Chapter 10 part 4

A consistent tendency to be shy is best described as a(n) a. trait. b. projection. c. Oedipus complex. d. false consensus effect. e. defense mechanism.

a

Research on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) suggests that it may have limited value as a predictor of future job performance. Such criticisms question this assessment's a. validity. b. empiricism. c. determinism. d. reliability. e. popularity.

a

Sigmund Freud explained personality in terms of unconscious motivations, whereas ________ described personality in terms of enduring traits. a. Gordon Allport b. Carl Rogers c. Albert Bandura d. Hermann Rorschach e. Karen Horney

a

According to Maslow, the desire to fulfill one's potential is the motivation for a. personal control. b. self-actualization. c. self-esteem. d. unconditional positive regard. e. reciprocal determinism.

b

According to Maslow, the top-level needs that arise after all other needs have been met include the needs for self-actualization and a. self-esteem. b. self-transcendence. c. self-awareness. d. social acceptance. e. self-concept.

b

Carl Rogers emphasized that a positive self-concept is promoted by a. an external locus of control. b. unconditional positive regard. c. reciprocal determinism. d. free association. e. defense mechanisms.

b

Carl Rogers referred to an attitude of total acceptance toward another person as a. the spotlight effect. b. unconditional positive regard. c. self-actualization. d. free association. e. self-esteem needs.

b

In assessing a client's personal growth, Carl Rogers measured the correspondence between a. the pleasure principle and the reality principle. b. ideal self and actual self. c. the client's values and the therapist's values. d. internal locus of control and external locus of control. e. introversion and extraversion.

b

Jin is searching for a sense of purpose in life that goes beyond fulfilling her own potential for growth and self-actualization. According to Maslow, Jin is striving for a. identification. b. self-transcendence. c. free association. d. reciprocal determinism. e. self-concept.

b

Self-actualized people, as described by Maslow, are especially likely to a. demonstrate the spotlight effect. b. be open and spontaneous. c. avoid political disagreements. d. enjoy many unusually close friendships. e. be wealthier than average.

b

The humanistic perspective emphasized the importance of a. the self-reference phenomenon. b. self-determination. c. reciprocal determinism. d. factor analysis. e. free association.

b

Trait theorists are more concerned with ________ personality than with ________ it. a. predicting; assessing b. describing; explaining c. changing; analyzing d. interpreting; observing e. enhancing; measuring

b

Which of the following have been criticized the most for offering concepts that are vague and subjective? a. trait theorists b. humanistic theorists c. social-cognitive theorists d. terror-management theorists e. empirical theorists

b

Abraham Maslow studied the lives of Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, and Eleanor Roosevelt in order to understand the nature of a. reciprocal determinism. b. an internal locus of control. c. self-actualization. d. the false consensus effect. e. defense mechanisms.

c

Abraham Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied the need for a. reciprocal determinism. b. an external locus of control. c. self-actualization. d. unconditional positive regard. e. an internal locus of control.

c

Factor analysis has been used to identify the most basic a. self-serving biases. b. defense mechanisms. c. personality traits. d. psychosexual stages. e. self-concepts.

c

Sigmund Freud is to the psychoanalytic perspective as Gordon Allport is to the ________ perspective. a. behavioral b. humanistic c. trait d. social-cognitive e. self-concept

c

Which personality theorists have most clearly been credited with encouraging the popular belief that a positive self-concept is the key to happiness and success? a. psychoanalytic theorists b. social-cognitive theorists c. humanistic theorists d. trait theorists e. terror-management theorists

c

Which perspective on personality emphasizes the importance of our capacity for healthy growth and self-realization? a. psychoanalytic b. social-cognitive c. humanistic d. trait e. terror-management

c

Which theorist emphasized that an individual's personal growth is promoted by interactions with others who are genuine, accepting, and empathic? a. Gordon Allport b. Carl Jung c. Carl Rogers d. Sigmund Freud e. Albert Bandura

c

According to Carl Rogers, people nurture our growth by being genuine, accepting, and a. conscientious. b. consistent. c. extraverted. d. empathic. e. sublimated.

d

Carl Rogers believed that in order to be a fully-functioning individual, you must a. have a strong ego. b. possess an optimistic explanatory style. c. challenge your feelings of inferiority. d. receive unconditional positive regard. e. perceive an internal locus of control.

d

Carl Rogers suggested that the ________ is a central feature of personality. a. collective unconscious b. inferiority complex c. Barnum effect d. self-concept e. trait

d

Characteristic patterns of behavior and conscious motives are called a. manifest content. b. fixations. c. projections. d. traits. e. self-actualizations.

d

Humanistic theorists have been criticized for a. overestimating the impact of childhood experiences on adult personality. b. underestimating the inconsistency of behavior from one situation to another. c. overestimating the degree of similarity among people. d. underestimating the inherent human capacity for destructive and evil behaviors. e. overestimating the value of empirical tests.

d

Kenzie is consistently optimistic, talkative, and impulsive. Each of these characteristics most clearly represents a a. defense mechanism. b. self-serving bias. c. fixation. d. trait. e. self-concept.

d

To identify a relatively small number of the most basic personality traits, trait theorists have used a. projective tests. b. free association. c. the MMPI. d. factor analysis. e. social-cognitive theory.

d

Trait theorists would be most likely to highlight the impact of our biologically inherited ________ on personality. a. erogenous zones b. locus of control c. attributional style d. temperament e. self-concept

d

Which personality theorists have been criticized the most for encouraging individual selfishness and self-indulgence? a. trait theorists b. social-cognitive theorists c. psychoanalytic theorists d. humanistic theorists e. terror-management theorists

d

Which of the following would most likely be said by a critic of humanistic psychology? a. "Humanism only provides after-the-fact explanations of any personality characteristic." b. "Personality traits are not as enduring as humanists suggest." c. "Human behavior is not as predictable across different situations as humanists contend." d. "Humanists focus too much on the situation and not enough on internal factors in explaining behavior." e. "Humanistic concepts are too vague and subjective, making them difficult to measure objectively."

e