Chapter 10 inQuiztive

Yoshi is testing how being exposed to pictures of different types of foods affects sleepiness. He shows each participant five pictures of dessert, five pictures of entrees, and five pictures of salads, and then he measures sleepiness after each group of five pictures. To eliminate order effects, Yoshi creates all possible sequences for presenting the three types of food and all five pictures in each type. He then randomly assigns each participant to a sequence. What technique is Yoshi using to prevent order effects?

full counterbalancing

Participants in an experiment are given the same list of words to study for 3 minutes and then, after a delay, are asked to recall as many words as possible from the list. The length of the delay is manipulated to be 2 minutes, 5 minutes, or 10 minutes. Because different groups need different amounts of time, researchers assign the first 25 participants who arrive to the 10-minute group, the next 25 to the 5-minute group, and the final 25 to the 2-minute group. What kind of confound does this create?

selection effect

What criterion for causation is clearly established by manipulating the independent variable?

temporal precedence

Leonard and colleagues (2017) conducted a study looking at whether babies would give more effort to a task after viewing an adult give a lot of effort to the task. More than 100 babies ranging from 13 to 18 months were recruited for the study. Researchers flipped a coin to see which babies would be in the "effort" condition (with an adult modeling hard work to pull out a toy from a box) and which babies would be in the "no-effort" condition (with an adult simply pulling out a toy from a box without working hard). The results showed that the babies in the effort condition persisted longer on a novel task than the babies in the no-effort condition. What element of the study signals that it was an experiment?

the babies were randomly assigned to the effort and no-effort conditions

Leonard and colleagues (2017) conducted a study looking at whether babies would give more effort to a task after viewing an adult give a lot of effort to the task. More than 100 babies ranging from 13 to 18 months were recruited for the study. Researchers flipped a coin to see which babies would be in the "effort" condition (with an adult modeling hard work to pull out a toy from a box) and which babies would be in the "no-effort" condition (with an adult simply pulling out a toy from a box without working hard). The results showed that the babies in the effort condition persisted longer on a novel task than the babies in the no-effort condition. Suppose you come across an online news article about Leonard and colleagues' (2017) study with the headline "Watching hardworking adults can motivate babies." What type of claim is the headline making?

causal

What is the main difference between independent-groups and within-groups designs?

the number of level of the independent variable participants experience