Chapter 10 Sociology

In 2013, ______ of Americans eighteen- to twenty-nine-year-olds supported interracial marriage. a. 15 percent b. 36 percent c. 68 percent d. 96 percent

96 percent

During which period were Mexican workers admitted without much restriction? a. in the post-World War II period up to the early 1960s b. from the middle 1960s to 1986 c. from 1986 to 2008 d. from 2008 to today

in the post-World War II period up to the early 1960s

Black drivers are more than twice as likely as white drivers to be searched during a vehicle stop (even after controlling for variables such as the reason the car was stopped), but they are found in possession of contraband 26 percent less often than white drivers. This difference is an example of a. interpersonal racism. c. racialization. b. institutional racism. d. ethnicity.

institutional racism.

When speeding charges are made, Blacks fare much worse when citations are issued on the basis of the officer's visual assessment rather than radar or laser. This is an example of a. interpersonal racism. c. multiculturalism. b. institutional racism. d. scapegoating.

institutional racism.

In 2016, what percent of families headed by Latina women lived in poverty? a. 12 percent b. 25 percent c. 41 percent d. 75 percent

41 percent

Industrial development in the North of the United States, combined with the mechanization of agriculture in the South, produced a progressive movement of _______ northward starting at the beginning of the twentieth century. a. whites c. Latin Americans b. African Americans d. Native Americans

African Americans

Which group of Americans has the highest college graduation rate? a. non-Hispanic whites c. Asian Americans b. African Americans d. Hispanics

Asian Americans

Which group of Americans has the highest median household income? a. whites c. Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders b. African Americans d. Hispanics

Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders

Which of the following minority groups is the largest? a. African Americans c. Asian Americans b. Hispanic Americans d. American Indians

Hispanic Americans

As a result of successive potato famines that produced widespread starvation, 1.5 million people migrated to the United States from ______ in the nineteenth century and settled mostly in ______ areas. a. Germany; rural c. Ireland; rural b. Germany; urban d. Ireland; urban

Ireland; urban

Which of the following Hispanic groups is the largest? a. Mexican Americans c. Cuban Americans b. Puerto Rican Americans d. El Salvadoran Americans

Mexican Americans

______ is the model of ethnic integration that exists in Switzerland. a. Assimilation c. Segregation b. Melting pot d. Multiculturalism

Multiculturalism

Immigrants to the United States from 1820 to 1880 were mostly from a. Northwestern Europe. c. Southern Europe. b. Eastern Europe. d. Latin America.

Northwestern Europe.

What is a characteristic of white privilege? a. Whites acknowledge they have privilege. b. Whites have earned the privilege. c. Few whites benefit from white privilege. d. Whites may often benefit from it without even realizing it.

Whites may often benefit from it without even realizing it.

A white person tells an Asian American person that they "speak good English." This interaction best illustrates which of the following statements? a. Whites regularly engage in overt racism against Asian Americans. b. Well-meaning comments are never insulting. c. There is no such thing as racial microaggressions. d. Whites sometimes assume that the Asian American person they are speaking to is an immigrant.

Whites sometimes assume that the Asian American person they are speaking to is an immigrant.

Who argued that by the 1980s the economic conditions of Blacks had become central to their life chances? a. Lawrence Bobo c. William Julius Wilson b. Joe Feagin d. Elijah Anderson

William Julius Wilson

A disadvantaged group that is separated from the dominant group by their distinct physical or cultural characteristics is known as a. an ethnic group. c. a minority group. b. a racial group. d. scapegoats.

a minority group

Sociologist Eduardo Bonilla-Silva argues that a. color blindness is a means of maintaining racial equality. b. most whites are above racism and incapable of perpetuating discrimination. c. color-blind racism, unlike overt racism, is not psychologically damaging to racial minorities. d. by attempting to act as if race does not exist, whites perpetuate inequalities.

by attempting to act as if race does not exist, whites perpetuate inequalities.

Feelings of hostility or anger directed against objects that are not the real origin of those anxieties is called a. transference. c. discrimination. b. stereotyping. d. displacement.

displacement.

Chul Soo is Korean and currently lives in Seoul. He wants to move to Canada and become a permanent citizen. This is an example of a. immigration. c. assimilation. b. emigration. d. racialization.

emigration.

Which factor is LEAST likely to explain IQ differences between Blacks and whites? a. genetic factors b. cultural factors c. economic factors d. discrimination

genetic factors

Between 1915 and 1923, more than a million Armenians were killed by the Ottoman Turkish government. This is an example of a. genocide. c. segregation. b. assimilation. d. pluralism.

genocide.

In 1735, Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus published a modern classification scheme of human populations. Linnaeus assumed that each subgroup a. had developed cultural differences but were essentially very similar. b. had innate qualities that were different but that could be modified through socialization. c. had different cultural practices that eventually produced physical differences. d. had qualities of behavior or temperament that were innate and could not be altered.

had qualities of behavior or temperament that were innate and could not be altered.

More than 99 percent of the people in the United States are descended from a. immigrants. c. Africans. b. Europeans. d. Native Americans.

immigrants.

Sarah is a college admissions officer who does not hold prejudicial attitudes about Hispanic people. She negatively evaluates a Hispanic applicant because she has "no cultural flavor" in her application. This shows that a. only prejudiced people will discriminate. b. discrimination is unavoidable, but prejudicial attitudes are not. c. patterns of discrimination are easily fixed by individuals. d. people who are not prejudiced can discriminate.

people who are not prejudiced can discriminate.

Steve believes that immigrants are more likely to be criminal than native-born Americans. He continues to hold this belief even though he learned in school that native-born Americans are more likely to commit crime than immigrants. Steve's attitude is an example of a. prejudice. c. segregation. b. discrimination. d. institutional racism.

prejudice.

Immigrants are sometimes blamed for low wages. Immigrants in this example can be considered a a. stereotype. c. victim. b. scapegoat. d. minority group.

scapegoat.

Thinking in terms of fixed and inflexible categories, such as believing that all French people like to wear striped shirts, is best described as a. stereotyping. c. racializing. b. discriminating. d. projecting.

stereotyping.

Are Hispanics white or nonwhite? a. All Hispanics are white. b. All Hispanics are nonwhite. c. Some Hispanics are white and some Hispanics are nonwhite. d. Hispanics are neither white nor nonwhite.

Some Hispanics are white and some Hispanics are nonwhite.

Which of the following methodological approaches to a research project on assimilation is a survey? a. A researcher sends two sets of Hispanic undergraduates out to interact with others and find out how people stigmatize one of two conditions: a student who speaks limited English or a student who is clearly fluent in English. b. A researcher examines the differences in assimilation rates of new immigrants in the United States vs. Europe. c. A researcher conducts a series of interviews with new immigrants to the United States who came from Central America. d. A researcher distributes paper questionnaires to new immigrant children in high school.

A researcher distributes paper questionnaires to new immigrant children in high school.

Which statement about Theodor Adorno's research would Adorno most agree with? a. Authoritarianism is not a characteristic of personality but reflects the values and norms of particular subcultures within the wider society. b. Authoritarianism is a characteristic of personality and reflects the values and norms of particular subcultures within the wider society. c. Authoritarianism reflects patterns of thought in general rather than a particular personality type. d. Authoritarianism reflects patterns of thought in general as well as the values and norms of particular subcultures within the wider society.

Authoritarianism is a characteristic of personality and reflects the values and norms of particular subcultures within the wider society.

Alarming disparities in health and health care still exist among U.S. racial and ethnic groups. Which group has the highest rate of hypertension? a. white men and women c. Asian women b. Hispanic men d. Black men and women

Black men and women

According to the U.S. Census, are people with origins in the Middle East and North Africa white? a. Both Middle Easterners and North Africans are nonwhite. b. Both Middle Easterners and North Africans are white. c. Middle Easterners are white and North Africans are nonwhite. d. Middle Easterners are nonwhite and North Africans are white.

Both Middle Easterners and North Africans are white

Over the past half-century, the South has lost all gains in desegregation made since 1954—the year of the ______ decision. a. Dred Scott v. Sandford b. The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes c. Brown v. Board of Education d. Roe v. Wade

Brown v. Board of Education

Who would MOST likely believe that strengthening the Black family is the solution to racial inequality? a. Daniel Patrick Moynihan b. Martin Luther King Jr. c. William Julius Wilson d. Jennifer Lee

Daniel Patrick Moynihan

Which statement best characterizes the textbook's assessment of the Trump presidency? a. Donald Trump is the least racist president ever. b. Donald Trump expresses the kind of racism that is typical in contemporary American politics. c. Donald Trump's presidency is seen as a new era of covert racism. d. Donald Trump's presidency is seen as a new era of overt racism.

Donald Trump's presidency is seen as a new era of overt racism.

______ refers to a type of social identity related to ancestry (perceived or real) and cultural differences which become effective or active in certain contexts. a. Ethnicity c. Race b. Ethnocentrism d. Racism

Ethnicity

Which statement is an accurate characterization of the concept of race? a. The concept of race plays an important role in the reproduction of patterns of power and inequality. b. The concept of race is primarily based on cultural differences between groups. c. The genetic diversity between races is greater than the genetic diversity within them. d. The concept of race is no longer important.

The concept of race plays an important role in the reproduction of patterns of power and inequality.

Which group of Americans has the lowest median household income? a. whites c. Hispanics b. African Americans d. Asian Americans

African Americans

Blacks account for roughly ______ of the U.S. population and ______ of chief executives. a. 13 percent; 3 percent b. 26 percent; 6 percent c. 13 percent; 9 percent d. 26 percent; 18 percent

13 percent; 3 percent

Which group has lived in the United States longer than all other immigrant groups besides Anglo-Saxons, yet faces the segregation and poverty that was only a transitional phase for the other groups? a. Eastern European Americans c. Irish Americans b. Southern European Americans d. African Americans

African Americans

Which of the following statements best represents variation in racial and ethnic identification across countries? a. Countries mostly categorize race and ethnicity in the same way. b. Countries base racial and ethnic categorization on different traits, including skin color, cultural group membership, regional origin, and religion. c. Countries vary widely in how they categorize racial and ethnic groups, although very few use skin color as a criterion. d. Smaller nations tend to use skin color as a guide to categorizing racial and ethnic groups, whereas larger nations are more likely to define race and ethnicity based on religion or culture.

Countries base racial and ethnic categorization on different traits, including skin color, cultural group membership, regional origin, and religion.

Unlike other Latino immigrants, these immigrants were mainly educated people from white-collar and professional backgrounds. a. Mexicans c. Cubans b. Puerto Ricans d. El Salvadorians

Cubans

The 1964 Civil Rights Act accomplished what? a. It outlawed the racial segregation of lunch counters and other public places. b. De facto segregation, or segregation "in fact," was completely eliminated. c. It outlawed discriminatory voting practices. d. It outlawed discrimination in the rental or purchase of homes.

It outlawed the racial segregation of lunch counters and other public places.

During World War II, _______ were made to report to "relocation centers," which were effectively concentration camps. a. German Americans c. Japanese Americans b. Americans d. Mexican Americans

Japanese Americans

More than three-quarters of the nearly 59 million immigrants admitted to the United States since 1965 have been from a. Northwestern Europe. c. Africa. b. Southern and Eastern Europe. d. Latin America or Asia.

Latin America or Asia.

In 2017, among full-time workers, which group has the lowest weekly earnings? a. Latina women c. Black men b. white women d. white men

Latina women

According to the textbook, what can we conclude about the patterns of segregation in the United States? a. Neighborhood segregation has declined significantly over the past quarter century. b. Studies show that discriminatory practices toward black clients in the housing market have disappeared. c. Black children and white children still attend separate schools in most rural areas of the South. d. Neighborhood segregation remains especially high in metropolitan areas.

Neighborhood segregation remains especially high in metropolitan areas.

Which statement is most consistent with the textbook's conclusions about race? a. Racism is no longer a significant problem for Blacks. b. In explaining racial inequality between Blacks and whites, gender disadvantages are more significant than racism. c. In explaining racial inequality between Blacks and whites, class disadvantages are more significant than racism. d. Perhaps the single most significant race-based explanation of Black-white inequality is the restriction or segregation of Blacks in physical space known as the ghetto.

Perhaps the single most significant race-based explanation of Black-white inequality is the restriction or segregation of Blacks in physical space known as the ghetto.

Of the choices listed, which is a commonwealth of the United States? a. Puerto Rico b. Mexico c. Cuba d. El Salvador

Puerto Rico

______ is a socially constructed category based on the belief in fundamental human differences associated with physical characteristics and ancestry. a. Ethnicity c. Race b. Ethnocentrism d. Racism

Race

For most of the period of European expansion, Europeans believed themselves to be superior to the people they colonized and conquered. This fits most closely with which of the following statements about racism? a. Racism is a form of prejudice focusing on cultural differences between people. b. Racist views distinguishing the descendants of Europeans from those of Africans became central to European racist attitudes. c. Racist attitudes are found in all human societies because humans are designed to notice and dislike people who are different. d. Racism resides in the individual conscience only.

Racist views distinguishing the descendants of Europeans from those of Africans became central to European racist attitudes.

Which of the following was a consequence of the U.S. policy of forcing Japanese families into "relocation centers" during World War II? a. After the war, Japanese families joined many Chinese immigrants in segregated Chinatowns. b. Children of Japanese immigrants were unable to learn English, putting them at an educational disadvantage. c. Many Japanese immigrants went on to become activists in the desegregation movement. d. The Japanese families' assimilation into U.S. society accelerated after the war.

The Japanese families' assimilation into U.S. society accelerated after the war.

Which of the following statements concerning minority groups is true? a. Any group that is less than 50 percent of the population is considered a minority group. b. All members of the group share the same physical features. c. The term refers to political power and is not simply a numerical distinction. d. The idea of a minority group was more confusing in the past than today.

The term refers to political power and is not simply a numerical distinction.

William Julius Wilson has argued that for the United States to bridge the Black-white gap in inequality, the federal government would need to a. create massive numbers of jobs. c. increase tax breaks to Black churches. b. require welfare recipients to work. d. integrate schools.

create massive numbers of jobs

A white man places a rental property he owns on Craigslist to rent it out for the next year. He receives two very promising applications from individuals who both are college educated and hold well-paying jobs. He decides not to rent his house to the first applicant simply because he is Arab American and rents it to the second applicant, who is white. What is this scenario an example of? a. racism b. prejudice c. antimiscegenation d. discrimination

discrimination

Although Anthony, an African American, was more productive at work than Francisco, a Hispanic American, Anthony was given a raise but not Francisco because the owner believed that Hispanic Americans are better workers than African Americans. Denying Francisco a raise is an example of a. prejudice. c. projection. b. discrimination. d. institutional racism.

discrimination.

Ethan is a white man who has Scottish ancestry and wore a kilt to his wedding. In most aspects of his life, however, being Scottish American has no meaningful impact on his day-to-day life. This example illustrates that a. ethnicity has become less important in the United States. b. tension between racial and ethnic groups has declined over time. c. ethnicity is a choice for whites in the United States. d. pluralism is growing in the United States.

ethnicity is a choice for whites in the United States.

What were the "black codes"? a. laws limiting the rights of blacks in the South after the Civil War b. laws limiting the rights of blacks in the South during the Civil War c. laws limiting the rights of blacks in South Africa under apartheid d. laws granting relief from discrimination and segregation, beginning in the 1950s

laws limiting the rights of blacks in the South after the Civil War

Assimilation is when a. new immigrant groups assume the attitudes and language of the dominant community. b. ethnic differences are combined to create new patterns of behavior drawing on diverse cultural sources. c. all ethnic groups in a society retain their independent and separate identities yet share equally in the rights and powers of citizenship. d. ethnic groups exist separately and share equally in economic and political life.

new immigrant groups assume the attitudes and language of the dominant community.

When a minority member experiences a microaggression, they a. often misunderstand what was really an innocent comment. b. often get angry, making a mountain out of a molehill. c. often respond with silence, though they experience the interaction as an insult. d. often understand it as a compliment, since it is often meant as a compliment.

often respond with silence, though they experience the interaction as an insult.

Mexicans in cities like Los Angeles and San Antonio end up living in segregated, high-poverty communities in which institutions, such as schools, have inferior resources and foster low expectations of their students; this situation may facilitate the categorization of Mexicans as a race. This process of categorization is known as a. racialization. c. ethnicity. b. nationalism. d. prejudice.

racialization.

Those who view the Mexican American population as stagnating argue that Mexicans are going through a process called a. aggregation. c. racialization. b. eugenics. d. generalization.

racialization.

Prejudice based on socially significant physical distinctions is known as a. racism. c. relativism. b. antiracism. d. nativism.

racism.

A white applicant who was rejected by a prestigious university argues that she was not admitted because racial minorities were given special advantages in the application process. What term would be used to characterize her argument? a. displacement b. prejudice c. scapegoating d. discrimination

scapegoating

In apartheid-era South Africa, laws forced Blacks to live separately from whites and forbade sexual relations between races. This is an example of a. multiculturalism. c. segregation. b. assimilation. d. pluralism.

segregation.

In understanding the racial disparity in maternal health care between Black and white women, what factor is most directly associated with the cumulative effects of institutional and everyday racial discrimination that Black women face? a. stress b. higher rates of known health risks c. poverty d. poor diet

stress

In American Apartheid (1993), Douglas Massey and Nancy A. Denton argue that _______ is/are responsible for the perpetuation of black poverty and the continued polarization of black and white people. a. the history of racial segregation c. the biological inferiority of blacks b. impersonal market forces d. the cultural inferiority of blacks

the history of racial segregation