chapter 10

what are influences of relationship

-actively harming the relationship -passively allowing the relationship to deteriorate -passively remaining loyal to the relationship -actively trying to improve the relationship -destructive behaviors harm a lot more than constructive behaviors help -break-up often influences how a couple deals with conflict -couples with higher rates of satisfaction are more likely to remain friends afterward

what is the evolutionary theory of attraction and how does it predict types of dating

-argues that men and women have different agendas -female: costly, time, energy, effort -men: low-cost, short-term, efficiency

what is the anxious/ambivalent attachment style

-concern that others will not reciprocate one's desire for intimacy -results in higher-than average levels of anxiety -more short-lived romantic relationships -anxious men got marriage licenses more quickly than either secure or avoidant men -most upset, angriest

What is avoidant attachment?

-difficulty developing intimate relationships because previous attempts to be intimate have been rebuffed -most likelt to report never having been in love -emotional distance and lowest level of commitment

what are consequences of ending relationships

-divorce rate is close to 50% in america -majority of separations/divorce occur in the first 3-4 years of marriage -being broken up with is worse than initating a break-up

how does physical attractiveness contribute to attraction

-drawn to those who look like us -pattern of hair color -men and women pay equal attention to physical attractiveness, although men are more likley to vocalize this -average face is most attractive -halo effect

what is the difference in mate selection between men and women

-females: look for a man with resources and support needs to raise a child; economics, career -represent resources -men: look for woman who appears capable of reproduction

what is the cultural influence in individualistic societies

-focus more on romantic love, personal values

what is the equity theory of relationships and concepts

-idea that people are happiest with relationships in which the rewards and costs are experienced equally by both parties -people feel guilty if they are getting more than they deserve or are getting more than they're giving

what are different findings from brain research on love

-in love: giddy, heart races, breathing quickens, alert and full of energy -greater activation in VTA and caudate nucleus -dopamine rich centers-- association with pleasure, reward, motivation

what are the cultural influences in collectivist cultures

-more sacrifices of personal values -use of arranged marriages

how is similarity contribute to attraction

-opinions, personality, interests, experiences, how much we look alike, genetics -more important to feel similar than to actually be similar

what is the difference between passionate and companionate love

-passion: intense longing, physiological arousal -companionate: feelings of intimacy and affection not accompanied with passion/physiological arousal

what are the important factors that contribute to attraction

-propinquity -similarity -reciprocal liking -physical attractiveness -familiarity

what are the different types of attachment styles

-secure -anxious/ambivalent -avoidant

what is the social exchange theory and its concepts

-the idea that people's relationship depends on perception of its rewards/costs -kind of relationship they belief that they deserve -- comparison level -chance for having a better relationship with someone else -comparison level in an alternative relationship

how is propinquity contribute to attraction

-the more we see and interaction with people, the more likely they'll become our friends -mere exposure effect

what is the secure attachemnt style

-trust, lack of concern with being abandoned -view that one is worthy and awell-liked -highest level of satisfaction -highest level of commitment

what are other theories about dating

-women typically have less status and resources -women rely on men more to achieve economic security -being approached gives control

comparison level for alternatives

People's expectations about the level of rewards and punishments they would receive in an alternative relationship

exchange relationships

Relationships governed by the need for equity (i.e., for an equal ratio of rewards and costs)

attachment styles

The expectations people develop about relationships with others, based on the relationship they had with their primary caregiver when they were infants

what are attachment styles

The expectations people develop about relationships with others, based on the relationship they had with their primary caregiver when they were infants

mere exposure effect

The finding that the more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more apt we are to like it

halo effect

a cognitive bias by which we tend to assume that an individual with one positive characteristic also possesses other (even unrelated) positive characteristics

you're considering breaking up with your significant other after 1 month of dating. while the relationship gives you lots of rewards and has few costs, you've recently met someone new whom you anticipate will give you even more rewards for even fewer costs. your dilemma stems from the fact that you have a ________ and a ______ a) high comparison level; high comparison level for alternatives b) low comparison levels; low comparison level for alternatives c) high comparison level; low equity level d) low comparison level; high comparison level for alternatives

a) high comparison level; high comparison level for alternatives

The regions of the brain that exhibit signs of increased activity when someone thinks about feelings of romantic love are the same regions that exhibit signs of increased activity when a person... a) ingests cocaine b) sleeps c) is anxious about being the focus of attention d) cries

a) ingests cocaine

Marquel and Eric have been friends since the beginning of the school year. According to equity theory, their friendship will suffer if a. eric is much more likely to help marquel out when he needs it than marquel is to help eric b. eric has a makeover and suddenly becomes far more attractive than Marquel c. eric and marquel stop having similar interests d. eric and marquel are romantically interested in the same person

a. eric is much more likely to help marquel out when he needs it than marquel is to help eric

_____ involves intense longing for another person, accompained by physiological arousal a. passionate love b. companionate love c. exchange love d. communal love

a. passionate love

Which of the following is false? a. people in communal relationships tend to keep track of who is contributing what to the relationship b. people find average faces to be more attractive than unusual faces c. people like others who like them d. the more we see and interact with people, the more we will like them

a. people in communal relationships tend to keep track of who is contributing what to the relationship

Research on the effectiveness of dating websites indicates that... a. people tend to send messages to fellow website users whose attractiveness and popularity levels are similar to their own b. the more you find out about someone you met online the more you tend to like that person c. these sites are very popular among gay and lesbian users, but not among heterosexuals d. websites using mathematical algorithms to match couples by compatibility are far more successful than more traditional ways of meeting a partner such as getting fixed up by friends

a. people tend to send messages to fellow website users whose attractiveness and popularity levels are similar to their own

Which of the following is a benefit of online dating? a. the ability to achieve propinquity with a wider range of people b. mathematical formulas that are highly effective at creating compatibility matches c.. people tend to be more hones about themselves online d. with online dating, theres no such thing as potential mates feeling out of your league

a. the ability to achieve propinquity with a wider range of people

anxious-ambivalent attachment

an attachment style characterized by a concern that others will not reciprocate one's desire for intimacy, resulting in higher-than-average levels of anxiety

avoidant attachment style

an attachment style characterized by difficulty developing intimate relationships because previous attempts to be intimate have been rebuffed

secure attachment style

an attachment style characterized by trust, a lack of concern with being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and well liked

passionate love

an intense longing we feel for a person, accompanied by physiological arousal

how does familiarity contribute to attraction

averageness of a face-- typical, familiar faces are more attractive

Which of the following is not one of the cross-cultural research findings about love and relationships reported in this chapter? a) Unlike in the US where it is conventional for married couples to live together, in many areas of West Africa, married couples live apart, prioritizing the connection with extended family over that with a spouse b) Divorce rates are higher for arranged marriages than they re for marriages in which the individuals find their own spouse c) Romantic love seems universal among humans, even as culture shapes how that emotional state is experiences and expressed d) As indicated by the concept of yuan, Chinese are more likely to believe that relationship outcomes are determined by fate than are Americans

b) Divorce rates are higher for arranged marriages than they re for marriages in which the individuals find their own spouse

Which attachment style below is best captured by the following sentiment: "I am uncomfortable being close to others and find it difficult to trust people completely. I am nervous when anyone gets close, and often my partners want me to be more intimate than I feel comfortable being." a) exchange attachment style b) avoidant attachment style c) secure attachment style d) anxious/ambivalent attachment style

b) avoidant attachment style

which of the following examples best illustrates how functional distance plays a role in the propinquity effect a. Bart doesn't like his next-door neighbor, primarily because of his habit of playing loud music that makes it difficult to get to sleep at night b. Marge, whose cubicle is right next to both the kitchen and the elevator, is one of the most popular people in the entire office c. homer prefers to take the stairs rather than the elevator because it decreases his likelihood of running into people he finds annoying d. lisa made more friends in her sophomore year dorm than in her freshman-year dorm

b. Marge, whose cubicle is right next to both the kitchen and the elevator, is one of the most popular people in the entire office

research indicates that a face's symmetry is a reliable predictor of how attractive it is seen to be. An evolutionary psychology explanation for this finding would be that a. symmetrical faces remind us of ourselves and therefore elicit positive feelings b. symmetry is a sign of health and that a potential mate has good genes c. western cultures place a greater emphasis on physical attractiveness than do eastern cultures d. all of the above

b. symmetry is a sign of health and that a potential mate has good genes

Which of the following statements is true regarding how people tend to represent themselves in online dating profiles? a) There are no gender differences in how men and women represent themselves online b) The vast majority of people post inaccurate or misleading photos of themselves in online profiles c) Misrepresentation in online profiles tends to be of both the intentional and unintentional varieties d) Deceptive web profiles tend to be longer and more detailed than accurate profiles

c) Misrepresentation in online profiles tends to be of both the intentional and unintentional varieties

Which of the following is an example of an intrapersonal stage to relationship dissolution? a) The breakup is announced to other people b) One member of the couple discusses the potential breakup with the other person c) One member of the couple thinks a lot about his or her relationship dissatisfaction d) The couple decides to get back together

c) One member of the couple thinks a lot about his or her relationship dissatisfaction

Equity theory suggests that if a relationship is not equitable... a) the overbenefited individual will still be satisfied with it b) it will transition from a communal relationship to an exchange relationship c) both the underbenefited and the overbenefited individuals will be unsatisfied with it d) both the underbenefited and the overbenefited individuals will be satisfied with it

c) both the underbenefited and the overbenefited individuals will be unsatisfied with it

Whereas ... love is characterized by feelings of intimacy and affection, ... love tends to include intense longing and physical arousal. a) platonic; romantic b) empty; erotic c) companionate; passionate d) tranquil; sexual

c) companionate; passionate

which of the following is not identified as a major predictor of attraction in long-term romantic relationship a. similarity b. reciprocity c. complementarily d. propinquity

c. complementarily

Sam has his eye on Julie and wants her to like him. According to research in social psychology, which of the following is least likely to work? a. emphasizing how similar their attitudes are b. arranging to work with her on a class project so that he can spend time with her c. emphasizing that they have complementary personalities and that opposites attract d. making himself look as physically attractive as he can

c. emphasizing that they have complementary personalities and that opposites attract

Research on the influence of mobile phone technology on social interaction indicates that.. a. contrary to what some critics believe, the availability of mobile phones and smartphones has no negative effect on social engagement b. while laptops and tablet computers can be distracting during face-to-face interaction, smartphones are not c. even if a mobile phone isn't being used during a conversation, it can still pose a distraction that comes at the expense of social engagement d. men are more easily distracted by the presence of a mobile during a conversation that are women

c. even if a mobile phone isn't being used during a conversation, it can still pose a distraction that comes at the expense of social engagement

the ______ suggests that the more tomes we encounter someone or something, the more we tend to like it a. evolutionary perspective b. halo effect c. mere exposure effect d. reciprocal liking effect

c. mere exposure effect

which of the following is not one of the three major components of love, according to sternberg's trianglular theory of love? a. intimacy b. passion c. reciprocity d. commitment

c. reciprocity

which of the following findings regarding breakups is true? a. initiating a breakup is even more distressing than being broken up with b. the dissolution of same-sex relationships is not marked by the same type and amount of negative emotional response as is the dissolution of cross-sex relationships c. staying in contact and up-to-date on the new exploits of an ex-partner can have both positive and negative effects on an individual after a breakup d. on acerage, men are not nearly as upset by breakups as are women

c. staying in contact and up-to-date on the new exploits of an ex-partner can have both positive and negative effects on an individual after a breakup

Which of the following statements regarding attachment style is true? a. few if any individuals change their attachment style once they reach adulthood b. a majority of adults have been found to exhibit an avoidant attachment style c. the attachment style that adults display is shaped by their partners behavior and the type of relationship they've created as a couple d. your attachment style as an infant typically has little to do with the attachment style you have in your adult relationships

c. the attachment style that adults display is shaped by their partners behavior and the type of relationship they've created as a couple

what is the prediction of dating and mating behavior

characteristics for men and women the same: honest, trustworthy, pleasant personality

After a break up, which of the following individuals is most likely to want to remain friends? a) Fred, a male who initiated his breakup b) Barney, a make who was a breakee (i.e. his partner initiated the breakup) c) Wilma, a female who was involved in a mutual breakup d) Betty, a female who was a breakee (i.e. her partner initiated the breakup)

d) Betty, a female who was a breakee (i.e. her partner initiated the breakup)

although her boyfriend treats her well, he always puts her needs first, and doesn't demand much in the way of relationship effort from her, courtney feels unsatisfied with the relationship because a little voice in her head keeps telling here there must be an even better mate out there for her somewhere. courtney seems to have a. a high comparison level b. a low comparison level c. a low comparison level for alternative d. a high sense of investment

d. a high sense of investment

similarity in terms of which of the following dimensions has been found to predict increased attraction a. attitudes b. attractiveness level c. genetics d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Katie and Madeline are dating. According to the investment model of close relationships, which of the following will influence their commitment to the relationship? a. their satisfaction with the relationship b. their level of investment in the relationship c. the availability and quality of alternative partners d. all of these answers are correct

d. all of these answers are correct

Elliot worries that his girlfriend doesn't really love him and he smothers her with attention. According to attachment theory, Elliot probably has a(n) ___________ attachment style, because when he was an infant, his caregivers were ___________. a. avoidant; aloof and distant b. secure; responsive to his needs c. communal; smothering but very open d. anxious/ambivalent; inconsistent and overbearing

d. anxious/ambivalent; inconsistent and overbearing

which of the following statements about perceptions of physical attractiveness is true? a. asymmetrical faces are typically viewed as more attractive because they are so distinctive b. Large cross-cultural differences emerge in terms of what is seen as physically attractive in the human face c. the more someone looks like us, the less attractive we typically find him or her to be d. perceivers tend to believe that someone who is attractive also possesses a range of other positive characteristics

d. perceivers tend to believe that someone who is attractive also possesses a range of other positive characteristics

comparison level

people's expectations about the level of rewards and punishments they are likely to receive in a particular relationship

You and your friends decide to hold a heterosexual "speed-dating" event on campus. At this event, male students sit at tables arranged in a circle and have 3-minute conversations with a series of women. After each 3-minute period has ended, the women rotate in a clockwise direction and sit down with a new male student. When asked about their "dating" experiences after the event, research suggests that... a. the men should focus less on facial symmetry in assessing their dates' attractiveness b. the women should be somewhat pickier in terms of rating which men they would like to see again c. the women should focus less on facial symmetry in assessing their dates' attractiveness d. the men should be somewhat pickier in terms of rating which women they would like to see again

pickier in terms of rating which women they would like to see again

communal relationships

relationships in which people's primary concern is being responsive to the other person's needs

companionate love

the feelings of intimacy and affection we have for someone that are not accompanied by passion or physiological arousal

propinquity effect

the finding that the more we see and interact with people, the more likely they are to become our friends

equity theory

the idea that people are happiest with relationships in which the rewards and costs experienced by both parties are roughly equal

social exchange theory

the idea that people's feelings about a relationship depend on their perceptions of its rewards and costs, the kind of relationship they deserve, and their chances for having a better relationship with someone else

investment model

the theory that people's commitment to a relationship depends not only on their satisfaction with the relationship, but also on how much they have invested in the relationship that would be lost by ending it

how is reciprocal liking contribute to attraction

we like others who behave like us