Chapter 10 Study Guide
A fatigued muscle can no longer contract because of changes in ph due to the buildup of lactic acid, the exhaustion of energy resources or other factors (T or F)
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A thick filament contains _______ molecules.
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A troponin consists of three globular subunits, one subunit binds to _________, other subunit binds to _________ another subunit has a receptor that binds a ________ ion.
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Action potential are the triggers for m contraction (T or F)
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At rest, active sites on the actin are blocked by tropomyosin molecules (T,F)
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Calcium is released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and enters the regions where thick and thin filaments can interact. (T or F)
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Each G actin molecule contains an active site that can bind to ___________
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Each nucleus in a skeletal m cell reflects the contribution of a single my oblast (T or F). Why?
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Each skeletal muscle fiber is controlled by a motor neuron at a single ________
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Even though the skeletal muscle cell is very large, all regions of the cell must contract simultaneously. The signal is conducted through the _______
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F actin consists of two rows of individual globular molecules of __________
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Mitochondrial activity provides ATP required by short duration max intensity muscle contraction. (T or F)
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Resting m tone stabilizes the positions of bones and joints. (T or F)
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Since each myofibril is attached at either end of the muscle fiber, when sarcomeres shorten, the muscle fiber shortens.(T/F)
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Skeletal muscle fibers are formed from embryonic cells called _________
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T Tubules have the same properties as the sarcolemma (T or F)
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T tubules are filled with _________
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TT are invaginations of the sarcolemma (T/F)
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The H zone contains only ________ filaments
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The I band contains what type of filaments?
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The I band extends from ______ band of one sarcomere to the ______ band of the next
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The Skeletal muscle is known as striated muscle (T or F)
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The Z line are responsible of the banded appearance (striations) that are visible with the light microscope. (T or F)
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The according with the sliding filament theory when a skeletal m fiber contracts: The H zones and I band get------------(larger or smaller), T he zones of overlap get------------------------, The Z lines move close together., and The width of the A band remain constant.
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The action potential is conducted into a skeletal muscle fiber by __________
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The calcium concentration inside the T cisternae is 1000 higher than the Ca inside the sarcoplasm (T or F)
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The connection between head and tail functions as a hinge that lets the head pivots at its base (T or F)
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The cytoplasm of the synaptic terminal contains mitochondria and vesicles filled with _________
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The function of the tropomyosin is to cover the active sites of G actin and prevent actin _________ interaction.
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The length of the A band is equal to the length of a typical thick filament (T or F)
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The m contraction begins when the stored Ca ions are released into the sarcoplasm. (T or F).
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The motor end plate contains Receptors (t or f)
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The myosin molecule has head and _______.
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The pivoting is the key step in muscle contraction (T or F)
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The receptors bind ach (true or false)
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The region of the sarcomere that always contains thin filaments is the __________
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The sarcomere is the smallest functional units of the m fiber (T or F)
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The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores and releases Ca ions (T/F)
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The skeletal muscle complex known as the triad consists of __________
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The thin filaments contains proteins that are ________
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The zone of overlap is located within the ________ band.
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Triads are located in the zones of overlap at the edges of the a band. (T or F)
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What is a content of the terminal cisternae?
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When the myosin heads interact with thin filaments during a contraction it is known as ________
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location and function of the satellite cells
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M line
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Muscle tone
function of capillaries
Supply blood to the muscle fibers
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T Tubule
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Transverse tubules (TT)
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Z line
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acetylcholine
Thin filaments are composed of ________. Thick filaments are composed of _________
actin; myosin
connects muscle to muscle
aponeurosis
location of the smooth muscle cells
around in walls of blood vessels and digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive organs
what is a fascicle?
bundles of muscle fibers
small blood vessel that permits the diffusion of gases, nutrients and wastes between plasma and other fluids;
capillaries
muscle tissue, one of the four basic tissue groups, consists chiefly of cells that are highly specialized for ___________
contraction
A myosin head bound to actin is a _______
cross bridge
location of the skeletal muscle tissue
directly or indirectly attached to the bones of the skeleton
name the layer of connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle _________, fascicle ________ and the muscle cell _________
epimysium; perimysium; endomysium
Name the 4 primary tissue types.
epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle
The bundle of skeletal muscle cells is known as _________. The fascicle is surrounded by the __________.
fascicle; endomysium
The skeletal muscle cell consist of ____________
fascicles
give the location of the cardiac muscle tissue
heart
At each end of the skeletal muslce cell the myofibrils are anchored to the __________
inner surface of the sarcolemme
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isometric contraction
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isotonic contraction
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motor end plate
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motor unit
functions of the smooth muscle tissue
moves food, urine and reproductive tract secretions; controls diameter of respiratory passageways; regulates diameter of blood vessels
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muscle fatigue
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myoblasts
The sarcoplasmic reticulum is located around the __________
myofibril
inside each muscle fiber are hundreds to thousands of cylindrical structures, which can actively shorten and are responsible for skeletal muscle fiber contraction.
myofibril
The myofibrils consist of _________
myofilaments
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neuromuscular junction
characteristics of smooth muscle cells
non-striated, involuntary, long and slender, spindle shaped, single nucleus, lack myofibrils and sacromeres
functions of the skeletal muscles
produce skeletal movement, maintain posture and body position, support soft tissues, guard entrances and exits, maintain body temperature, store nutrients
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rigor mortis
The cell membrane of the skeletal muscle cell is known as ________ while the cytoplasm of the skeletal muscle cell is also known as _________
sarcolemma; sacroplasm
smallest functional unit of muscle fiber
sarcomere
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sarcoplasmic reticulum
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satellite cells
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sharpey fibers
name the 3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
characteristics and functions of the cardiac muscle tissue
striated, involuntary, branched, intercalated discs, multinucleated, push blood through the cardiovascular system
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synaptic cleft
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synaptic terminal
connects muscle to bone
tendon
The bundle of collagen fibers that attaches muscle to bone is a _________ muscle to muscle is a _________ and bone to bone is a _________
tendon; aponeurosis, ligament
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terminal cisternae
The A Band contains what type of filaments?
thin and thick filaments
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triad
Axons or nerve fibers are the same (T or F)
true
Axons penetrate the epimysium, branch through the perimysium and enter the endomysium to innervate muscle fibers (T or F)
true
Each cell in the skeletal muscle tissue is a single muscle fiber. (true or false)
true
Each skeletal muscle cell or fiber contains hundreds to thousands of myofibrils (T or F)
true
Many Skeletal muscles are often called voluntary muscles because we have voluntary control over their contractions. (T or F)
true
Myofibrils which can actively shorten are responsible for skeletal muscle contraction (T or F)
true
Skeletal muscle cells contract under the influence of the Central Nervous System (T/F)
true
The diaphragm usually works outside our conscious awareness. (true or false)
true
The myofibril is as long as the entire cell (T or F)
true
The skeletal muscles are organs (true or false)
true
endomysium contains blood vessels(capillaries) (true or false)
true
muscle fibers differ from "typical cells" in that muscle fibers have many nuclei. (true or false)
true
the advantage of having many nuclei in a skeletal muscle fiber is the ability to produce large amounts of the muscle proteins needed for growth and repair. (true or false)
true
the perimysium contains blood vessels and nerves that maintain blood flow and innervate the muscle fibers within fascicles (true or false)
true
characteristics of the skeletal muscle cells
voluntary, striated, long nucleus, multinucleate
Interactions between thick and thin filaments of the sarcomere are responsible for muscle contraction. (T or F)
ya
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zone of overlap