Chapter 10 Test review Development Through the Lifespan, 7e

Which self-description is 10-year-old Destiny the most likely to use? A) "I like horses and I'm always good." B) "I'm smart in certain subjects like math and science." C) "I never say mean things." D) "I run fast and always win races."

"I'm smart in certain subjects like math and science."

Which statement about attribution retraining is true? A) It encourages low-effort students to focus more on grades and less on mastering a task for individual improvement. B) It is best begun early, before children's views of themselves become hard to change. C) It encourages children to believe that success should be attributed to ability, rather than luck or effort. D) Children who participate in it do not require instruction in effective strategies and self-regulation.

B) It is best begun early, before children's views of themselves become hard to change.

__________ praise implies that competence develops through effort. A) Person B) Process C) Indulgent D) Inconsistent

B) Process

__________ children are likely to develop a learned-helpless approach to peer difficulties—concluding, after repeated rebuffs, that they will never be liked. A) Controversial B) Rejected-withdrawn C) Rejected-aggressive D) Popular-antisocial

B) Rejected-withdrawn

Which statement about gender-atypical children in middle childhood is true? A) Although gender-atypical children sometimes feel rejected, they seldom experience serious adjustment difficulties. B) School-age children who experience rejection because of their gender-atypical traits suffer profoundly. C) Experts agree that the best way to help gender-atypical children is to make them more gender typical. D) Gender-typical and gender-atypical children show similar gains in self-esteem in third through seventh grade

B) School-age children who experience rejection because of their gender-atypical traits suffer profoundly.

Chelsea tells her classmate, "I don't like your haircut." Which child is the most likely to evaluate Chelsea's truthfulness very negatively? A) Jesse, age 5 B) Shizuko, age 8 C) Palmira, age 6 D) Chadwick, age 4

B) Shizuko, age 8

Which statement on self-esteem is true? A) Boys score higher in language arts self-esteem than girls. B) Boys exceed girls in self-esteem dimensions of social acceptance. C) Chinese and Japanese children score lower in self-esteem than U.S. children. D) Compared with African-American children, European-American children have slightly higher self-esteem.

C) Chinese and Japanese children score lower in self-esteem than U.S. children.

Which statement about influences on achievement-related attributions is accurate? A) Children with a mastery-oriented style often have parents who believe that their child is not very capable. B) When girls do not do well, they tend to receive messages from teachers and parents that their ability is at fault. C) American parents and teachers are more likely than their Asian counterparts to view effort as key to success. D) Low-SES ethnic minority students often receive more favorable feedback from teachers, which encourages effort.

B) When girls do not do well, they tend to receive messages from teachers and parents that their ability is at fault.

Compared to children with siblings, only children tend to __________. A) be spoiled, in accordance with popular belief B) be less well-accepted in the peer group C) have distant relationships with their parents D) attain lower levels of education

B) be less well-accepted in the peer group

Mr. and Mrs. Chavez recently divorced. Their 5-year-old son is likely to __________. A) take on extra household chores B) blame himself for the marital breakup C) escape into undesirable peer activities D) provide emotional support to his mother

B) blame himself for the marital breakup

When Erica's best friend makes her angry, she takes a deep breath and counts to 10. Erica is using __________. A) problem-centered coping B) emotion-centered coping C) mastery-oriented attributions D) learned helplessness

B) emotion-centered coping

Nine-year-old Krista gives part of her allowance to charity and collects canned goods for the food bank through her scout troop. Krista is developing __________. A) pride B) empathy C) guilt D) inferiority

B) empathy

Children of parents who __________ are more likely to listen to parents' perspectives in situations where compliance is vital. A) are permissive and let the children make their own decisions B) engage in joint decision making where possible C) closely monitor their children's daily activities D) are warm and caring but uninvolved in their children's daily activities

B) engage in joint decision making where possible

Compared with preschoolers, school-age children __________. A) are more physically aggressive B) engage in more prosocial acts C) resolve conflicts less effectively D) use less persuasion and compromise

B) engage in more prosocial acts

By age 6 to 7, children in diverse Western cultures have formed at least __________ broad self-evaluations. A) two B) four C) six D) eight

B) four

Natasha's parents are indulgent. As a result, she probably __________. A) has low self-esteem B) has unrealistically high self-esteem C) never exhibits aggressive behavior D) evaluates her behavior against reasonable standards

B) has unrealistically high self-esteem

. Children who are high in academic self-esteem and motivation make __________ attributions, crediting their successes to __________. A) learned-helpless; luck B) mastery-oriented; ability C) externally focused; effort D) achievement-related; luck

B) mastery-oriented; ability

During the school years, friendship becomes __________. A) less complex B) more psychologically based C) more proximity based D) less trust based

B) more psychologically based

Research shows that declines in well-being following divorce are greatest for __________. A) noncustodial fathers B) mothers of young children C) custodial fathers D) mothers of school-age children

B) mothers of young children

The best way to reduce bullying is to __________. A) teach victims to be passive when active behavior is expected B) promote prosocial attitudes and behaviors in youth environments C) teach victims to fight back and mete out like behaviors D) support exclusion of bullies from school settings

B) promote prosocial attitudes and behaviors in youth environments

On a measure of peer acceptance, Jed gets many negative votes and no positive ones. Jed is a __________ child. A) neglected B) rejected C) controversial D) popular-antisocial child

B) rejected

Raylynne is well-liked by all of her classmates. She probably has high __________. A) academic competence B) social self-esteem C) athletic competence D) learned helplessness

B) social self-esteem

Research on peer groups during middle childhood shows that __________. A) children who belong to a peer group rarely use relationally aggressive tactics to oust no longer "respected" children B) within peer groups, children learn cooperation, leadership, followership, and loyalty to collective goals C) most school-age children believe it is okay for a group to exclude a peer on the basis of unconventional appearance D) formal peer groups, such as 4-H or religious youth groups, rarely satisfy children's desire for group membership

B) within peer groups, children learn cooperation, leadership, followership, and loyalty to collective goals

. Sam is an American fourth grader. Compared to his Asian agemates, when asked to describe himself, Sam is more likely to say __________. A) "I'm in sixth grade" B) "I'm an older brother" C) "I like hockey" D) "My friends really like me"

C) "I like hockey"

Which statement about coregulation is accurate? A) Parents using coregulation closely monitor their children's activities and decisions, and punish all missteps. B) With coregulation, children take full responsibility for making the rules, and parents monitor from a distance. C) A permissive parenting style leads to coregulation, in which parents let go and the children monitor themselves. D) Coregulation supports and protects children while preparing them for adolescence, when they will make many important decisions.

D) Coregulation supports and protects children while preparing them for adolescence, when they will make many important decisions.

Between __________, children improve sharply in ability to distinguish pride from happiness and surprise. A) birth and 12 months B) ages 2 and 3 C) ages 4 and 5 D) ages 6 and 7

D) ages 6 and 7

The largest subtype of rejected children is rejected-__________ children. A) withdrawn B) passive C) prosocial D) aggressive

D) aggressive

Research demonstrates that in the United States, compared to children with siblings, only children __________. A) differ significantly in self-rated personality traits B) are lower in achievement motivation C) tend to be better accepted in the peer group D) are higher in self-esteem

D) are higher in self-esteem

Despite the concerns of middle childhood, child rearing becomes easier for those parents who established a(n) __________ style during the early years. A) authoritarian B) uninvolved C) permissive D) authoritative

D) authoritative

During middle childhood, __________. A) fathers engage in as much caregiving as mothers B) fathers spend more time than mothers with school-age children C) both parents spend more time with girls than with boys D) both parents tend to devote more time to children of their own sex

D) both parents tend to devote more time to children of their own sex

Asians attend more to __________ than to __________. A) ability; effort B) luck; effort C) success; failure D) failure; success

D) failure; success

Children of divorce spend an average of __________ in a single-parent home. A) eight months B) two years C) three years D) five years

D) five years

The more adults highlight __________, the more likely white children will express in-group favoritism and out-group prejudice. A) intergroup contact B) ethnic diversity C) the damage caused by prejudice D) group distinctions

D) group distinctions

Erikson's sense of __________ combines several developments of middle childhood: a positive but realistic self-concept, pride in accomplishment, moral responsibility, and cooperative participation with agemates. A) trust B) autonomy C) identity D) industry

D) industry

Research confirms that an effective way to reduce prejudice is through __________. A) segregation of children in classrooms to promote ethnic pride B) encouraging children to view each other's personality traits as fixed C) highlighting group distinctions and sorting children into racial and ethnic groups D) intergroup contact in racially and ethnically diverse cooperative learning groups

D) intergroup contact in racially and ethnically diverse cooperative learning groups

When Desiree gets an A in language arts, she assumes it was pure luck. Desiree probably __________. A) is a mastery-oriented child B) has high academic self-esteem C) appreciates that effort matters D) is a learned-helpless child

D) is a learned-helpless child

Laquita performs well in school and communicates with her peers in friendly and cooperative ways. She is a __________ child. A) popular-antisocial B) controversial C) rejected-aggressive D) popular-prosocial

D) popular-prosocial

Ten-year-old Lakisha is likely to experience __________, even when no adult is present. A) guilt for any mishap B) intense shame over a transgression C) helplessness upon failure D) pride in a new accomplishment

D) pride in a new accomplishment

Self-esteem __________ during elementary school. A) becomes less realistic B) is usually low C) becomes less nuanced D) remains high

D) remains high

While waiting in line at the drinking fountain, Tynisha pushes three children out of the way. Ten-year-old Ramon is most likely to respond by __________. A) crying B) sulking C) pushing her back D) saying, "Stop pushing"

D) saying, "Stop pushing"

During the school years, once a friendship forms, __________ becomes its defining feature. A) proximity B) stability C) similarity D) trust

D) trust

Around age 10, __________. A) minority children's prejudice against out-group members often strengthens B) intergroup contact increases prejudice in both white and minority children C) white children's prejudice against out-group members often strengthens D) white children start to avoid talking about race in order to appear unbiased

D) white children start to avoid talking about race in order to appear unbiased

Which statement is supported by research on sibling rivalry? A) In middle childhood, siblings become more important sources of support than in the past, so sibling rivalry decreases. B) For opposite-sex siblings who are close in age, parental comparisons are more frequent, resulting in more antagonism. C) Destructive sibling conflict in middle childhood is associated with negative outcomes, including anxiety and depressed mood. D) To reduce rivalry, siblings often strive to be more alike, selecting the same athletic and academic pursuits.

C) Destructive sibling conflict in middle childhood is associated with negative outcomes, including anxiety and depressed mood.

Which statement about moral development in middle childhood is true? A) School-age children typically say truth telling is always good and lying is always bad. B) In middle childhood, children primarily rely on reinforcement to acquire morally relevant behaviors. C) During middle childhood, children construct a flexible appreciation of moral rules. D) While school-age children think about right and wrong, they usually copy their morality from others.

C) During middle childhood, children construct a flexible appreciation of moral rules.

Mr. and Mrs. Rodriguez want to foster a positive, secure self-image in their son. Which approach would you suggest? A) When he appears hesitant, make decisions for him to model good decision-making strategies. B) Continuously compliment his performance, even when it is less than satisfactory. C) Encourage him to strive for worthwhile goals because his eventual achievement will foster self-esteem. D) Set high expectations and make it clear he is expected to work as hard as necessary to meet them.

C) Encourage him to strive for worthwhile goals because his eventual achievement will foster self-esteem.

Which statement about self-conscious emotions in middle childhood is true? A) Children feel guilty only if an adult or peer is present to witness their transgressions. B) Children feel guilty for any mishap, including those that are accidental. C) Pride motivates children to take on further challenges, whereas guilt prompts them to strive for self-improvement. D) Children rarely feel guilty for cheating or lying unless they are caught or punished for their behavior.

C) Pride motivates children to take on further challenges, whereas guilt prompts them to strive for self-improvement.

__________ children are at risk for poor school performance, substance abuse, and antisocial behavior in adolescence and criminality in adulthood. A) Average B) Controversial C) Rejected D) Popular

C) Rejected

Which child is more likely to hold racial and ethnic prejudices? A) Anna, who judges others as "good" or "bad" B) Becky, who has high interracial contact C) Richard, who has overly high self-esteem D) Jared, who has an ethnically diverse family

C) Richard, who has overly high self-esteem

Which child is probably considerably more independent and trustworthy? A) Sayuri, who copies her morality from her older brother B) Dane, who is positively reinforced for good behavior C) Yessenia, who has internalized rules for good conduct D) Joe, who believes that truth telling is always good

C) Yessenia, who has internalized rules for good conduct

Research on peer victimization shows that __________. A) most bullies who engage in face-to-face verbal attacks are girls B) school codes against bullying are rarely effective at reducing peer victimization C) aggression and victimization are not polar opposites D) chronic victims tend to be active when passive behavior is expected

C) aggression and victimization are not polar opposites

Marlena is enrolled in an intervention program that encourages learned-helpless children to believe that they can overcome failure by exerting more effort. This approach is known as __________. A) achievement motivation B) identity achievement C) attribution retraining D) vicarious learning

C) attribution retraining

Felix has many friends and is happy with his peer relationships. But he often bullies others and engages in calculated relational aggression. Felix can be hostile and disruptive, but he also engages in positive, prosocial acts. Felix is a __________ child. A) popular-prosocial B) rejected-aggressive C) controversial D) neglected

C) controversial

The children in Nadine's class are asked to identify classmates whom they like most or like least. Nadine receives the highest number of votes, part of which are positive and part of which are negative. Nadine is a __________ child. A) popular B) rejected C) controversial D) neglected

C) controversial

As Grant approaches adolescence, his parents gradually give him more control. They exercise general oversight while letting Grant take charge of moment-by-moment decision making. Grant's parents are using __________. A) authoritarian parenting B) transitive inference C) coregulation D) permissive parenting

C) coregulation

In middle childhood, the amount of time children spend with parents __________. A) declines slightly B) increases slightly C) declines dramatically D) increases dramatically

C) declines dramatically

Excessive guilt is linked to __________. A) ignoring responsibilities B) intentional wrongdoing C) depressive symptoms D) lying and cheating

C) depressive symptoms

Eleven-year-old Darwin is more likely than 6-year-old Janeen to explain emotion by referring to __________. A) personality traits B) observable characteristics C) external events D) internal states

C) external events

Titus feels similar to other boys. Titus is __________. A) gender atypical B) gender dysphoric C) gender typical D) androgynous

C) gender typical

Despite their higher achievement, __________ often attribute poor performance to lack of __________. A) girls; effort B) boys; ability C) girls; ability D) boys; effort

C) girls; ability

According to Erikson, the danger in middle childhood is __________, reflected in the pessimism of children who lack confidence in their ability to do things well. A) shame B) mistrust C) inferiority D) despair

C) inferiority

Self-esteem takes on a hierarchical structure in __________. A) toddlerhood B) preschool C) middle childhood D) adolescence

C) middle childhood

The more children believe that people can change their personalities, the __________. A) less time they spend volunteering to help people in need B) more they judge others as either "good" or "bad" C) more they report liking members of disadvantaged out-groups D) less they report seeing themselves as similar to members of disadvantaged out-groups

C) more they report liking members of disadvantaged out-groups

Between the ages of 6 and 12, children become more aware __________. A) that others' facial expressions indicate their true feelings B) that feelings of pride and guilt primarily occur when adults are present C) of circumstances likely to spark mixed emotions D) that basic emotions are related to personal responsibility

C) of circumstances likely to spark mixed emotions

Muriel spends most of her time with a particular set of girlfriends, who are in the same classroom and are similar to her in academic achievement and popularity. Muriel is __________. A) a controversial child B) a popular-antisocial child C) part of a peer group D) part of a counterculture

C) part of a peer group

Rejected-withdrawn children are __________. A) extremely antagonistic B) bullies toward younger children C) passive and socially awkward D) uninterested in peer interaction

C) passive and socially awkward

During childhood and adolescence, perceived __________ correlates more strongly with overall self-worth than does any other self-esteem factor. A) athletic competence B) academic competence C) physical appearance D) social competence

C) physical appearance

Loren needs constant reassurance and relies heavily on peers to affirm his self-worth. His parents are probably __________. A) indulgent B) warm and positive C) repeatedly disapproving and insulting D) firm with appropriate expectations

C) repeatedly disapproving and insulting

School-age friends __________. A) usually break up their friendship within months B) are usually opposite from one another in personality C) tend to be similar in race, ethnicity, and SES D) tend to be dissimilar in sociability and popularity

C) tend to be similar in race, ethnicity, and SES

Compared to Canadian age mates, Chinese schoolchildren are more likely to rate lying favorably when __________. A) it is used to cover up antisocial acts B) it supports the individual at the expense of the group C) the intention is modesty D) the intention is self-protection

C) the intention is modesty

Studies in diverse Western nations confirm that by age 5 to 6, __________ children generally evaluate their own racial group favorably and other racial groups less favorably or negatively. A) low-SES B) immigrant C) white D) minority

C) white

From third to sixth grade, boys tend to __________ their identification with "masculine" personality traits, whereas girls' identification with "feminine" personality traits __________. A) strengthen; declines B) weaken; strengthens C) steadily maintain; accelerates over time D) weaken; remains steady

A) strengthen; declines

When classmates are asked to rate each other's likability, __________ children get many positive votes, whereas __________ children are seldom mentioned. A) popular; neglected B) neglected; rejected C) popular; rejected D) controversial; neglected

A) popular; neglected

In __________ coping, children appraise the situation as changeable, identify the difficulty, and decide what to do about it. A) problem-centered B) emotion-centered C) effort-centered D) avoidant

A) problem-centered

Fernando's parents respond sensitively and helpfully when he is distressed. Fernando is probably __________. A) prosocial B) low in self-esteem C) overwhelmed by negative emotion D) less empathetic than his agemates

A) prosocial

Research shows that school-age children of both sexes __________. A) rate "masculine" occupations as having higher status than "feminine" occupations B) are usually tolerant when boys engage in cross-gender acts C) often feel gender-atypical but are afraid to talk about it D) will usually reject and ridicule a tomboyish girl

A) rate "masculine" occupations as having higher status than "feminine" occupations

Which child living in a low-SES, predominantly African-American neighborhood is the most likely to have self-esteem problems? A) Patti, a European-American child B) Tamara, an African-American girl C) Perry, a child from a low-SES family D) Sherman, an African-American boy

A) Patti, a European-American child

Which child is the most likely to believe in racial and ethnic equality? A) Yaowu, a child who attends an ethnically diverse school and shares feelings with close, cross-race friends B) Gonzalo, a child who believes that people's personality traits are fixed rather than changeable C) Deonte, a child with overly high self-esteem who justifies his own extremely favorable self-evaluations D) Silvana, a child who feels good about her own ethnicity and whose parents highlight group distinctions

A) Yaowu, a child who attends an ethnically diverse school and shares feelings with close, cross-race friends

When Gwen does not do as well as Lela on a math test, she says, "Lela got lucky. I know I'm the best math student in the class and I studied for two nights!" Gwen is using __________. A) attributions B) person praise C) process praise D) retraining

A) attributions

School-age children with a strong sense of attachment security and whose parents use a(n) __________ child-rearing style feel especially good about themselves. A) authoritative B) authoritarian C) permissive D) uninvolved

A) authoritative

Darryl is a noncustodial father. He only sees his children occasionally. Consequently, Darryl is likely to __________ A) be permissive and indulgent B) be a strict disciplinarian C) react with hostility when the children misbehave D) engage in joint decision making with the children

A) be permissive and indulgent

Francisco, a fifth grader, shows industriousness when he __________. A) designs a robot and enters a competition with it B) says he is popular with most of his peers C) attributes his poor math skills to bad luck that day D) disagrees with his parents about cutting his hair

A) designs a robot and enters a competition with it

Cyberbullying is __________. A) far less likely to be reported to parents or adults at school B) always an extension of traditional bullying C) more likely than face-to-face bullying to be perpetrated by boys D) more common during middle childhood than during adolescence

A) far less likely to be reported to parents or adults at school

When John succeeds, his father says, "You're so smart!" However, when he fails, his father says, "You can't do that, can you? It's okay if you quit." John's father's messages could play a key role in John's adoption of a __________. A) fixed view of ability B) mastery-oriented style C) high academic self-esteem D) healthy self-image

A) fixed view of ability

Children who believe that people's personality traits are __________ rather than __________ often judge others as either "good" or "bad." A) fixed; changeable B) malleable; constant C) nurtured; genetic D) singular; mixed

A) fixed; changeable

In middle childhood, __________ contribute(s) to the development of trust and sensitivity. A) friendships B) informal peer groups C) peer conformity D) formal group membership

A) friendships

Alyssa feels comfortable being a girl, which consequently makes her happy. Which self-evaluation reflects Alyssa's gender identity? A) gender contentedness B) gender typicality C) felt pressure to conform to gender roles D) gender dysphoria

A) gender contentedness

Edris tries hard and enjoys science. He thinks math is a useful subject as well. Edris probably has __________ competence. A) high academic B) high athletic C) low athletic D) low academic

A) high academic

Poorly regulated children often experience __________. A) hostile, dismissive parental reactions to distress B) sensitive, helpful parental reactions to distress C) a strong sense of emotional self-efficacy D) a favorable self-image and an optimistic outlook

A) hostile, dismissive parental reactions to distress

Elementary school teachers tend to stereotype boys who display "masculine" behavior as __________. A) lazy and troublesome B) diligent and compliant C) smart and competent D) hardworking and compliant

A) lazy and troublesome

. Children who develop __________ attribute their failures, not their successes, to ability. A) learned helplessness B) mastery-oriented attributions C) a realistically oriented view of ability D) an ideal self

A) learned helplessness

Appreciating mixed emotions helps children realize that __________. A) people's expressions may not reflect their true feelings B) negative emotions are more frequent than positive emotions C) positive and negative emotions cannot be experienced simultaneously D) tone of voice is a more accurate predictor of emotion than facial expressions

A) people's expressions may not reflect their true feelings

Harrison is a popular-antisocial child. Which description contains the characteristics he is likely to display? A) He performs well in school and communicates with peers in friendly and cooperative ways. B) He is athletically skilled but is a poor student who causes trouble and defies adult authority. C) He displays a wide range of negative social behaviors and is overwhelmed by social anxiety. D) He engages in low rates of interaction but does not report feeling unhappy about his social life.

B) He is athletically skilled but is a poor student who causes trouble and defies adult authority.

Which statement about culture and moral understanding is true? A) Chinese schoolchildren say that adults have the right to interfere in children's personal matters, such as how they spend free time. B) In Korean culture, 7- to 11-year-olds evaluate negatively a teacher's order to engage in immoral acts, such as stealing or refusing to share. C) In diverse cultures, schoolchildren view a directive telling children to share candy as wrong if it comes from a child with no authority. D) Only schoolchildren in Western cultures believe that higher principles must prevail when people's rights and welfare are at stake.

B) In Korean culture, 7- to 11-year-olds evaluate negatively a teacher's order to engage in immoral acts, such as stealing or refusing to share

Chao is a Chinese second grader. Compared to his Western agemates, when asked to describe himself, Chao is more likely to say __________. A) "I'm really smart" B) "I like to read both fiction and nonfiction" C) "I like math and building things" D) "My little brother is crazy about me"

D) "My little brother is crazy about me"

__________ are crucial for developing a self-concept based on personality traits. A) Egocentric views B) Pessimistic views C) Interdependent attitudes D) Perspective-taking skills

Perspective-taking skills

Eleven-year-old Leah has developed a sense of competence at a number of useful skills and tasks. She has a positive but realistic self-concept and takes pride in her accomplishments. According to Erikson, Leah has __________. A) positively resolved the psychological conflict of middle childhood B) developed an ideal self that guides her behavior C) not yet encountered the psychological conflict of middle childhood D) overcome the conflict of role confusion

positively resolved the psychological conflict of middle childhood

School-age children __________. A) use frequent social comparisons B) compare their own performance to that of a single peer C) describe themselves in extreme, all-or-none ways D) rarely describe their own negative attributes

use frequent social comparisons

Sociologist George Herbert Mead proposed that a __________ emerges when children adopt a view of the self that resembles others' attitudes toward the child. A) sense of doubt B) well-organized psychological self C) superiority complex D) strong sense of guilt

well-organized psychological self

Beginning in middle childhood, children's self-descriptions start to emphasize __________. A) specific behaviors and observable traits B) industry over inferiority C) both negative and positive traits D) their own physical attributes

both negative and positive traits

As school-age children move into adolescence, self-concept is increasingly vested in feedback from __________. A) close friends B) people within the family C) younger children D) the inner self

close friends