Chapter 10: Economic Geography

___ is travel undertaken for purposes of recreation rather than business.

toursim

True or False: Most direct foreign investment goes from one developed country to another developed country.

true

Which of these are examples of newly industrialized countries (NICs)? A. Tanzania B. Brazil C. China D. Ecuador E. Singapore F. France

1. Brazil 2. China 3. Singapore

Which of these are examples of tertiary economic activities? A. Realty B. Furniture production C. Banking D. Shoe repair E. Oil refining F. Farming

1. Realty 2. Banking 3. Shoe repair

According to Alfred Weber, the optimum location of a manufacturing establishment minimizes which three basic expenses? A. agglomeration costs B. building costs C. transport costs D. parts costs E. taxes F. labor costs

1. agglomeration costs 2. transport costs 3. labor costs

Service activities have become increasingly a part of world trade due to _____ A. advances in communication technology B. economic development in the developing world C. foreign direct investment D. increased trade aggreements between countries

advances in communication technology

The optimal location of a manufacturing plant is determind by _____ A. balancing the transport costs associated with receiving raw materials and shipping product to market B. considering the availability of a large workforce and local zoning laws C. finding raw materials as close to the market as possible D. balancing the cost of raw materials against the distance to the market

balancing the transport costs associated with receiving raw materials and shipping product to market

_____ services are those that are performed for companies.

business

___ _____ are specialized activites performed for companies and firms. They allow producers to realize cost savings by outsourcing specialized tasks without the expense of adding to their own labor force.

business services

____ services are those that are performed for individuals.

consumers

_ is the shift of an economy from primarily manufacturing-based to primarily service-based.

deindustrialization

Economic geographers, when studying the spatial distribution of economic activity, make the assumption that people are _____ _____. That is, they make locational, production, or purchasing decisions that are the most advantageous to them

economically rational

Travel to wild and scenic locations in ways that are sensitive to local social and environmental concerns is called ______

ecotourism

production systems, allow producers to shift quickly and easily between different levels of output, factory processes, or product types in response to changing market demands.

flexible

Many business services firms will have separate locations for ____ -office work, which requires face-to-face interactions with clients and thus proximity to them, and ____ -office-work, which can be conducted almost anywhere thanks to modern telecommunication technology.

front back

Producers of electronics, communications, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology are considered to be ___ A. high-tech industries B. tertiary industries C. footloose industries D. consumer service industries

high-tech

The term _____ _____ refers to intense research and development efforts dedicated to the development and manufacture of new products of an advanced scientific or engineering characte

high-tech

Which of these are negative impacts of tourism on economic development? A. emphasis on low-skill, low-wage jobs B. seasonality of income C. lack of long-term stability of numbers of visitors D. construction of hotels and stores E. increased consumer demand for products

1. emphasis on low-skill, low-wage jobs 2. seasonality of income 3. lack of long-term stability of numbers of visitors

Which of the following are reasons for the growth in the tertiary sector over the past 100 years? A. increased demand for education B. the end of WWII and expansion of peace C. higher personal incomes D. outsourcing of childcare and home repair E. industrialization of the developing world

1. increased demand for education 2. higher personal incomes 3. outsourcing of childcare and home repair

Which of the following are potentially negative consequences of foregin direct investment in developing countries by transnational corporations? A. unemployment B. loss of economic control C. infrastructure decay D. profits leaving the country E. competition with local industry

1. loss of economic control 2. profits leaving the country 3. competition with local industry

Which of these are locational factors for the tourism industry? A. environmental impact on the destination B. proximity to potential customers C. level of tourism infrastructure D. geographic features of the destination E. agglomeration costs

1. proximity to potential customers 2. level of tourism infrastructure 3. geographic features of the destination

Service activities currently account for approximately ____ of total world trade. A. 20% B. 35% C. 55% D. 70%

20%

Much of the foreign direct investment in developed countries arises from ____ A. cross-border mergers and acquisitions B. international retail of consumer products C. expansion of heavy industry D. the extraction and refining of petroleum

A. cross-border mergers and acquisitions

___ are the cost savings associated with the clustering of productive activites (for example, a business park) A. Agglomeration economies B. Economies of scale C. Aggregate savings D. Clustering efficiencies

Agglomeration economies

Increasingly, back-office work for business services is being done by workers in ____ A. developed countries B. communist countries C. postindustrial countries D. developing countries

D. developing countries

Which of these consumer service industries generates the most revenue in the United States? A. Gambling B. Museums C. Golf courses D. Professional sports E. Performing arts

Gambling

____ are private firms that have established branch operations in numerous countries. A. Footloose industries B. International agglomerates C. Transnational corporations D. Offshore companies

Transnational corporations

industries, such as newspaper publishing, are closely tied to the markets they serve and are widely distributed.

Ubiquitous

Which country has the most postindustrial economy, with 86% of its labor force engaged in service attitudes and less than 1% engaged in primary sector activites? A. Great Britain B. Australia C. United States D. Germany

United States

This figure demonstrates the locational interdependence theory by showing retail locations for two ice cream vendors on a beach. Match the figures with the correct description:

a. Minimum travel distance for consumers b. Uneven market advantage c. Competitive equilibrium

Service activites have become increasingly a part of world trade due to ____ A. foreign direct investment B. increased trade agreements between countries C. advances in communications technology D. economic development in the developing world

advances in communications technology

The concentration of high-tech companies in a relatively small number of centers of innovation, as shown in the image, illustrates the importance of _____ in that industry.

agglomeration

Unlike primary industries, the location of secondary and tertiary industries is _____ A. not related to human spatial behavior B. determined by political factors C. closely tied to the physical environment D. closely related to cultural and economic conditions

closely related to cultural and economic conditions

When the production of high-tech products is divided into steps that occur in sometimes widely separated locations (for example, design in Europe, manufacture of parts in Mexico, and assembly in the United States), this is called a _____ ______

commodity chain

_____ is the subcontracting of production or services tasks to an outside company.

outsourcing

An advanced economy whose gross domestic product now comes primarily from service activities is often referred to as _____

postindustrial

The location of ____ industries is closely tied to the location of the actual resources they are exploiting. 1. primary 2. secondary 3. tertiary 4. quatenary

primary

The location of ____ industries is closely tied to the location of the actual resources they are exploiting. A. teritary B. secondary C. primary D. quatenary

primary

Unlike Weber's least-cost analysis, the ____ _____ recognizes that in many industrial processes, it is possible to increase one cost but simultaneously reduce another.

substitution principle

Which of the following are factors that control the location of high-tech industries? A. proximity to major universities B. proximity to pools of organized labor (unions) C. location in regions with a favorable "quality of life" reputation D. availability of cheap land E. locally available sources of venture capital F. availability of communication and transportation facilities

1. proximity to major universities 2. location in regions with a favorable "quality of life" reputation 3. locally available sources of venture capital 4. availability of communication and transportation facilities

A ____ ____ production process is one in which a sizeable weight loss occurs, making the final product cheaper to transport that its components.

material-oriented

Once in existence, agglomerations tend to grow, leading to further infrastructure development and the attraction of even more industries. This is known as the _____ effect.

multiplier

Which two factors have been seen as measures and symbols of economic development since the Industrial Revolution? A. Transport networks B. Service industry C. Mining D. Manufacturing E. Heavy industry

1. Manufacturing 2. Heavy industry

Which of these are potentially negative consequences of foreign direct investment in developing countries by transnational corporations? A. Profits leaving the country B. Unemployment C. Competition with local industry D. Loss of economic control E. Infrastructure decay

1. Profits leaving the country 2. Competition with local industry 3. Loss of economic control

Which of the following are political considerations for industrial plant location decisions? A. Tax breaks B. Quality of life C. Transportation cost D. Environmental quality standards E. Zoning laws

1. Tax breaks 2. Environmental quality standards 3. Zoning laws

What factors have undermined Weber's classical industrial location theory? A. developments in information technology B. a shift in emphasis to cost of shipment C. decreased transportation costs D. a shift to flexible manufacturing processes E. a shift away from agglomeration

1. developments in information technology 2. decreased transportation costs 3. a shift to flexible manufacturing processes

The four major manufacturing regions of the world are _____

1. Eastern Europe 2. Western and Central Europe 3. Northeastern and Midwestern United States and Eastern Canada 4. Eastern Asia

High-tech firms tend to be located near ____ A. large markets with high demand for electronics B. concentrations of talented workers C. deposits of expensive raw materials D. supplies of low cost labor

B. concentrations of talented workers

The growth of ____ industries has been accompanied by offshoring of less-skilled production and assembly tasks, spurring the growth of NICs. A. mining B. high-tech C. service D. banking E. communications

B. high-tech

To explain how industries choose where to locate, Alfred Weber proposed the ______ A. spatial profitability theory B. least-cost theory C. industrial placement model D. maximum distance model

B. least-cost theory

When ranked by total annual revenue, most of the largest transnational corporations are involved in ____ A. communication systems B. petroleum extraction and refining C. retail sales D. banking and insurance

B. petroleum extraction and refining

Which of these industries is least tied to resources or markets when it comes to making location decisions? A. Retail B. Oil refining C. Business services D. Manufacturing

Business services

The availability of low cost labor is a _____ for some countries, leading to the relocation of manufacturing activities to those countries. A. problem B. outsourcing problem C. comparative advantage D. political consideration

C. comparative advantage

The safari shown here is an example of _____ A. deindustrialization B. sustainable agriculture C. ecotourism D. direct foreign investment

C. ecotourism

The portion of foreign direct investment going to the 50 least-developed countries is ____ A. almost 10% B. more than 12% C. less than 5% D. approximately 1%

C. less than 5%

In order to determine where to locate a manufacturing plant, industrialists must evaluate and balance the most important _____ A. transport routes B. raw materials C. variable costs D. market locations

C. variable costs