a challenge Hillary Clinton faced for the Democratic nomination. Her strongest challenge came from from which liberal Senator from Vermont?

Bernie Sanders

Match the U.S. Supreme Court case to the effect it had on campaign spending.

Buckley v. Valeo (1974) - introduced idea that campaign contributions count as speech McCutcheon et al. v. FEC (2014) - Removed limits on individuals' campaign contributions Citizens United v. FEC (2010) - Government could not restrict independent expenditures by coporations

Since America's founding, candidates for president have been nominated using a variety of methods. Put the following nomination methods in order from earliest in American history to the most recent.

Congressional "King Caucus", delegates chosen by state party leader, delegates chosen by primaries and caucuses

Match the frequency of the election cycle to the corresponding election type.

Congressional elections: - Two years Presidential elections: - Four years

In the United States, which level of government are most responsible for administering elections?

Correct: - City governments - State governments - County governments Incorrect: - National governments

Maria is deciding whether to vote to re-elect a sitting president or to vote for the other party's challenger. She decides to engage in retrospective voting. As a retrospective voter, she might consider which of the following?

Correct: - How the economy did during the president's previous term in office Incorrect: - Whether she agrees with the candidate on the issue of equal pay - Whether she prefers one candidate's religious view over the other's - How she thinks the economy will do in the next administration

Which of the following statements are correct regarding the stability of party identification?

Correct: - Individuals rarely change their party identification - Looking at the electorate as a whole, party identification is stable Incorrect: - Looking at the electorate as a whole, party identification is volatile - Individuals commonly change their party identification - Individuals never change their party identification

Choose all the following that are examples of micro-targeting.

Correct: - Juan is a doctor, and he receives a campaign mailer about a candidate's position on medical malpractice reform - Marceline is strongly pro-life, and she receives a phone call from a pro-life supporter of a local candidate Incorrect: - Roberta works as an accountant, and she receives a generic robocall urging her to vote for a certain candidate - Finn is a supporter of free trade, and he watches a negative advertisement on TV during the local

Watch the animation below, and then choose which of the following statements about donations during the 2012 campaign season are correct.

Correct: - The most money was given by those with a postgraduate degree - Older individuals made up a higher percentage of political donations than younger ones - Most donations came in the form of large individual contributions Incorrect: - The amount of donors from each income bracket is about even.

Which of the following set groups such as 527s and 501(c)(4)s apart from more traditional campaign finance groups such as political action committees?

Correct: - These groups are not subject to the spending limits of the Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act - These groups cannot coordinate directly with campaigns Incorrect: - These groups do not have to disclose where they get their money - These groups have been ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court

When is party identification most likely to influence a person's vote choice?

Correct: - When that person is voting on state legislative candidates - When that person knows little about the candidates - When that person is unfamiliar with the issues Incorrect: - When that person is voting on presidential candidates

Ballot initiatives influence political behavior. Which of the following characteristics are correct regarding citizens in states with ballot initiatives?

Correct: - Higher levels of turnout - More knowledge about politics Incorrect: - Lower levels of political trust - Higher income levels

Direct democracy allows voters the opportunity to directly translate their preferences into government policy. Match the following characteristics of direct democracy to their respective form-- ballot initiatives or referenda.

Correct: - State legislature refers laws to voters for popular vote - Present in 50 states Incorrect: - Allows citizens to place proposed law directly on ballot

In 2016, ______ won the electoral college. In that same election, ______ won the popular vote.

Donald Trump; Hillary Clinton

Which of the following statements is best supported by the figure below?

Even unpopular candidates win the vast majority of their own party's voters

According to exit poll data, which groups tended to support Donald Trump and the Republican Party in the 2016 election?

Favored Trump: - Whites - Men - Voters who said they wanted a change Favored Clinton: - Women - African Americans - Hispanics

Which of the following best describes the Republican nomination process in 2016?

Few thought Donald Trump had any chance of winning the nomination when he first ran

The trend in campaign finance law over time has been toward which the following?

Fewer restrictions on campaign donations

What is the first step in a campaign for an aspiring presidential candidate?

Forming exploratory committee

By participating in as many newsworthy events as possible, such as visiting orphanages or disaster sites, candidates are often attempting to save money by generating so-called ________ media.

Free

Which of the following terms describes a candidate who is running for re-election to a position in Congress that she already holds?

Incumbent

Order the political candidates on their likelihood of attracting campaign donations from interest groups from most likely to least likely.

Incumbent member of majority party, incumbent member of minority party, challenger candidate for majority party, challenger candidate from minority party

Match the type of campaign on the left with each campaign characteristic that describes it on the right: Grassroots Campaign & Mass Media Campaign -local campaign -organizationally driven -statewide campaign -money intensive

Mass media campaign - Statewide campaign - Money-intensive Grassroots campaign - Local campaign - Organizationally driven

Which of the following terms describes developing campaign ads for specific demographic groups?

Micro-targeting

The winner of the electoral vote ______ matches the winner of the popular vote.

Often

If Joe Smith, a registered Republican voter, is allowed to vote in the Democratic primary, he must live in a state that uses which type of primary system?

Open primary

Which group was the primary election system introduced to weaken?

Party Leaders

Which form of electoral system is most common in the United States?

Plurality System

Negative campaign ads are more likely to address ________, while positive campaign ads tend to focus on ________.

Policy positions; Personal characteristics

These private groups raise and distribute funds for use in election campaigns and have been around longer than newer groups such as 527 committees and 501(c)(4) committees.

Political action committees

Of the many steps to becoming president, which of the following options happens first?

Primary elections and caucuses

A challenger running against a sitting president during uncertain economic times will want to urge voters to consider a change. As such, he or she might try to make _________ judgments about how the candidates would do in the future.

Prospective

Which term is used to describe the drawing of congressional districts in response to population changes?

Redistricting

Which of the following statements about campaign fundraising in 2016 is most accurate?

The Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton, raised substantially more money than the Republican candidate, Donald Trump

Which statement best characterizes the relationship between consumer confidence and presidential elections?

The incumbent party tends to win when confidence exceeds 100

What effect has the transition from nineteenth-century to twenty-first-century campaign methods had on the wealthy?

The wealthy have become more influential

Where do most people get their party identification from?

Their parents

Why do Iowa and New Hampshire play a disproportionate role in picking presidential candidates?

They are the first to cast votes in the primaries and caucuses

Why have most major party candidates declined federal funding for their presidential campaigns recently?

They could raise and spend far more money on their own

Which issues are candidates likely to emphasize in an election?

Those that most voters agree with

One advantage digital media has over traditional media concerning campaigns is it low cost.

True

Unlike PACs, 527 organizations are not subjected to contribution limits and spending caps.

True

Which of the following groups was most important for Donald Trump's victory in the 2016 presidential general election?

White working-class voters

Relative to campaigns in the nineteenth century, today's campaigns require _______ effort by campaign workers and _______ campaign money.

less; more

Winners of _______ elections go on to face each other in the ______ election.

primary; general

As of the start of 2017, there will be a _________ government with the ________ controlling the presidency and the _______ controlling Congress.

unified; Republicans; Republicans