Chapter 11

What vocabulary word is used to describe the buildup of lipid material, smooth muscle cells, and calcium in artery walls?

Plaques are deposits on the artery walls made up of lipid materials mixed with smooth muscle cells and calcium. They cause damage to the artery walls and make them inelastic, narrowing the passageway for blood.

Which sequence is correct in describing cancer development? Initiation, Metastasis, Exposure Initiation, Promotion, Metastasis Exposure, Metastasis, Initiation

Initiation, Promotion, Metastasis

What risk factors for CVD can people change? Which cannot be modified?

Risk factors that can be changed are diet, smoking, and level of physical activity. Age, gender, and genetics are risk factors that people cannot modify.

According to the article produced by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicines (NCCAM), what must consumers know before consuming dietary supplements? The price per milligram of each nutrient. The number of people taking the product. Whether or not a health care provider approves. Warnings listed on bottle labels.

Whether or not a health care provider approves.

Which of these is a main contributor to the development of atherosclerosis? A low LDL level in the blood A high HDL level in the blood A diet high in saturated fat

A diet high in saturated fat

Which blood pressure level is known as prehypertension? 120/80-139/89 160/110-179/109 <120/80 140/90-159/99

120/80-139/89

Define Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM). Identify possible benefits and possible risks.

CAM is a group of medical and health-care systems practices and products that are not considered to be a part of conventional medicine. Some CAM treatments are effective for treating pain, constipation and malaria. The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine has studied many CAM therapies; most of the products and treatments are ineffective and some are actually harmful with permanent side effects.

Which of the following is damaged by a carcinogen to initiate cancer?

Cancer begins when a carcinogen damages the cell's DNA (genetic material). When the DNA cannot be repaired and the cell loses its ability to self-destruct, the cell replicates uncontrollably producing a mass of abnormal tissue, or a tumor.

According to the article "Vitamins and Supplements", which of the following statements is true? Calcium and omega-3 supplements have been proven to prevent heart disease and cancer. The FDA regulates all supplements and ensures that proper warnings are placed on all supplements. Daily nutrition needs can be met by eating variety of fruits, vegetables, cereals, dairy, and protein. All adults should consider a basic multivitamin.

Daily nutrition needs can be met by eating variety of fruits, vegetables, cereals, dairy, and protein.

Which of these dietary changes would best help prevent heart disease? Increase intake of whole grains. Increase intake of fatty meats. Decrease intake of plant proteins. Decrease intake of saturated fats.

Decrease intake of saturated fats.

In the video, "Portion Size Me", what happened to the students' body weights as they ate at fast food restaurants for 30 days?

Decreased - With right portion sizes, good food choices, and calorie control, fast foods can fit into a healthy diet.

Which is the best recommendation to decrease risk of cancer? Consume a diet moderate in fat. Eat a wide variety of vegetables and fruits in generous quantities every day. Avoid adding salt to foods at the table. Take a daily multi-vitamin-mineral supplement with DV amounts in the safe range.

Eat a wide variety of vegetables and fruits in generous quantities every day. - Eating adequate amounts of whole foods, such as fruits and vegetables, offers the best protection against cancer.

According to the "Portion Size Me" video, what is the key to staying healthy and eating fast foods?

Enjoy fast foods within appropriate portions and calories. With right portion sizes, good food choices, and calorie control, fast foods can fit into a healthy diet.

What is the sequence of actions in the development of a cancer?

First, cells are exposed to a carcinogen and the carcinogen enters into the cell. A cancer is initiated when the carcinogen changes the cell's genetic material. Promotion occurs when the cell begins to multiply out of control, and metastasis occurs when cells break away from the initial tumor and travel to other parts of the body and establish new tumors.

Which of the following has been shown to affect gene expression? (Select all that apply.) High fructose corn syrup Folate and vitamin B12 A compound in broccoli Berries, legumes, and tomatoes

Folate and vitamin B12 (This combination of vitamins can cause epigenetic changes.) A compound in broccoli (Sulforaphane, a phytochemical in broccoli, can cause epigenetic changes) Berries, legumes, and tomatoes (These foods appear to be protective against cancers at some sites.)

Which is NOT a risk factor for developing hypertension? Gender Age Salt intake Genes Obesity

Gender

Which blood lipid profile is healthiest? Francie, with total cholesterol 257, LDL cholesterol 171, HDL cholesterol 38, and triglycerides 183 Hannah, with total cholesterol 166, LDL cholesterol 93, HDL cholesterol 61, and triglycerides 149 Eldon, with total cholesterol 181, LDL cholesterol 136, HDL cholesterol 55, and triglycerides 211 Gordon, with total cholesterol 148, LDL cholesterol 82, HDL cholesterol 69, and triglycerides 126

Gordon, with total cholesterol 148, LDL cholesterol 82, HDL cholesterol 69, and triglycerides 126

Which disease risk is reduced by physical activity and low intakes of alcohol and sodium?

Hypertension

Which of the following would be considered a risk factor for CVD? HDL higher than 60 mg/dL Triglycerides less than 150 mg/dL Total blood cholesterol below 200 mg/dL LDL 160 mg/dL or higher

LDL 160 mg/dL or higher

Which dietary factor contributes the LEAST to reducing the risk of developing CVD? High intake of complex carbohydrates Low intake of saturated fat High intake of omega-3 fatty acids Low intake of fiber

Low intake of fiber

Which term describes the movement of cancer cells from one body part to another?

Metastasis

What are the cutoff values for normal blood pressure, prehypertension, and hypertension? What if one value (e.g. systolic) is in a different blood pressure category than the other value (e.g. diastolic)?

Normal blood pressure is <120/<80, prehypertension is 120/80 to 139/89, and high blood pressure is ≥140/≥90. Normal, pre- and hypertension are defined by different systolic and diastolic levels. If the two blood pressure values are not in the same category, classify the blood pressure according to the higher value. For example, 118/82 would be classified as prehypertension because the diastolic pressure is above 80.

What are the CVD benefits of omega-3 fatty acids? What is the dietary recommendation regarding omega-3 fatty acids?

Omega-3 fatty acids help protect against CVD by reducing blood clot formation, inflammation, triglycerides and hardening of arteries. They also improve insulin response. Eat 2 3-oz servings each week of fatty ocean fish (but not the fried fish served in fast food meals or in frozen fish products).

What groups of people are most likely to be salt sensitive?

People who are likely to be salt sensitive include African Americans, people with a family history of hypertension, people with kidney problems or diabetes, and older people. For these groups, reducing salt and sodium intake may reduce blood pressure.

Which is accurate about nutritional genomics? A person's genome determines his/her food choices. Genetic testing shows which dietary supplements will be most useful. A healthy diet will cure genetic diseases such as PKU and sickle-cell anemia. People with different genes may respond differently to the same dietary pattern.

People with different genes may respond differently to the same dietary pattern.

What are the current limitations of nutritional genomics?

Testing is expensive, inconsistent, and in some cases fraudulent. Unethical companies may promote expensive, "personalized" supplements rather than eating a healthful, varied diet of whole foods. Ethical questions are unanswered, such as the potential for discrimination by employers or insurance companies against individuals with a particular genetic risk.

What chronic disease is treated, at least in part, with the DASH diet? What are the key characteristics of the DASH diet?

The DASH stands for "Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension." This diet includes generous amounts of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat milk products. It suggests substituting legumes and fish for some of the red meats, and it is moderate in fat.

After seeing ads for herbal remedies on the internet, Mr. Black is considering taking herbal medicines for his hypertension. Based on current scientific knowledge, which statement about herbal products is accurate? Herbal products are made from natural ingredients so they don't contain contaminants. The contents of herbal products may differ significantly from information in the label. Herbal products with all the ingredients listed on the label are the most reliable to buy. Because herbal medicines have been used for many years, they can be trusted to be safe.

The contents of herbal products may differ significantly from information in the label.

Which is NOT associated with atherosclerosis? The plaques circulate through the blood and are carried to tissues where they are deposited, contributing to obesity. Plaque may rupture creating a clot that cuts off blood flow causing a heart attack or stroke. Arteries hardened and narrowed by plaques cannot expand leading to an increase in blood pressure.

The plaques circulate through the blood and are carried to tissues where they are deposited, contributing to obesity.

In the video "Portion Size Me", what was the main message?

The video "Portion Size Me" is a rebuttal to the movie "Super Size Me" which blamed fast foods for many health problems in America. "Portion Size Me" showed that it is not the fast food but our own choices that make all the difference. It is possible to eat at fast food restaurants and make smart choices and maintain a healthy diet. All foods can fit in a healthy diet, but making smart food choices and adjusting portion sizes to get the right amount of calories are essential.

What factors increase the risk for hypertension?

There are several factors related to health, life style, and diet that contribute to hypertension. Risk factors include atherosclerosis, older age, genetics (family history and race), obesity, salt intake, and alcohol intake. A low intake of fruits, vegetables, nuts, whole grains, and low-fat milk products (and their contributions of potassium, calcium, and magnesium) may also increase one's risk for hypertension.

What is "gene expression"?

This is the process by which a sequence of DNA (a gene) codes for the production of a protein. When a gene is expressed ("turned on") the cell's machinery uses the gene as the code for making the protein. When the gene is not expressed ("turned off") the cell does not make the protein coded for by that gene. Proteins include enzymes, antibodies, hormones, and many other essential molecules.

Laboratory studies suggest that diets high in _________ seem to promote cancer.

calories

Which blood level is considered healthy for HDL cholesterol?

greater than 60 mg/dL

High intakes of _________ fats and fish, fruits, and vegetables are associated with low rates of heart disease.

unsaturated - When dietary fats are mostly unsaturated and when fish, fruits, and vegetables are abundant, blood cholesterol and rates of heart disease are low.