Chapter 10 social psychology

defensive helping

Help given to members of out-groups to reduce the threat they pose to the status or distinctiveness of one's own in-group

diffusion of responsibility

A bystander feels less responsible to help when he is in a bigger group. Bigger group—> responsibility is divided between all the present people

Principlism (Batson)

Action guided by principle

Collectivism (batson)

Action to benefit the group

kin selection

Also know as inclusive fitness theory. we help those who have similare gens to us for evolutionary reasons —> pass on our gens

arousal: cost-reward model

By Piliavin and colleagues According to this model a emergency creates arousal in the bystander. The observer reacts to this with a consideration of cost and reward.

prosocial behavior

Can be altruistic and egoistic. A behavior that is culturally interpreted as beneficial, and is not motivated by professional obligations.

public goods games (PGG)

Experimental technique Participant receive tokens and decide if they want to put hem in a common account or keep them to them self. Interesting effect that was discovered is altruistic punishment. Share less to punish selfish players.

pluralistic ignorance

Happens when bystander do not react during an emergency because they decide, when no one else is downing something, it is not an emergency. Seconde step of the decision-making model of the bystander effect.

coefficient of relatedness

Is calculated considering how many steps separate individuals from shared ancestors. Explains the degree of altruism towards an individual

altruism

Is motivated by empathy and not motivated by any other external reward Helping by altruism has the aim to increase the well being of others.

Penner and colleagues different levels of prosocial behavior

Mirco: concerns of the origins of prosocial behavior Meso: concentrate on the detailed situation Macro: social behavior in a group setting

bystander effect

Latane and Darnley found support Enabled when there is a high amount of people assisting an emergency, which causes the decrease of possibility of an individual to receive help. The most important feature by this effect is not the group size, is the psychological relationship between the bystanders. (Ingroup or outgroup)

common ingroup identity model

Members of different groups see themself as belonging to a broader group Hostility con overcome and prosocial behavior increase. People are more likely to help ingroup members demonstrated by Levine and colleagues with football fans.

evaluation apprehension

People being concerned to receive an evaluation by other while performing a task. —> leads to audience inhibition

prosocial personality

People with this personality think about other people and help them and they also experience empathy. Penner and colleagues: empathy and helpfulness towards others.

helping behavior

Refers to all actions of helping others or enhance the well-being of other people

impulsive helping

Refers to spontaneous act of helping which apparently isn't the product of decision making.

Self-Efficacy

Refers to the feeling of competence to help in a emergency situation If the observer does not feel competent he is less likely to help.

strong reciprocity

Tendency to collaborate in a group and penalize those who do not even if its costly.

empathy

The ability of some people of gaming an understanding through experiencing another persons emotional state. Can happened when there is no reward

Proportion of related genes

The proportion of genes shared by all human beings, which is 99 per cent.

reciprocal altruism

This theory says that we help others because we expect a benefit and may explain why we help strangers.

Volunteerism

When people devote time and effort without the expectation of a reward. Volunteer process model

negative state relief model

When we see a person in need, we experience a negative state, which we are motivated to make better. Helping another person fulfill their need will then be motivated.by our egoistical reason. —> no support for this model (By Cialdini)

Dependency orientated helping

Which discloses the full solution of the problem, I'm playing that Th group does not have the ability to reach a solution

empathic concern

an emotional state consisting of emotions such as compassion, warmth and concern for another person

audience inhibition

not helping another person because of a fear of appearing foolish in the presence of others. Step 5 of the decision-making model of bystander intervention

Autonomy-oriented help

reflects the helper's view that, given the appropriate tools, recipients can help themselves