Chapter 11

William Lloyd Garrison and the American Anti-Slavery Society

-in 1822 met with Theodore Dwight Weld and 60 other abolitionist, together establishing the American Anti- Slavery Society -abolitionist leaders developed a three-pronged plan of attack. one prong consisted of an appeal to religious Americans.

racism and nativism

-the most popular and most original theatrical entertainments were the minstrel shows. Performed by white actors in blackface, minstrel shows were a complex blend of racist caricature and social criticism - the minstrels declared the importance of being white. - native born New Yorkers denounced this ethnic diversity, creating a nativist movement that was the final aspect of the new culture -beginning in the 1830s, nativists opposed further immigration and mounted a cultural and political assault on foreign born residents.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."

the underground railroad

A network of abolitionists that secretly helped slaves escape to freedom by setting up hiding places and routes to the North. Harriet Tubman is a key person to its success.

dorothea dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

Evangelical Abolitionism

A religious concept originating from a section of evangelical Christians in the North/Midwest. Many Quakers, Methodists and Baptists had already freed their slaves, and advocated the gradual emancipation of all blacks: If the slave owners did not allow their slaves their God-given status as free moral agents, they faced revolution in this world and damnation in the next.

Brook Farm

A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. Fourierism was the belief that there could be a utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle.

In the late 1840s and the 1850s, Emersonians did which of the following?

Abandoned their quest to create new social institutions

Abolitionist leaders used which of the following in their crusade to end slavery in the middle of the 1800s?

Aid to fugitive slaves

Walt Whitman

American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry.

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Hermen Menville

American writer whose experiences at sea provided the factual basis of Moby-Dick (1851), considered among the greatest American novels

What did Alexis de Tocqueville mean when he used the term individualism to describe American society in 1835?

Americans lived in social isolation, without any ties to caste, class, association, or family.

The Shakers

Ann Lee: Founder promoted Celibacy as an answer to world suffering. Men/women should live seperately to maintain celibacy, known for furniture- based upon a way for more togetherness

Who founded the Liberty Party in 1840?

Antislavery leaders who had broken with Garrison

Arthur Brisbane and Fourierism

As Shakers began to level off, the American Fourierist movement rapidly expanded. Charles Fourier (1777-1837) was a French reformer who came up with a theory of social evolution; believed that individualism and capitalism would decline; Arthur Brisbane was Fourier's American disciple; believed in socialism, working for community, not self; wanted to increase sexual equality; Fourierism failed; communities fell apart.

John Humphrey Noyes and the Oneida Community

Believed in perfectionism, which was an evangelical Protestant movement of the 1830's that claimed that Christ had returned to earth and that people could aspire to sinless perfection in their earthly lives. Noyes founded a community in Oneida, New York, where complex marriage (everyone was married to each other) and gender equality was practiced.

sex and dress

Commercialized sex was a major part of urban culture. The young men and women who had come to the city pursued romantic adventure and sexual pleasure. They began to emphasize finding "the ideal mate", and attempting to attract those of the opposite sex by wearing fashionable clothes. Women wore elaborate bonnets and silk dresses; men wore long capes, leather boots, and silver-plated walking sticks.

The Oneida Community, founded in 1839 by John Humphrey Noyes, was known for which of the following practices?

Complex marriage

Horace Mann and Catharine Beecher were both actively involved in which of the following movements in the 1840s?

Educational reform

Mid-nineteenth-century publications such as Godey's Lady's Book and Catharine Beecher's Treatise on Domestic Economy did which of the following?

Emphasized the social importance of homemaking and domesticity

Joseph Smith

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.

Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote about which of the following in his essays and lectures?

He argued that people should reject old conventions and discover their original relation with nature.

Which of the following statements is true about William Lloyd Garrison?

He attacked the U.S. Constitution because it condoned slavery.

In his 1829 pamphlet, An Appeal . . . to the Colored Citizens of the World, David Walker did which of the following?

He justified slave rebellion and warned white Americans that violence and retribution would come if justice were delayed.

Which of the following statements about Emerson is correct?

He was a Unitarian minister who eventually rejected organized religion.

Which of the following individuals went to jail rather than pay taxes in support of the Mexican War and slavery?

Henry David Thoreau

Which of the following factors was critical in the ballooning populations of cities like New York in the mid-nineteenth century?

Immigration

bloomerism

Independent women of the 1850s took to wearing bloomers and puffing on cigars. Behaviors such as these, elicited disaproving stares from matrons, and verbal and physical assaults from street urchins.

individualism

Individualism stressed personality, uniqueness, genius, and the fullest development of capabilities and talents.

Which of the following qualities did Henry David Thoreau urge in his readers, as demonstrated by the statement, "If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer"?

Individuality

Which of the following describes The Book of Mormon, published in 1830?

It claimed that Jesus Christ visited an ancient American civilization soon after his resurrection.

As a result of Turner's Rebellion, the Virginia legislature did which of the following in the 1830s?

It debated but rejected a bill providing for gradual emancipation and colonization.

Which of the following describes the Fourierist movement in America?

It demonstrated the difficulty of creating enduring utopian communities.

Which of the following describes the purpose of Henry David Thoreau's book Walden?

It was written to document Walden's spiritual search for meaning beyond the artificiality of "civilized" life.

Efforts by women reformers to regulate sexual behavior resulted in laws in Massachusetts and New York that did which of the following?

Made seduction of women a crime

Who was a critic for the New York Tribune, an editor of The Dial, and the author of Woman in the Nineteenth Century?

Margaret Fuller

Which of the following factors contributed to the rise of anti-immigrant sentiment in American cities in the mid-nineteenth century?

Minstrel shows

For which of the following reasons did the Salt Lake Mormons succeed and thrive in the nineteenth century even as other social experiments failed?

Mormon society had strong, hierarchical leadership.

Which of the following contributed to the harassment and persecution of Mormons at Nauvoo in the early 1840s?

Mormons' power as a voting bloc in local elections

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Originally a transcendentalist; later rejected them and became a leading anti-transcendentalist. He was a descendant of Puritan settlers. The Scarlet Letter shows the hypocrisy and insensitivity of New England puritans by showing their cruelty to a woman who has committed adultery and is forced to wear a scarlet "A".

Which of the following was an evangelical movement that believed the Second Coming of Christ had already occurred and people could attain complete freedom from sin?

Perfectionism

The American Lyceum movement of the 1830s engaged in which of the following efforts?

Promoting the spread of knowledge through public lectures

antiabolitionists mobs

Protests and groups formed to go against slavery. Where very common during the time of the abolitionist movement.

Horace Mann

Secretary of the newly formed Mass Board of Education, he created a public school system in Ma.ss that became the model for the nation.

Nat Turner

Semi-literate and visionary black preacher who led a Virginia uprising in 1831 killing sixty whites. His rebellion led to violent southern reactions and a more oppressive slave system.

Susan B. Anthony

Social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association.

Margaret Fuller

Social reformer, leader in women's movement and a transcendentalist. Edited "The Dial" which was the publication of the transcendentalists. It appealed to people who wanted "perfect freedom" "progress in philosophy and theology and hope that the future will not always be as the past".

What did Ralph Waldo Emerson believe would promote an individual's mystical union with God and achievement of self-realization?

Spending time alone in nature

In its campaign to end slavery, the American Anti-Slavery Society embraced which of the following tactics?

Sponsoring public lectures and collecting signatures on antislavery petitions

Why did Harriet Beecher Stowe pen her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, which was published in 1852?

Stowe sought to depict slavery as degrading to slave women.

During the 1840s, American women's rights activists focused on which of the following goals?

Strengthening the legal rights of married women

In the early 1800s, free blacks in the North were encouraged to "elevate" themselves through which of the following activities?

Temperance

The public movement for women's rights developed out of which of the following sources in the 1840s?

The Second Great Awakening

Which of the following was the critical catalyst for antebellum reform movements?

The Second Great Awakening

separate sphere

The nineteenth century idea that because men and women inherit different gender based characteristics, they should inhabit different social worlds as well. men should be dominant figures of the social and political spheres and women should obtain a private sphere made up of home and family.

What was the gag rule passed by the House of Representatives in 1836?

The policy automatically tabled and prevented discussion of any antislavery petitions received by the House.

Seneca Falls

The site of the women's rights convention that met in July in 1848. They met in the Wesleyan Chapel, and 300 men and women attended. At the convention, they vote in the Seneca Falls Declaration, which was signed by 32 men.

Which of these factors contributed to the tremendous increase in commercialized sex in the new cities of the mid-nineteenth century?

The subsistence wages and exploitative conditions of women's jobs

Brigham Young

The successor to the Mormons after the death of Joseph Smith. He was responsible for the survival of the sect and its establishment in Utah, thereby populating the would-be state.

The Shakers' name came from which of the following?

Their particular form of worship

By the early 1840s, Garrison and his supporters in the American Anti-Slavery Society had transformed their agenda in which of the following ways?

They advocated a broad-based reform program, embracing women's rights as well as the rights of American blacks.

Which of the following describes the nineteenth-century Shakers?

They allowed both women and men to govern their communities.

Why are the Oneidians, Shakers, and Fourierists historically significant?

They articulated criticisms of the class divisions created by the market economy.

Which of the following did Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville have in common?

They criticized transcendentalism and warned against excessive individualism.

The mormon experience

They have succeeded throughout the ages: throughout failed social experiments and utopian communities. They succeeded by endorsing private ownership of property and encouraging individual enterprise.

Which of the following describes the residents of the Brook Farm community of the 1840s?

They wanted to combine farming with study and a lively intellectual life.

Which of the following describes the minstrel shows that became popular in American cities in the 1840s?

They were a popular form of entertainment and social criticism.

free soilers

Those who wanted a prohibition against slavery in the western territories only. This stance was indecisive as they were not prepared to fully abolish slavery in the South and their party soon dissolved.

What was the purpose of the Female Moral Reform Society, which middle-class New York women founded in 1834?

To provide moral guidance for young, working women who were living away from their families

Which of the following was a result of the Turner Rebellion of the 1830s?

Tougher slave codes and restrictions were implemented.

Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, and Ralph Waldo Emerson were well known for their involvement in which of the following movements?

Transcendentalism

The philosophy that people could gain mystical knowledge and harmony beyond the world of the senses is known as which of the following?

Transcendentalism

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883).

Why did many northern wage earners not support abolition in the mid-eighteenth century?

Wageworkers feared that freed blacks would work for lower wages and compete for jobs.

Which of the following is properly paired?

Walt Whitman—Leaves of Grass

How did women participate in the abolition movement in the mid-eighteenth century?

Women abolitionists established influential groups such as the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.

transcendentalism

a nineteenth-century movement in the Romantic tradition, which held that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition, which transcends reason and sensory experience.

Alexis de Tocqueville

came from France in 1831. This man observed democratic trends in government and society. His book on America discussed the consequences of the popular government and inspired many in Europe and at home with America's democratic experiment.

Mob violence against abolitionist efforts in the 1830s and 1840s was

often directed against "respectable" black organizations such as churches and against orphanages.

In their book American Slavery as It Is, Theodore Dwight Weld and the Grimké sisters

presented testimony from individual southerners about the evils of slavery.

temperance

restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol or food.

frederick douglas

self-taught, eloquent former slave who escaped to freedom and became among other things editor ambassador, and focal point for the abolitionist crusade.