Chapter 11 A

Réussis tes devoirs et examens dès maintenant avec Quizwiz!

The posterior aspect of the sella turcia is called the ______________.

dorsum sellae

Which of the auditory ossicles is considered the smallest?

Stapes

What is the total amount of bones in the cranium?

8

What is the average kV range for digital skull radiography?

80 to 90 kV

Which positioning line is placed perpendicular to the IR for the parietoacanthial projection?

Mentomeatal line (MML)

Which cranial bones form the upper lateral walls of he calvarium?

Right and left parietal bones

Which projection of the cranium produces an image of the frontal bone with little or no distortion?

0 degrees PA

How long is the average external accoustic meatus (EAM)?

1 inch

Where is the CR centered for an AP axial projection for the zygomatic arches?

1 inch superior to the glabella to pass through midarches (at level of gonion)

Which four cranial bones form the calvaria (skull cap)?

1- Frontal 2- Right Parietal 3- Left Parietal 4- Occipital

What are the four processes of the maxilla?

1- Frontal process 2- Zygomatic process 3- Alveolar process 4- Palatine process

Which two sensory functions occur within the inner ear?

1- Hearing 2- Equilibrium

What are two differences between the lateral projection of the cranium and the lateral projection for the facial bones?

1- IR is placed in portrait orientation for facial bones but landscape for the cranium 2- CR is centered to the zygoma for facial bones and 2 inches above EAM for the cranium

What are the four most commonly performed routine projections for the paranasal sinuses?

1- Lateral 2- PA Caldwell 3- Parietoacanthiomeatal (Waters method) 4- SMV

What are the three classification of the skull?

1- Mesocephalic- width between 75-80% of length 2- Brachycephalic- width ≥80% of length 3- Dolichocephalic- width <75% of length

What two things are important in order to demonstrated any possible air or fluid levels within the sinuses?

1- Perform all positions erect when possible 2- Use a horizontal x-ray beam

What are the three structures that form the nasal septum?

1- Perpendicular plate of ethmoid 2- Vomer 3- Septal cartilage

What are two reasons why projections of the facial bones are performed PA rather than AP when possible?

1- Reduces OID of facial bones 2- Reduces exposure to anterior facial bones and neck structures such as thyroid glands

Which four cranial bones form the floor of the cranium?

1- Right Temporal 2- Left Temporal 3- Sphenoid 4- Ethmoid

What are the five most common errors made during skull radiography? Which two are most common?

1- Rotation 2- Tilt 3- Excessive neck flexion 4- Excessive neck extension 5- Incorrect CR angulation **Rotation and tilt are the most common errors made during skull radiography

What are the three aspects of the temporal bones?

1- Squamous 2- Mastoid 3- Petrous

What is the total amount of facial bones?

14

To avoid angling the CR for the erect PA (axial) Caldwell sinus projection, the head should be adjusted to that the OML is _____________ degrees from horizontal.

15 degrees

Where is the CR centered for a lateral projection of the skull?

2 inches above the EAM

What central ray angle should be used for the PA axial (Haas method) projection of the cranium?

25 degrees cephalad

The axiolateral (Schuller method) projection for the TMJ requires a CR angle of ____________ degrees (caudad or cephalad).

25 to 30 degrees caudad

If the area of interest is the temporomandibular fossae, angle the CR _______________ to the OML for the AP axial (modified Towne) projection to reduce superimposition of the TM fossae and mastoid portions of the temporal bone.

40 degrees caudad

The frontal sinuses rarely become aerated before the age of __________.

6 years

What analog kV range should be used for sinus radiography?

70 to 85 kV

What digital kV range should be used for sinus radiography?

75 to 85 kV

What is the average kV range for analog skull radiography?

75 to 85 kV

Where does the CR exit for a PA axial (Haas method) projection of the skull? A- 1.5 inches superior to the nasion B- 3/4 inch anterior to the EAM C- 2.5 inches above glabella D- Level of nasion

A- 1.5 inches superior to the nasion

How much skull rotation (from lateral skull position) toward the IR is required with an axiolateral oblique projection for demonstrating each of the following? A- Body of the mandible: ____________________ B- Mentum region: _______________ C- Ramus region: ______________ D- General survey of the mandbile: ______________ E- What is the maximum CR angle needed for all of these projections?

A- 30 degrees B- 45 degrees C- 0 degrees, true lateral D- 10 to 15 degrees E- 25 degrees cephalad

(A) What CR angle is required for the AP axial projection of the mandible if the OML is placed perpendicular to the IR?(B) If the infraorbitomeatal (IOML) is perpendicular to IR, what CR angle is needed?

A- 35 degrees caudad B- 42 degrees caudad

There is a (A)______-degree difference between the orbitomeatal and infraorbitomeatal lines, and (B)_________ degrees between the orbitomeatal and glabellomeatal lines.

A- 7- to 8 degree B- 7 to 8 degrees

Which of the following clinical indications may require an increase in manual exposure factors?A- Advanced Paget's diseaseB- Metastatic neoplasmC- Multiple myelomaD- Basal skull fracture

A- Advanced Paget's disease

Which imaging modality is best to differentiate between an epidural and subdural hemorrhage? A- CT B- MRi C- Nuclear medicine D- PET

A- CT

Which of the following imaging modalities is the most common neuroimaging procedure performed for the cranium? A- CT B- Ultrasound C- MRI D- Nuclear medicine

A- CT

Which of the following radiographic appearances pertains to an acoustic neuroma? A- Expansion of the internal acoustic canal B- Bone destruction within the middle ear C- Increased density in the sinus D- Sinus mucosal thickening

A- Expansion of the internal acoustic canal

Match the following mandibular terms to the correct definition or description. Mandibular angle A- Gonion B- Mandibular notch C- Body D- Condyloid process E- Coronoid process F- Ramus G- Mentum H- Symphysis menti

A- Gonion

If the patient cannot flex the head adequately for the AP axial (Towne method) projection, the tecnologist could place the (A)__________ perpendicular to the IR and angle the central ray (B)________ degrees caudad.

A- IOML B- 37

Match each of the following sinus projections with the anatomy best seen. All four paranasal sinuses demonstrated A- Lateral B- Parietoacanthial C- PA axial (Caldwell) D- PA transoral E- SMV for sinuses

A- Lateral

Match each of the following structures to the facial bone projection that best demonstrates the structure(s). Profile image of nasal bones and nasal septum A- Lateral (nasal bones) B- Parietoacanthial projection C- Parieto-orbital oblique projection D- Submentovertical (SMV) projections E- Modified Waters method F- Oblique inferosuperior projection

A- Lateral (nasal bones)

Bilateral horizontal fractures of the maxillae describe a ___________ fracture. A- Le Fort B- Blowout C- Tripod D- Contrecoup

A- Le Fort

(A) Which group of paranasal sinuses is best demonstrated with a parietoacanthial (Waters) projection? (B) The OML forms a _________-degree angle with the IR with this projection.

A- Maxillary B- 37 degree

Which of the following bones is not a facial bone? A- Middle nasal conchae B- Vomer C- Lacrimal bone D- Mandible

A- Middle nasal conchae

The axiolateral oblique projection of the TMJ is commonly referred to as the (A)_____________ method, which requires a (B)___________-degree head rotation from lateral and a (C)___________-degree caudad CR angle.

A- Modified Law B- 15- degree C- 15-degree

Match each of the following clinical indications for the temporal bone to the correct definition or description. New and abnormal growth A- Neoplasia B- Otosclerosis C- Mastoiditis D- Acoustic neuroma E- Polyp F- Cholesteatoma

A- Neoplasia

When using a 30-degree caudad angle for the AP axial (Towne method) projection of the skull, which positioning line should be perpendicular to the IR? A- OML B- IOML C- GAL D- AML

A- OML

Match each of the following clinical indications to the correct definition or statement. Proliferative bony lesion of increased density A- Osteoblasic neoplasm B- Pituitary adenoma C- Basal skull fracture D- Paget's disease E- Osteolytic neoplasm F- Depressed skull fracture G- Multiple myeloma

A- Osteoblasic neoplasm

What is the proper method name (A) and the common descriptive name (B) for the parieto-orbital oblique projections for the optic foramen?

A- Rhese method B- Three-point landing

Which of the facial bone openings is formed by a cleft between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone? A- Superior orbital fissure B- Optic foramen C- Maxillary nerve D- Trigeminal nerve

A- Superior orbital fissure

Match the following cranial landmarks and positioning lines with the correct definition. Corresponds to the level of the petrous ridge A- TEA B- Supraorbital groove C- Interpupillary line D- Nasion E- Gonion F- Tragus G- Outer canthus H- Glabelloalveolar line I- OML J- Infraorbitomeatal line (IOML) K- Mentomeatal line L- Lips-meatal line M- Glabella N- Inion O- Auricular point

A- TEA

The three aspects of the face that should be in contact with the head unit or tabletop when beginning positioning for the parieto-orbital oblique projection are the (A)_____________,_______________, and _______________. The final angle between the midsagittal plane and the IR should be (B)_______________, with the (C)_____________ line perpendicular to the IR. This places the optic foramen in the (D)__________ quadrant of the orbit.

A- cheek, nose, chin B- 53 degrees C- acanthiomeatal D- lower outer

The modified parietoacanthial (modified Waters) projection requires that the (A)_______________ line is perpendicular to the IR, which places the OML at a (B)____________-degree angle to the tabletop and IR.

A- lips-meatal B- 55- degree

For a parietoachantial (PA Waters) projection, the petrous ridges should be projected directly below the (A)_______________ and projected into the lower half of the maxillary sinuses or below the (B)___________ for a modified Waters projection

A- maxillary sinuses B- inferior orbital rims

The parietoacanthial (Waters) projection for the facial bones has the (A)____________ line perpendicular to the IR, which places the OML at a (B)_____________-degree angle to the table top and IR.

A- mentomeatal B- 37-degree

Central ray angles and degree of rotation stated for basic skull positions are based on the (A)__________________ (average) skull, which has an approximate angle of (B)________________ between the midsagittal plane and the long axis of the petrous bone

A- mesocephalic B- 47 degrees

A deviated nasal septum is most likely to occur at the junction between (A)_______________ and (B)__________________.

A- septal cartilage B- vomer

Small, irregular bones that sometimes develop in adult skull sutures are called (A) ___________________ bones and are most frequently found in the (B)_______________ suture.

A- sutural or wormian B- lambdoidal

From anterior to posterior, the cone-shaped orbits project upward at an angle of (A)________ degress and toward the midsagittal plane at an angle of (B)________ degrees.

A-30 degrees B- 37 degrees

Where does the CR exit for a parietoacanthial (Waters) projection of facial bones?

Acanthion

Which soft tissue landmark is found at the base of the anterior nasal spine?

Acanthion

Where should the CR exit for a PA axial projection of the mandible?

Acanthion (at lips for PA projection)

Which structure serves as an opening between the mastoid portion of the temporal bone and the middle ear?

Aditus

Situation: As part of a study of the zygomatic arches, the technologies attempts to perform the SMV position. Because of the size of the patient's shoulders, he is unable to flex his neck adequately to place the IOML parallel to the IR. What other options does the technologist have to produce an acceptable SMV projection?

Angle CR to place it perpendicular to the IOML. Angle the IR to maintain a perpendicular relationship between the CR and the IR. This will prevent distortion of the anatomy.

What is the older term for the maxillary sinuses?

Antrum of Highmore

What is the collective term for the small bones of the middle ear?

Auditory ossicles

Which structure makes up the cartilaginous external ear?

Auricle or pinna

Which projection of the mandible projects the opposite half of the mandible away from the side of interest?

Axiolateral oblique

What CR angle must be used to project the petrous bridges just below the orbital floor with the PA axial (Caldwell method) projection? A- None. CR is perpendicular. B- 30 degrees C- 20 degrees D- 45 degrees

B- 30 degrees

Which of the following imaging modalities best demonstrates otosclerosis? A- Nuclear medicine B- CT C- Conventional radiography D- Sonography

B- CT

Which skull positioning line is placed parallel to the plane of the IR for the SMV projection? A- OML B- IOML C- AML D- GML

B- IOML

Which of the following bones does not articulate with the zygomatic bone? A- Temporal B- Mandible C- Frontal D- Sphenoid

B- Mandible

Match the following mandibular terms to the correct definition or description. U-shaped notch A- Gonion B- Mandibular notch C- Body D- Condyloid process E- Coronoid process F- Ramus G- Mentum H- Symphysis menti

B- Mandibular notch

What is another term for the second cranial nerve? A- Olfactory nerve B- Optic nerve C- Maxillary nerve D- Trigeminal nerve

B- Optic nerve

The drainage pathway for the paranasal sinuses is called the: A- Uncinate process B- Ostiomeatal complex C- Paranasal meatus D- Lateral masses

B- Ostiomeatal complex

Match each of the following clinical indications for the temporal bone to the correct definition or description. Hereditary disease involving excessive bone formation of the middle ear A- Neoplasia B- Otosclerosis C- Mastoiditis D- Acoustic neuroma E- Polyp F- Cholesteatoma

B- Ostosclerosis

Match each of the following sinus projections with the anatomy best seen. Best view o maxillary sinuses A- Lateral B- Parietoacanthial C- PA axial (Caldwell) D- PA transoral E- SMV for sinuses

B- Parietoacanthial

Match each of the following structures to the facial bone projection that best demonstrates the structure(s). Inferior orbital rim, maxillae, nasal septum, nasal spine, zygomatic bone, and arches A- Lateral (nasal bones) B- Parietoacanthial projection C- Parieto-orbital oblique projection D- Submentovertical (SMV) projections E- Modified Waters method F- Oblique inferosuperior projection

B- Parietoacanthial projection

Match each of the following clinical indications to the correct definition or statement. A tumor that may produce erosion of the sella turcia A- Osteoblasic neoplasm B- Pituitary adenoma C- Basal skull fracture D- Paget's disease E- Osteolytic neoplasm F- Depressed skull fracture G- Multiple myeloma

B- Pituitary adenoma

Which position is most often used when performing a CT study of the sinuses? A- Supine B- Prone C- Erect D- Supine with 20- degree oblique of skull from AP position

B- Prone

Which specific positioning error is present if the mandibular rami are not superimposed on a lateral skull radiograph? A- Tilt B- Rotation C- Overflexion of head and neck D- Incorrect CR angle

B- Rotation

Which projection/method of the TMJ requires that the skull be kept in a true lateral position? A- Modified Law B- Schuller C- Axiolateral oblique projection D- Modified Towne

B- Schuller

Match the following cranial landmarks and positioning lines with the correct definition. Corresponds to the highest level of the facial bone mass A- TEA B- Supraorbital groove C- Interpupillary line D- Nasion E- Gonion F- Tragus G- Outer canthus H- Glabelloalveolar line I- OML J- Infraorbitomeatal line (IOML) K- Mentomeatal line L- Lips-meatal line M- Glabella N- Inion O- Auricular point

B- Supraorbital groove

Which of the following imaging modalities is commonly performed on neonates with a possible intracranial hemorrhage? A- CT B- Ultrasound C- MRI D- Nuclear medicine

B- Ultrasound

Specifically, where are the frontal sinuses located?

Between the inner and outer tables of the skull, posterior to the glabella

What is the name of the fracture that results from a direct blow to the orbit leading to a disruption of the inferior orbital margin?

Blow-out fracture

Which of the following projections best demonstrates the foramen rotundum? A- SMV B- 25 to 30-degree AP axial C- 25 to 30-degree PA axial D- Lateral

C- 25 to 30-degree PA axial

Match each of the following clinical indications to the correct definition or statement. Fracture that may produce an air-fluid level in the sphenoid sinus A- Osteoblasic neoplasm B- Pituitary adenoma C- Basal skull fracture D- Paget's disease E- Osteolytic neoplasm F- Depressed skull fracture G- Multiple myeloma

C- Basal skull fracture

Match the following mandibular terms to the correct definition or description. Horizontal portion of mandible A- Gonion B- Mandibular notch C- Body D- Condyloid process E- Coronoid process F- Ramus G- Mentum H- Symphysis ment

C- Body

A properly positioned AP axial (Towne method) projection should place the dorsum sellae into the middle aspect of the: A- Orbitus B- Clivus C- Foramen magnum D- Anterior arch of C1

C- Foramen magnum

Match the following cranial landmarks and positioning lines with the correct definition. A line used in positioning to ensure that the skull is in a true lateral position A- TEA B- Supraorbital groove C- Interpupillary line D- Nasion E- Gonion F- Tragus G- Outer canthus H- Glabelloalveolar line I- OML J- Infraorbitomeatal line (IOML) K- Mentomeatal line L- Lips-meatal line M- Glabella N- Inion O- Auricular point

C- Interpupillary line

Which of the following projections best demonstrates the clivus in profile? A- AP axial B- 15-degree PA C- Lateral D- SMV

C- Lateral

Match each of the following clinical indications for the temporal bone to the correct definition or description. Bacterial infection of the mastoid process A- Neoplasia B- Otosclerosis C- Mastoiditis D- Acoustic neuroma E- Polyp F- Cholesteatoma

C- Mastoiditis

Match each of the following sinus projections with the anatomy best seen. Best view of frontal and ethmoid sinuses A- Lateral B- Parietoacanthial C- PA axial (Caldwell) D- PA transoral E- SMV for sinuses

C- PA axial (Caldwell)

Match each of the following structures to the facial bone projection that best demonstrates the structure(s). Optic foramen A- Lateral (nasal bones) B- Parietoacanthial projection C- Parieto-orbital oblique projection D- Submentovertical (SMV) projections E- Modified Waters method F- Oblique inferosuperior projection

C- Parieto-orbital oblique projection

Where is the CR centered for a lateral position for the facial bones? A- Outer canthus B- Acanthion C- Zygoma D- Nasion

C- Zygoma

An AP axial (Towne method) radiograph for the cranium demonstrates the dorsum sellae projected above, or superior to, the foramen magnum. The foramen magnum is distorted. Which positioning error(s) occured?

CR angled <37 degrees to the IOML or <30 degrees to the OML (would be caused by 30-degree angle to IOML). This error can be addressed with more flexion of the neck as well.

Situation: A patient comes to the radiology department with a possible tumor of the pituitary gland. Which radiographic projection of the cranium best demonstrates any bony involvement of the sella turcia?

Collimated, lateral projection of the sella turcia

Which aspect of the mandible is best visualized with an AP axial projection?

Condyloid process

What type of IR must be used with analogy orthopantomography?

Curved, nongrid cassette

Match each of the following clinical indications for the temporal bone to the correct definition or description. Benign tumor of the auditory nerve sheath A- Neoplasia B- Otosclerosis C- Mastoiditis D- Acoustic neuroma E- Polyp F- Cholesteatoma

D- Acoustic neuroma

Match the following mandibular terms to the correct definition or description. Posterior process of the upper ramus A- Gonion B- Mandibular notch C- Body D- Condyloid process E- Coronoid process F- Ramus G- Mentum H- Symphysis menti

D- Condyloid process

Which of the following projections best demonstrates the sella turcia in profile? A- AP axial B- SMV C- 15-degree PA axial D- Lateral

D- Lateral

Match the following cranial landmarks and positioning lines with the correct definition. Located at the junction of the two nasal bones and the frontal bone A- TEA B- Supraorbital groove C- Interpupillary line D- Nasion E- Gonion F- Tragus G- Outer canthus H- Glabelloalveolar line I- OML J- Infraorbitomeatal line (IOML) K- Mentomeatal line L- Lips-meatal line M- Glabella N- Inion O- Auricular point

D- Nasion

Which of the following imaging modalities is most commonly performed to evaluate patients for Alzheimer disease? A- CT B- Ultrasound C- MRI D- Nuclear medicine

D- Nuclear medicine

Match each of the following sinus projections with the anatomy best seen. Sphenoid sinus in oral cavity A- Lateral B- Parietoacanthial C- PA axial (Caldwell) D- PA transoral E- SMV for sinuses

D- PA transoral

Match each of the following clinical indications to the correct definition or statement. Also known as osteitis deformans A- Osteoblasic neoplasm B- Pituitary adenoma C- Basal skull fracture D- Paget's disease E- Osteolytic neoplasm F- Depressed skull fracture G- Multiple myeloma

D- Paget's disease

A lack of symmetry of the petrous ridges indicates which of the following problems with a radiograph o an AP axial projection? A- Tilt B- CR angle C- Flexion or extension D- Rotation

D- Rotation

Match each of the following structures to the facial bone projection that best demonstrates the structure(s). Bilateral zygomatic arches A- Lateral (nasal bones) B- Parietoacanthial projection C- Parieto-orbital oblique projection D- Submentovertical (SMV) projections E- Modified Waters method F- Oblique inferosuperior projection

D- Submentovertical (SMV) projections

What is the major disadvantage of performing a straight PA projection for facial bones, with no CR angulation or neck extension, as compared with other PA facial bone projections?

Dense petrous pyramids superimpose the orbits, obscuring facial bone structures

What evidence on the Ap axial (Towne method) radiograph indicated whether the correct CR angle and correct head flexion were used?

Dorsum sellae and posterior clinoids should be projected into the forame magnum

Match the following mandibular terms to the correct definition or description. Bony process located anterior to mandibular notch A- Gonion B- Mandibular notch C- Body D- Condyloid process E- Coronoid process F- Ramus G- Mentum H- Symphysis menti

E- Coronoid process

Match the following cranial landmarks and positioning lines with the correct definition. Posterior angle of the jaw A- TEA B- Supraorbital groove C- Interpupillary line D- Nasion E- Gonion F- Tragus G- Outer canthus H- Glabelloalveolar line I- OML J- Infraorbitomeatal line (IOML) K- Mentomeatal line L- Lips-meatal line M- Glabella N- Inion O- Auricular point

E- Gonion

Match each of the following structures to the facial bone projection that best demonstrates the structure(s). Floor of orbits (blowout fractures) A- Lateral (nasal bones) B- Parietoacanthial projection C- Parieto-orbital oblique projection D- Submentovertical (SMV) projections E- Modified Waters method F- Oblique inferosuperior projection

E- Modified Waters method

Match each of the following clinical indications to the correct definition or statement. Destructive lesion with irregular margins A- Osteoblasic neoplasm B- Pituitary adenoma C- Basal skull fracture D- Paget's disease E- Osteolytic neoplasm F- Depressed skull fracture G- Multiple myeloma

E- Osteolytic neoplasm

Match each of the following clinical indications for the temporal bone to the correct definition or description. Growth arising from a mucous membrane A- Neoplasia B- Otosclerosis C- Mastoiditis D- Acoustic neuroma E- Polyp F- Cholesteatoma

E- Polyp

Match each of the following sinus projections with the anatomy best seen. Inferosuperior view of sphenoid and ethmoid sinus A- Lateral B- Parietoacanthial C- PA axial (Caldwell) D- PA transoral E- SMV for sinuses

E- SMV for sinuses

Situation: A patient with a clincal history of acoustic neuroma comes to the radiology department. Which imaging modality or modalities can be performed for this type of pathology?

Either MRI or CT can be performed

What is the name of the notch that separates the orbital plates from each other?

Ethmoid notch

Which structure allows for communication between the nasopharynx and middle ear?

Eustachian (or auditory tube)

A radiograph o a 15-degree PA axial (Caldwell) projection of the cranium demonstrates that the petrous ridges are projected at the inferior orbital margin. Which position error(s) led to this radiographic outcome?

Excessive extension or excessive caudal CR angle--- projects the petrous ridges lower than expected (should be in the lower 1/3 of the orbit)

Situation: A radiograph of a superoinferior projection of the nasal bones shows that the glabella are superimposed over the nasal bones. What positioning error led to this radiographic outcome, and how can it be corrected during the repeat exposure?

Excessive flexion of the head and neck or incorrect CR angulation will project the glabella into the nasal bones. The CR must be parallel to the glabelloalveolar line (GAL)

Which specific positioning error is present if the petrous ridges are projected higher in the orbits than expected for a 15-degree PA axial projection?

Excessive flexion or insufficient CR angle

What must be done to prevent the ramus of the mandible from being superimposed over the cervical spine with an axiolateral oblique projection of the mandbile?

Extend the chin

Match each of the following clinical indications for the temporal bone to the correct definition or description. Benign, cystic mass or tumor of the middle ear A- Neoplasia B- Otosclerosis C- Mastoiditis D- Acoustic neuroma E- Polyp F- Cholesteatoma

F- Cholesteatoma

Match each of the following clinical indications to the correct definition or statement. Also called a "ping-pong" fracture A- Osteoblasic neoplasm B- Pituitary adenoma C- Basal skull fracture D- Paget's disease E- Osteolytic neoplasm F- Depressed skull fracture G- Multiple myeloma

F- Depressed skull fracture

Match each of the following structures to the facial bone projection that best demonstrates the structure(s). View of single zygomatic arch A- Lateral (nasal bones) B- Parietoacanthial projection C- Parieto-orbital oblique projection D- Submentovertical (SMV) projections E- Modified Waters method F- Oblique inferosuperior projection

F- Oblique inferosuperior projection

Match the following mandibular terms to the correct definition or description. Vertical portion of mandible A- Gonion B- Mandibular notch C- Body D- Condyloid process E- Coronoid process F- Ramus G- Mentum H- Symphysis menti

F- Ramus

Match the following cranial landmarks and positioning lines with the correct definition. The small cartilaginous flap covering the ear opening A- TEA B- Supraorbital groove C- Interpupillary line D- Nasion E- Gonion F- Tragus G- Outer canthus H- Glabelloalveolar line I- OML J- Infraorbitomeatal line (IOML) K- Mentomeatal line L- Lips-meatal line M- Glabella N- Inion O- Auricular point

F- Tragus

T/F: An increase in kV of 25% to 30% (using manual techniques) is often required for the geriatric patient with advanced osteoporosis.

False

T/F: Secondary osteomyelitis is often caused by tumor invasion.

False

T/F: The semicircular canals include a closed system specific to the sense of hearing.

False

T/F: Facial bone studies should always be performed recumbent whenever possible.

False **Facial bone studies should always be performed erect whenever possible.

T/F: Nuclear medicine is not helpful in diagnosing occult facial bone fractures.

False **Nuclear medicine is helpful in diagnosing occult facial bone fractures.

T/F: The CR should be angled 20 to 25 degrees caudad for the PA axial projection of the mandible.

False **The CR should be angled 20 to 25 degrees cephalad for the PA axial projection of the mandible.

T/F: The older terms for the orbitomeatal line (OML) are Reid's base line and the anthropologic base line.

False **The older terms for the infraorbitomeatal line (IOML) are Reid's base line and the anthropologic base line..

T/F: The mastoid portion of the temporal bone is the densest of the three aspects of the temporal bone.

False **The petrous portion of the temporal bone is the densest of the three aspects of the temporal bone.

T/F: The oblique inferosuperior (tangential) projection for a unilateral zygomatic arch requires that the skull be rotated and tilted 15 degrees away from the affected side.

False ** The oblique inferosuperior (tangential) projection for a unilateral zygomatic arch requires that the skull be rotated and tilted 15 degrees toward the affected side.

T/F: The right and left nasal bones form the largest part of the nose.

False**Most of the nose is composed of cartilage

T/F: MRI is an excellent imaging modality for the detection of small metal foreign bodies in the eye.

False**Strong magnets in MRI prohibits this.

Which paranasal sinuses are best demonstrated with a PA (Caldwell) projection?

Frontal and anterior ethmoid

Which two cranial bones articulate with the maxilla?

Frontal and ethmoid

Which of the processes of the maxilla is considered most superior?

Frontal process

Match the following mandibular terms to the correct definition or description. Chin A- Gonion B- Mandibular notch C- Body D- Condyloid process E- Coronoid process F- Ramus G- Mentum H- Symphysis menti

G- Mentum

Match each of the following clinical indications to the correct definition or statement. A bone tumor that originates in the bone marrow A- Osteoblasic neoplasm B- Pituitary adenoma C- Basal skull fracture D- Paget's disease E- Osteolytic neoplasm F- Depressed skull fracture G- Multiple myeloma

G- Multiple myeloma

Match the following cranial landmarks and positioning lines with the correct definition. Lateral junction of the eyelid A- TEA B- Supraorbital groove C- Interpupillary line D- Nasion E- Gonion F- Tragus G- Outer canthus H- Glabelloalveolar line I- OML J- Infraorbitomeatal line (IOML) K- Mentomeatal line L- Lips-meatal line M- Glabella N- Inion O- Auricular point

G- Outer canthus

Where is the CR centered for an AP axial projection of the mandible?

Glabella

For the superoinferior projection of the nasal bones, the IR is placed perpendicular to the ___________________ line.

Glabelloalveolar (GAL)

Match the following cranial landmarks and positioning lines with the correct definition. A line between the glabella and alveolar process of the maxilla A- TEA B- Supraorbital groove C- Interpupillary line D- Nasion E- Gonion F- Tragus G- Outer canthus H- Glabelloalveolar line I- OML J- Infraorbitomeatal line (IOML) K- Mentomeatal line L- Lips-meatal line M- Glabella N- Inion O- Auricular point

H- Glabelloalveolar line

Match the following mandibular terms to the correct definition or description. Point of union between both halves of the mandible A- Gonion B- Mandibular notch C- Body D- Condyloid process E- Coronoid process F- Ramus G- Mentum H- Symphysis menti

H- Symphysis menti

Situation: A patient with a possible basal skull fracture enters the ER. No CT scanner is available. Which specific position may provide radiographic evidence of this fracture?

Horizontal beam (dorsal decubitus) lateral position----- will demonstrate a possible air-fluid level in the sphenoid sinus

Which facial bones form the posterior aspect of the hard palate?

Horizontal portion of the palatine bones

Which structures of the sphenoid bone help form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavities?

Medial and lateral pterygoid processes

Match the following cranial landmarks and positioning lines with the correct definition. A line between the midlateral orbital margin and the EAM A- TEA B- Supraorbital groove C- Interpupillary line D- Nasion E- Gonion F- Tragus G- Outer canthus H- Glabelloalveolar line I- OML J- Infraorbitomeatal line (IOML) K- Mentomeatal line L- Lips-meatal line M- Glabella N- Inion O- Auricular point

I- OML

Where will the petrous ridges be projected with a 15-degree PA axial (Caldwell) projection of the cranium?

In the lower 1/3 of the orbits

Situation: A radiograph of a PA transoral projection shows that the sphenoid sinus is superimposed over the upper teeth and the nasal cavity. How must the position be modified to avoid this problem during the repeat exposure?

Increase extension of the head and neck to project the entire sphenoid sinus through the oral cavity.

Which of the auditory ossicles resembles a premolar tooth?

Incus

Which facial bone opening has the maxillary branch of the fifth cranial nerve passing through it?

Inferior orbital fissure

Which cranial line is placed parallel to the floor for orthopantomography of the mandible?

Infraorbitomeatal line (IOML)

What is the name of the passageway between the maxillary sinuses and the middle nasal meatus?

Infundibulum

What specific positioning error has been committed if both sides of the mandible are superimposed with an axiolateral oblique projection?

Insufficient cephalic CR angle or skull tilt

A radiograph of an SMV projection of the skull shows that the mandibular condyles are within the petrous bone. Which specific positioning error led to this problem?

Insufficient extension of the skull or CR was not perpendicular to the IOML

Situation: A radiograph of an axiolateral oblique projection of the mandible shows that the body of the mandible is severely foreshortened. The body of the mandible is the area of interest. What positioning error led to this radiographic outcome?

Insufficient rotation of the skull toward the IR. The skull should be rotated 30 degrees (from lateral position) toward the IR to prevent foreshortening of the body.

Which opening in the temporal bone serves as a passageway for nerves of hearing and equilibrium?

Internal accoustic meatus

Match the following cranial landmarks and positioning lines with the correct definition. A line between the infraorbital margin and the EAM A- TEA B- Supraorbital groove C- Interpupillary line D- Nasion E- Gonion F- Tragus G- Outer canthus H- Glabelloalveolar line I- OML J- Infraorbitomeatal line (IOML) K- Mentomeatal line L- Lips-meatal line M- Glabella N- Inion O- Auricular point

J- Infraorbitomeatal line (IOML)

Where are the petrous ridges located on a well-positioned parietoacanthial projection?

Just below the maxillary sinuses

Match the following cranial landmarks and positioning lines with the correct definition. A line between the mental point and the EAM A- TEA B- Supraorbital groove C- Interpupillary line D- Nasion E- Gonion F- Tragus G- Outer canthus H- Glabelloalveolar line I- OML J- Infraorbitomeatal line (IOML) K- Mentomeatal line L- Lips-meatal line M- Glabella N- Inion O- Auricular point

K- Mentomeatal line

Match the following cranial landmarks and positioning lines with the correct definition. A positioning line that is primarily used for the modified Waters projection A- TEA B- Supraorbital groove C- Interpupillary line D- Nasion E- Gonion F- Tragus G- Outer canthus H- Glabelloalveolar line I- OML J- Infraorbitomeatal line (IOML) K- Mentomeatal line L- Lips-meatal line M- Glabella N- Inion O- Auricular point

L- Lips-meatal line

Which facial bone is associated with the tear ducts?

Lacrimal bones

Which single projection for a paranasal sinus routine provides an image of all four sinus groups?

Lateral

Which specific aspect of the ethmoid bone contains the ethmoid sinuses?

Lateral masses or labyrinths

Which projection best demonstrates the sella turcia and dorsum sellae?

Lateral projection

Where should the CR exit for both the PA parietoacanthial (Waters) and the PA transoral (open-mouth Waters) projections?

Level of the acanthion

Match the following cranial landmarks and positioning lines with the correct definition. A smooth, slightly depressed area between the eyebrows A- TEA B- Supraorbital groove C- Interpupillary line D- Nasion E- Gonion F- Tragus G- Outer canthus H- Glabelloalveolar line I- OML J- Infraorbitomeatal line (IOML) K- Mentomeatal line L- Lips-meatal line M- Glabella N- Inion O- Auricular point

M- Glabella

Which of the auditory ossicles picks up sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane?

Malleus

What is the largest immovable bone of the face?

Maxilla

Situation: A patient with a possible blowout fracture of the right orbit enters the ER. In addition t the basic facial bone routine, what single projection would best demonstrate this type of injury?

Modified parietoacanthial (modified Waters method)

Match the following cranial landmarks and positioning lines with the correct definition. Corresponds to the highest "nuchal" line of the occipital bone A- TEA B- Supraorbital groove C- Interpupillary line D- Nasion E- Gonion F- Tragus G- Outer canthus H- Glabelloalveolar line I- OML J- Infraorbitomeatal line (IOML) K- Mentomeatal line L- Lips-meatal line M- Glabella N- Inion O- Auricular point

N- Inion

What device provides inherent collimation during an orthopantomographic procedure?

Narrow, vertical slit diaphragm

Where does the CR exit for a 15-degree PA axial (Caldwell) projection for the facial bones?

Nasion

A radiograph of an AP axial (Towne method) projection for the cranium shows that the mid- to lower mandible is cut off and not demonstrated. What should the technologist do?

No repeat exposure is required. Because of the elongation of the facial mass with the AP axial projection of the skull, cutting off aspects of the mandible is acceptable.

Situation: A radiograph of a parieto-orbital oblique (Rhese) projection shows that the optic foramen is located in the upper outer quadrant of the orbit. Is this an acceptable image for this projection? If not, what must be done to correct this problem during the repeat exposure?

No. Increase extension of the head and neck. The AML should be placed perpendicular to the IR to ensure that the optic foramen is open and is projected into the lower outer quadrant of the orbit.

Situation: A radiograph of a parietoacanthial (Waters) projection shows that the petrous ridges are projected within the maxillary sinuses. Is this an acceptable image? If not, what must be done to improve the image during the repeat exposure?

No. The petrous ridges should be projected just below the maxillary sinuses. The patients head needs to be extended mre.

Situation: A radiograph of a parietoacanthial projection (Waters method) shows that the petrous ridges are projected just below the maxillary sinuses. What positioning error (if any) is present?

None. The petrous ridges should be below the floors of the maxillary sinuses on a well-positioned parietoacanthial projection

Match the following cranial landmarks and positioning lines with the correct definition. The center point of the EAM A- TEA B- Supraorbital groove C- Interpupillary line D- Nasion E- Gonion F- Tragus G- Outer canthus H- Glabelloalveolar line I- OML J- Infraorbitomeatal line (IOML) K- Mentomeatal line L- Lips-meatal line M- Glabella N- Inion O- Auricular point

O- Auricular point

Which cranial bone contains the foramen magnum?

Occipital

What is the name of the oval processes found on the occipital bone that helps form the atlanto-occipital joint?

Occipital condyles

Which cranial bone is best demonstrated with an AP axial (Towne method) projection of the skull?

Occiptal

Which structure of the spehnoid bone allows for the passage of the optic nerve and is the actual opening into the orbit?

Optic foramen

Which aspect of the frontal bone forms the superior aspect of the orbit?

Orbital and horizontal portion

Which structures specifically are better visualized on the modified parietoacanthial (Waters) projection as compared with the basic Waters projection?

Orbital rims and orbital floors

Which cranial positioning line is placed perpendicular to the IR for a PA or PA axial projection of the mandible?

Orbitomeatal line (OML)

What facial bone structures are best seen with a parietoacanthial projection?

Orbits including infraorbital rims, bony nasal septum, maxillae, zygomatic bones & arches

Which imaging system provides a single, frontal perspective of the entire mandible?

Orthopantomography

What is the name of the small membrane that connects the middle to the inner ear?

Oval or vestibular window

A radiograph of an AP axial (Towne method) projection for the cranium shows that the posterior arch of C1 is projected within the foramen magnum. The dorsum sellae is superimposed on the posterior arch as well. What is (are) the positioning error(s)?

Overangulation of the CR or excessive flexion of neck

Situation: A patient comes to the radiology department with a clinical history of a deviated bony nasal septum. Which facial bone projections best demonstrates the degree of deviation? (More than one correct answer possible.)

PA, PA axial, and parietoacanthial projections will demonstrate a possible nasal septal deviation

Situation: A patient with a possible fracture of the nasal bones enters the ER. The physician is concerned about deviation of the bony nasal septum along with possible fracture of the nasal bones. What radiographic routine would be best for this situation?

Parietoacanthial and R and L lateral projections. The parietoacanthial (Waters method) or the option PA axial projections would demonstrate any possible septal deviation. The lateral projections would demonstrate any possible fracture of the nasal bones or anterior nasal spine. (The superoinferior tangential projection would provide an axial perspective but is considered an optional projection in most departments unless specifically requested.)

Situation: A patient with a possible fracture of the left zygomatic arch enters the ER. Neither the AP axial nor the SMV projection demonstrates the left side well. The radiologist is indecisive as to whether this zygomatic arch is fractured. What other projections can the technologist provide to better define this area?

Perform the oblique inferosuperior (tangential) projections. These projections are ideal to demonstrate a depressed fracture of the zygomatic arch. (Bilateral projections are generally taken for comparison.)

Which aspect of the temporal bone is considered to be the densest?

Petrous portion

Situation: A patient with a possible linear fracture of the right parietal bone enters the ER. Which single radiographic projection of the skull best demonstrates this fracture?

Right lateral projection of the skull

Excessive extension or excessive caudal CR angle--- projects the petrous ridges lower than expected (should be in the lower 1/3 of the orbit)

Rotation of the patient's face (skull) to the left

Situation: A radiograph of a lateral projection of the facial bones shows that the mandibular rami are not superimposed. What positioning error led to this radiographic outcome?

Rotation of the skull

Situation: A radiograph of a parietoacanthial (Waters) projection shows that the distance between the lateral margins of the orbits and the lateral aspect of the cranial cortex is not equal. What type of positioning error led to this radiographic outcome?

Rotation of the skull

Situation: A radiograph of a parietoacanthial projection shows that the distance between the midsagittal plane and the outer orbital margin is not equal. What positioning error is present on this radiograph?

Rotation of the skull

A radiograph of an AP axial (Towne method) projection of the cranium shows that the right petrous ridge is wider than the left side. Which specific positioning error is present on this radiograph?

Rotation of the skull present; rotation of patient's face toward left

What is the name of the small membrane found at the base of the cochlea (two terms possible)?

Round or cochlear window

For a patient with possible trauma, what must be determined before performing the submentovertical (SMV) projection of the skull?

Rule out any possible cervical fractures or subluxation

Which projection of the mandible demonstrates the entire mandible, including the coronoid and condyloid processes?

SMV projection

Situation: A patient comes to the radiology department for a skull series, but the patient cannot assume the correct position for either version of the AP axial (Towne method) projection because of a very short neck and severe spinal kyphosis. What can the technologist do to demonstrate the occipital bone?

Should perform the PA axial projection (Haas method)

A lateral skull radiograph demonstrates one mandibular ramus about 0.5 cm more anterior than the other. Which positioning error occured?

Skull rotation

A radiograph of a lateral projection of the skull shows that the orbital plates are not superimposed (one orbital plate is slightly superior to the other). Which specific positioning error led to this radiographic outcome?

Skull tilt

Which sinus is projected through the open mouth with a PA axial transoral projection?

Sphenoid sinus

Which sinuses are projected through the oral cavity with the PA axial transoral projection?

Sphenoid sinuses

Which paranasal sinuses are demonstrated with an SMV projection of the paranasal sinuses?

Sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary sinuses

Which term describes the superior rim of the orbit? (Include abbreviation also.)

Supraorbital Margin (SOM)

What is the name of the thin plate of bone that separates the mastoid air cells from the brain?

Tegmen tympani

Which small membrane marks the beginning of the middle ear?

Tempanic membrane (ear drum)

Situation: A patient comes to the radiology department to rule out a possible polyp within the sphenoid sinus. What routine and/or special projection provide the best overall assessment of the sinuses for this patient?

The PA transoral special projection in addition to the routine four sinuses projection series (lateral, PA Caldwell, parietoacanthial , and SMV)

Situation: A radiograph of a PA (Caldwell) projection for sinuses shows that the petrous ridges are projected into the lower half of the orbits and are obscuring the ethmoid sinuses. The technologis used a horizontal x-ray beam for the projection. The skull was positioned to place the OML at a 15-degree angle from the horizontal plane. What positioning modification is needed to correct this problem during the repeat exposure?

The head and neck need to be extended more to project the petrous ridges below the ethmoid sinuses

Situation: A lateral radiograph of the facial bones demonstrates that the bodies of the mandible are not superimposed; one is about 1 cm superior to the other. How would this be corrected during the repeat exposure?

The head was tilted. Ensure that the midsagittal plane is parallel to the IR.

Situation: A patient with a clinical history of sinusitis comes to the radiology department for a sinus study. The patient is quadriplegic a cannot be placed erect. Which single projection demonstrates any possible air-fluid levels in the sinuses?

The most diagnostic projection is the horizontal beam lateral projection to demonstrate any air-fluid levels

What is the one major difference in positioning between the parietoacanthial and the PA axial transoral projections?

The mouth (oral cavity) is open with the PA transoral projection

Situation: A radiograph of an SMV projection for the sinuses shoes that the distance between the mandibular condyles and lateral border of the skull is not equal. What positioning error is present on this radiograph?

Tilt of the skull

What positioning error has been committed if the EAMs are not superimposed with one of them more superior than the other on a lateral projection of the cranium?

Tilt of the skull

What is the major function of the eustachian tube?

To equalize the atmospheric pressure within the middle ear

Which external landmark corresponds with the level of the petrous ridge?

Top of ear attachment (TEA)

T/F: Both oblique inferosuperior (tangential) projections for the zygomatic arch are generally taken for comparison.

True

T/F: CT is ideal for facial bone studies because it allows for the visualization of bony structures as well as related soft tissues of the facial bones.

True

T/F: For a true PA projection of the mandibular body (if this is the area of interest), the AML should be perpendicular to the IR.

True

T/F: Lateral projections for the nasal bones generally are taken bilaterally for comparison.

True

T/F: MRI is the preferred imaging modality to study soft tissue changes and masses within the sinuses.

True

T/F: Most CT studies of the sinuses do not require use of contrast media.

True

T/F: The PA axial projection of the mandible produces an elongated view of the condyloid processes.

True

T/F: The common basic PA axial projection for the facial bones requires a 15-degree caudad angle of the CR, which projects the dense petrous ridges into the lower 1/3 of the orbits.

True

T/F: The mandibular condyles move anteriorly as the mouth is opened.

True

T/F: The modified Law method provides a bilateral and functional study of the TMJ.

True

T/F: Ultrasound exams of the maxillary sinuses to rule out sinusitis are possible.

True

Situation: A neonate has a clinical history of craniosynostosis. Because of the ages of the patient, the physician does not order a radiographic procedure of the cranium. What other imaging modality can be performed to evaluate the patient for this condition?

Ultrasound

What is the proper method name for the parietoacanthial projection of the facial bones?

Waters method

Situation: A radiograph of a 30-degree PA axial projection of the facial bones shows that the petrous ridges are projected at the level of the inferior orbital margins. Is this an acceptable image for this projection? If not, what must be done to improve the quality of the image during the repeat exposure?

Yes, this image is acceptable

Which specific facial bone structures (other than mandible) are best demonstrated with the submentovertical (SMV) projection if the correct exposure factors are used (soft tissue technique)?

Zygomatic arches

Which facial bones are sometimes called the "cheek bones"?

Zygomatic or malar bones

The purpose of the __________________, or ____________________, is to divide the nasal cavity into compartments and to circulate air coming into the nasal cavities.

conchae or turbinates

The small horizontal plate of the ethmoid is called the _________.

cribriform plate

A small prominence located on the squamous portion of the occipital bone is called the __________________.

external occipital protuberance (or inion)

Cranial sutures are classified as being ___________________ joints.

fibrous (synarthroidal)

If a patient cannot stand for the lateral projection of the paranasal sinuses, the projection should be take with ____________________.

horizontal x-ray beam

An infection of the teeth may travel upward and involve the ___________ sinus.

maxillary

Aligning the __________________ plane perpendicular to the IR prevents rotation of either a PA or an AP axial mandible.

midsagittal

The vertical plate of the ethmoid bone forming the upper portion of the bony nasal septum is the ___________.

perpendicular plate

A structure found in the middle of the sphenoid bone that surrounds the pituitary gland is the _________________.

sella turcia

A "free-floating" zygomatic bone is the frequent result of a ___________ fracture.

tripod

The long, narrow-shaped skull has an angle of approximately ____________ degrees between the midsagittal plane and the long axis of the petrous bone

±40


Ensembles d'études connexes

Chapter 17:Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

View Set

Chapter 47: Lipid-Lowering Agents

View Set

Chapter 4: Ethics and Information Security: MIS Business Concerns

View Set

Nakiyah's Entrepreneurship study guide test 3

View Set

2-Hip Joint and Pelvic Girdle NOTES

View Set

BUS 378 - Bus, Gov & Society - Chap 3 Quiz

View Set

Unit 7 - 2 - przedmioty związane z podróżowaniem

View Set