Chapter 11 Development Through the Lifespan, 7e

Ann-Marie is having frequent disagreements with her teenage daughter. You can let her know that by late adolescence, __________. A) only a small minority of families experience continuing friction B) most parent‒daughter conflicts continue and intensify C) adolescents typically display more angry behaviors D) teenagers and parents use fewer positive problem-solving techniques

A) only a small minority of families experience continuing friction

Typically, North American parents __________. A) rarely talk about sex in their children's presence B) provide their children with a lot of information about sex C) engage in meaningful discussions with teens about sex D) discuss sexual health with their children's dating partners

A) rarely talk about sex in their children's presence

Male puberty usually begins with __________. A) growth of facial hair B) the enlargement of the testes C) the peak height spurt D) spermarche

B) the enlargement of the testes

Donette is extremely self-conscious. She believes that she is the focus of everyone else's attention and concern. Donette is experiencing a cognitive distortion known as __________. A) the personal fable B) the imaginary audience C) metacognition D) personal uniqueness

B) the imaginary audience

The imaginary audience is most likely responsible for adolescents' __________. A) increased argumentativeness with their parents B) greater willingness to engage in risky behavior C) self-consciousness and sensitivity to public criticism D) ability to solve problems with many variables

C) self-consciousness and sensitivity to public criticism

__________ parenting is linked to higher grades in school among adolescents varying widely in SES. A) Permissive B) Authoritarian C) Uninvolved D) Authoritative

D) Authoritative

Compared to students grouped by ability into higher tracks, those in low tracks __________. A) gain in academic self-esteem B) exert substantially more effort C) experience more stimulating classrooms D) experience reduced teacher expectations

D) experience reduced teacher expectations

Clarence's 14-year-old daughter, Annie, has been diagnosed with anorexia. Clarence can expect that Annie will __________. A) lose 5 to 15 percent of her body weight B) see herself as severely underweight C) avoid most forms of exercise D) have an extremely distorted body image

D) have an extremely distorted body image

G. Stanley Hall described adolescence as a __________. A) time in which sexual impulses reawaken in the genital stage, triggering psychological conflict and volatile behavior B) period so turbulent that it resembled the era in which humans evolved from savages into civilized beings C) generally pleasant time of life in which the social environment is entirely responsible for the range of teenage experiences D) time when internal stresses and social expectations prompt moments of uncertainty, self-doubt, and disappointment

B) period so turbulent that it resembled the era in which humans evolved from savages into civilized beings

Many gay men and lesbians say that they first sensed their biologically determined sexual orientation between ages __________, when they discovered __________. A) 3 and 6; a preference for their same-sex parent B) 3 and 6; a preference for quiet activities and hobbies C) 6 and 12; their play interests were more like those of the other gender D) 6 and 12; strong physical attraction to members of the same sex

C) 6 and 12; their play interests were more like those of the other gender

Carlie engages in binge eating, followed by deliberate vomiting, purging with laxatives, excessive exercise, and strict dieting or even fasting. Carlie suffers from __________. A) marasmus B) food insecurity C) bulimia nervosa D) anorexia nervosa

C) bulimia nervosa

__________ is linked to early and frequent teenage sexual activity. A) Late pubertal timing B) Small family size C) Family religious involvement D) Childhood impulsivity

D) Childhood impulsivity

Follow-up research reveals that __________-maturing __________, especially, are at risk for lasting difficulties. A) early; boys B) late; girls C) late; boys D) early; girls

D) early; girls

Which high school student is receiving support that leads to higher academic achievement? A) Ebony, whose high school has high-quality vocational education B) Darnell, who works 25 hours per week during the school year C) Felipe, whose peers are supportive but not interested in school D) Sara, whose parents jointly make decisions on her behalf

A) Ebony, whose high school has high-quality vocational education

Which at-risk high school student is most likely to be involved in extracurricular activities? A) Hank, who attends a school with 500 students B) Keisha, who attends a school with 1,000 students C) Cory, who attends a school with 1,500 students D) Bronwyn, who attends a school with 2,000 students

A) Hank, who attends a school with 500 students

Which statement about part-time work during high school is true? A) The more hours students work, the more likely they are to drop out of school. B) About 10 percent of U.S. high school students work part-time during the school year. C) Heavy commitment to part-time work is not harmful as long as the job involves repetitive tasks. D) Students who spend many hours at low-level part-time jobs report less drug and alcohol use.

A) The more hours students work, the more likely they are to drop out of school.

Nearly three-fourths of U.S. teenagers __________. A) have smartphones B) report being online "almost constantly" C) are not allowed to access media while studying D) engage in fewer than two media activities at once

A) have smartphones

Which statement about sex differences in spatial abilities is true? A) Experience contributes to females' superior spatial performance. B) Sex differences in spatial abilities emerge as early as the first few months of life. C) One hypothesis is that heredity enhances left-hemispheric functioning for boys. D) Girls spend far more time than boys in play involving manipulative activities.

B) Sex differences in spatial abilities emerge as early as the first few months of life.

In a study involving weather predictions, media multitaskers __________. A) activated the hippocampus, which plays a vital role in explicit memory B) activated subcortical areas involved in implicit memory C) were able to apply their learning to new weather problems D) learned more thoroughly than participants working only on the weather task

B) activated subcortical areas involved in implicit memory

Students report that their __________ school teachers care less about them and are less friendly than their __________ school teachers. A) middle and high; elementary B) elementary and middle; high C) elementary; middle D) high; middle

B) elementary and middle; high

High-achieving students typically have parents who __________. A) are very involved in elementary school but are less involved in middle and high school B) remain invested in their teenagers' education and keep tabs on academic progress C) are somewhat involved in elementary school but are very involved in middle and high school D) rely on them to communicate with teachers and give them complete scheduling authority

B) remain invested in their teenagers' education and keep tabs on academic progress

The gender gap in __________ is typically small, varies considerably across nations, and has diminished over the past 30 years. A) verbal abilities B) writing C) mathematics D) spatial abilities

C) mathematics

Programs that __________ can make staying in school easier for at-risk adolescents. A) suspend students for misbehavior B) focus on purely academic work C) offer flexible work‒study arrangements D) prohibit participation in extracurricular activities

C) offer flexible work‒study arrangements

Lane is considering dropping out of high school and finding a job. Lane should know that dropouts __________ than high school graduates. A) have much higher employment rates B) are less likely to be out of work from time to time C) are more likely to have skills valued by employers D) are more likely to remain in menial, low-paid jobs

D) are more likely to remain in menial, low-paid jobs

More than two-thirds of U.S. high school dropouts __________. A) obtain rewarding, high-paying jobs B) never complete their secondary education C) eventually obtain college degrees D) finish their secondary education by their mid-twenties

D) finish their secondary education by their mid-twenties

fMRI evidence reveals that adolescents __________ than adults do. A) recruit the prefrontal cortex's network of connections with other brain areas less effectively B) react less strongly to stressful events and experience pleasurable stimuli more intensely C) manage their feelings and impulses more effectively and delay gratification more efficiently D) engage in risky, sensation-seeking activities less often and manage their emotions more effectively

A) recruit the prefrontal cortex's network of connections with other brain areas less effectively

During puberty, __________. A) the cephalocaudal growth trend of infancy and childhood reverses B) the torso accelerates first, followed by the hands, legs, and feet C) the average child gains 20 to 35 pounds D) girls' shoulders broaden relative to the hips

A) the cephalocaudal growth trend of infancy and childhood reverses

With regard to verbal abilities, girls have a biological advantage in earlier development of __________. A) the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex B) the auditory and visual areas of the brain C) the sensory regions of the brain D) brain areas specific to spatial reasoning

A) the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex

Which of the following is a secondary sexual characteristic? A) ovaries B) pubic hair C) scrotum D) testes

B) pubic hair

Which statement about self-acceptance among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths is true? A) Only a small minority of lesbian, gay, and bisexual teenagers accept their sexual identity by the end of adolescence. B) Most young people come out to parents before they tell trusted friends or other family members. C) Contact with other lesbian, gay, and bisexual peers is unimportant for reaching the self-acceptance phase. D) Coming out can foster self-esteem, psychological well-being, and relationships with family and friends.

D) Coming out can foster self-esteem, psychological well-being, and relationships with family and friends.

__________ is strongly associated with greater intake of fruits, vegetables, grains, and calcium-rich foods. A) Vitamin supplementation B) Number of hours of sleep C) Dieting in adolescence D) Frequency of family meals

D) Frequency of family meals

Which statement about anorexia nervosa is true? A) About 7 percent of North American and Western European teenage girls are affected by anorexia. B) During the past half-century, cases of anorexia have increased sharply, fueled by cultural admiration of thinness. C) In the United States, African-American girls are at greater risk than European-American and Hispanic girls. D) Boys account for 1 to 5 percent of anorexia cases, and up to half of these are gay or bisexual young people.

B) During the past half-century, cases of anorexia have increased sharply, fueled by cultural admiration of thinness.

Which high school is the most likely to help its students adjust to the school transition? A) North High, which emphasizes good grades over mastery B) East High, which provides homerooms that offer counseling C) West High, which randomly assigns students to all classes D) South High, which has large freshmen classrooms of 40 or more students

B) East High, which provides homerooms that offer counseling

Which statement about the sexual behavior of U.S. adolescents is true? A) Few American adolescents are sexually active before age 17. B) In general, U.S. boys' and girls' rates of sexual intercourse are similar. C) About 30 percent of sexually active teenagers report that they first had sex with a steady dating partner. D) Thirty-five percent of high schoolers report having sexual relations with four or more partners.

B) In general, U.S. boys' and girls' rates of sexual intercourse are similar.

Which girl is the most likely to experience puberty first? A) Melissa, who is a European-American competitive gymnast B) Jaeda, who is an overweight, middle-SES African American C) Salma, who lives in a poverty-stricken area of Afghanistan D) Cherish, who is an underweight, low-SES European American

B) Jaeda, who is an overweight, middle-SES African American

Which statement about parent‒child relationships in adolescence is true? A) Research shows that puberty is related to a decrease in intensity of parent‒child conflict. B) Psychological distancing is a modern substitute for leaving the family around the time of puberty. C) Adolescents' new powers of reasoning contribute to a decline in family tensions. D) Parent‒son conflict tends to be more intense than conflict with daughters.

B) Psychological distancing is a modern substitute for leaving the family around the time of puberty.

Which set of siblings is most likely to share a homosexual orientation? A) Carlos and Juanita, who are fraternal twins B) Reagan and Kennedy, who are identical twins C) Kendall and Randi, who are adopted siblings D) Quentin and Russell, who are biological, non-twin siblings

B) Reagan and Kennedy, who are identical twins

Which teen is the most likely to contract a sexually transmitted infection? A) Jim from Canada B) Ross from the United States C) Dagomar from Germany D) Milla from Finland

B) Ross from the United States

__________ high school girls exceed boys in math scores. A) Canadian and British B) Swedish and Icelandic C) French and German D) Chinese and Japanese

B) Swedish and Icelandic

Which statement about individuals with anorexia nervosa is true? A) Over 80 percent of young people with the disorder recover fully. B) They usually deny or minimize the seriousness of their disorder. C) In school, they tend to be low-achieving students who are irresponsible and poorly behaved. D) Later-maturing girls are at greatest risk for the disorder.

B) They usually deny or minimize the seriousness of their disorder.

Which statement about adolescent moodiness is true? A) Adolescents rate their moods more positively in adult-structured settings. B) Younger adolescents' mood swings are strongly related to situational changes. C) Teenagers' emotional highs coincide with weekend evenings spent at home. D) Teenagers' emotional lows coincide with self-chosen leisure activities.

B) Younger adolescents' mood swings are strongly related to situational changes.

The number of teenage births is considerably lower in the United States than it was 50 years ago because __________. A) most schools provide abstinence-only sex education courses B) about one-fourth of adolescent pregnancies end in abortion C) fewer teenagers are having sexual intercourse D) most U.S. adolescents use contraceptives

B) about one-fourth of adolescent pregnancies end in abortion

Western adolescents __________. A) often celebrate the onset of puberty with an initiation ceremony B) are granted partial adult status at many different ages C) are formally recognized when they move from adolescence to adulthood D) are formally recognized when they move from childhood to adolescence

B) are granted partial adult status at many different ages

Compared with adults, in decision making, adolescents __________. A) more often carefully evaluate alternatives B) are more likely to avoid potential losses C) less often fall back on well-learned intuitive judgments D) are more enticed by the possibility of immediate reward

B) are more likely to avoid potential losses

Sleep-deprived adolescents __________. A) can make up sleep they have missed later B) are more likely to suffer from anxiety and irritability C) are less likely to engage in high-risk behaviors D) display increases in executive function

B) are more likely to suffer from anxiety and irritability

Today, we know that __________. A) the overall rate of serious psychological disturbance rises greatly from childhood to adolescence B) biological, psychological, and social forces combine to influence adolescent development C) adolescence is an untroubled time of life, perhaps the pleasantest time a girl or boy will ever know D) the length of adolescence and its demands and pressures vary little among cultures

B) biological, psychological, and social forces combine to influence adolescent development

When researchers followed a large, representative sample of U.S. youths from ages 9 to 17, they found that __________. A) two-thirds of all students receive physical education in high school B) daily free-time physical activity declined with age, more so for girls than boys C) a majority of participants engaged in regular exercise outside of school hours D) half of all students experienced a daily physical education class in high school

B) daily free-time physical activity declined with age, more so for girls than boys

Early sexual activity is more common among young people from __________. A) mid- to high-SES homes B) economically disadvantaged homes C) only-child families D) dual-earner families

B) economically disadvantaged homes

Girls __________ are more likely to develop lesbian or bisexual orientations. A) who are later in birth order B) exposed prenatally to very high levels of androgens or estrogens C) who have a higher-than-average number of older brothers D) who are gender-deviant in dress or behavior

B) exposed prenatally to very high levels of androgens or estrogens

To work well, vocational education must __________. A) focus heavily on job-related tasks and instruction B) integrate academic and job-related instruction C) provide a pathway to college admission D) focus heavily on basic academic skills

B) integrate academic and job-related instruction

Adolescents presented with Piaget's famous pendulum problem __________. A) test for the effect of string length without holding weight constant B) isolate and test each variable, as well as testing the variables in combination C) typically fail to notice variables that are not immediately suggested by the concrete materials of the task D) eventually deduce that the weight of the object and the string length do not affect the speed of the pendulum swing

B) isolate and test each variable, as well as testing the variables in combination

Early-maturing European-American girls tend to report a __________. A) positive attitude about their physical appearance B) less positive body image than their on-time agemates C) more positive body image than their late-maturing agemates D) more positive body image than early-maturing boys

B) less positive body image than their on-time agemates

Compared with adult mothers, adolescent mothers __________. A) have lower expectations of their infants B) perceive their babies as more difficult C) less often engage in abusive parenting D) interact more effectively with their infants

B) perceive their babies as more difficult

Sexual attitudes in North America are __________. A) very restrictive B) relatively restrictive C) relatively open D) very open

B) relatively restrictive

Sophisticated metacognitive understanding is vital for __________. A) concrete operations B) scientific reasoning C) seriation and classification D) conservation of number

B) scientific reasoning

Which statement about school transitions is true? A) Grade point averages increase and feelings of anonymity decline after each school change. B) Multiple-problem youths often show a decline in truancy after a school transition. C) Adolescents facing added strains at school transitions are at greatest risk for academic difficulties. D) For well-adjusted youths, grade point averages tend to increase with the high school transition.

C) Adolescents facing added strains at school transitions are at greatest risk for academic difficulties.

Which college student is the most likely to show improvements in propositional thought? A) Cedric, who took a history course B) Dong, who took an art course C) Cali, who took a science course D) Lakenya, who took a writing course

C) Cali, who took a science course

Dr. Parsons sees the social environment as being entirely responsible for the range of teenage experiences, from erratic and agitated to calm and stress-free. His view of adolescence best aligns with that of which researcher? A) G. Stanley Hall B) Sigmund Freud C) Margaret Mead D) Charles Darwin

C) Margaret Mead

Both adults and peers view Randy as relaxed, independent, and physically attractive. Both groups view Maria as physically attractive, lively, and sociable. Which statement is likely to be true? A) Both Randy and Maria are early-maturing teens. B) Both Randy and Maria are late-maturing teens. C) Randy is an early-maturing boy, and Maria is a late-maturing girl. D) Randy is a late-maturing boy, and Maria is an early-maturing girl.

C) Randy is an early-maturing boy, and Maria is a late-maturing girl.

Which statement about contraceptive use in adolescence is true? A) Adolescents' use of contraceptives decreased throughout the 1990s and early 2000s. B) Adolescents who report good relationships with parents are less likely to use birth control. C) Self-regulation is difficult for teenagers, who often overlook the potential consequences of risky behaviors. D) Young people are most likely to use condoms in relatively new relationships in which they feel high trust or love.

C) Self-regulation is difficult for teenagers, who often overlook the potential consequences of risky behaviors.

Female puberty usually concludes with __________. A) the peak height spurt B) menarche C) the peak weight spurt D) the completion of breast growth

D) the completion of breast growth

Which parent-child relationship is the most common among anorexic teenagers? A) overprotective and controlling mothers and either controlling or uninvolved fathers B) permissive and indulgent mothers and highly competitive, controlling fathers C) permissive and indulgent mothers and uninvolved or absent fathers D) divorced parents where the mother is overwhelmed and the father is largely absent

A) overprotective and controlling mothers and either controlling or uninvolved fathers

Which teenage boy is the most likely to feel profoundly lonely? A) 15-year-old Maurice, who spends Saturday night at home B) 16-year-old Myron, who spends Thursday night playing football C) 17-year-old Christian, who spends Friday night at youth group D) 18-year-old Jerimiah, who spends Saturday night working

A) 15-year-old Maurice, who spends Saturday night at home

Which statement about sexual orientation is true? A) Attraction to members of the same sex is not limited to lesbian, gay, and bisexual teenagers. B) Most sexual minority adolescents and adults are "gender-deviant" in dress or behavior. C) About 75 percent of teens who report sexual experiences with same-sex partners identify as homosexual. D) The evidence to date indicates that genetic and prenatal biological influences do not contribute to homosexuality.

A) Attraction to members of the same sex is not limited to lesbian, gay, and bisexual teenagers.

Which statement is supported by follow-up research on formal operational thought? A) School-age children show the glimmerings of hypothetico-deductive reasoning, although they are less competent at it than adolescents. B) With respect to propositional thought in an entirely verbal mode, school-age children can reason from premises that contradict reality. C) Adolescents find it more difficult than school-age children to grasp the logical necessity of propositional reasoning. D) School-age children can easily explain why a pattern of observations supports a hypothesis, when they recognize the connection between the two.

A) School-age children show the glimmerings of hypothetico-deductive reasoning, although they are less competent at it than adolescents.

Research indicates that __________ might predispose males to develop same-sex attraction. A) a gene or group of genes on the X chromosome B) a gene or group of genes on the 22nd chromosome pair C) prenatal exposure to very high levels of testosterone D) prenatal exposure to very high levels of androgens

A) a gene or group of genes on the X chromosome

Virtually all __________ know about __________ ahead of time, but many say that no one spoke to them before or during puberty about physical changes. A) boys; ejaculation B) girls; breast buds C) boys; the timing of puberty D) girls; the timing of puberty

A) boys; ejaculation

According to Piaget, 12-year-old Bula __________. A) can "operate on operations" B) does not yet have the capacity for abstract thinking C) probably starts with reality when problem solving D) cannot separate the effects of variables

A) can "operate on operations"

Ceremonies such as the Jewish bar or bat mitzvah and the quinceañera in Hispanic communities resemble the initiation ceremonies of many tribal and village societies, but they __________. A) do not mark a significant change in social status in the larger society B) are merely rituals and do not mark an important change in privilege and responsibility C) do not let young people know that reaching puberty is a significant milestone D) do not mean anything to children growing up within ethnic or religious subcultures of Western societies

A) do not mark a significant change in social status in the larger society

According to the most recent nationally representative survey of U.S. high school students, 47 percent of tenth graders have tried __________. A) drinking B) smoking C) marijuana D) amphetamines

A) drinking

Mr. Vogt is frustrated with his daughter's exaggerated sense of her personal uniqueness. One way he could deal with this is to __________. A) encourage a more balanced perspective by pointing out that he had similar feelings as a teenager B) give her a "reality check" in which he points out many other people with similar characteristics C) play along with her inflated sense of self, as it will eventually diminish on its own D) refuse to acknowledge his daughter's unique characteristics

A) encourage a more balanced perspective by pointing out that he had similar feelings as a teenager

Individuals with bulimia nervosa usually __________. A) feel depressed and guilty about their abnormal eating habits B) lose between 25 and 50 percent of their body weight C) deny or minimize the seriousness of the disorder D) have overprotective and controlling parents

A) feel depressed and guilty about their abnormal eating habits

Since 1972, high school __________. A) girls' sports participation has increased B) boys' sports participation has fallen short of girls' C) girls get more encouragement in sports than boys D) girls get more recognition for athletic achievement than boys

A) girls' sports participation has increased

The ability to distinguish theory from evidence and use logical rules to examine their relationship __________. A) improves steadily from childhood into adolescence B) slowly declines as adolescents move into adulthood C) drops off suddenly from childhood into adolescence D) develops in early childhood

A) improves steadily from childhood into adolescence

Most potential high school dropouts need __________. A) intensive remedial instruction in small classes B) less exposure to vocational education classes C) to curb their extracurricular involvement D) larger, more diverse classroom environments

A) intensive remedial instruction in small classes

Charlotte lives in the United States. At 15 years of age, she most likely __________. A) is in middle adolescence B) is experiencing a period of rapid pubertal change C) anticipates full assumption of her adult role D) has achieved her full adult appearance

A) is in middle adolescence

Research suggests that __________ cause(s) girls to do worse than their abilities allow on difficult math problems. A) stereotype threat B) poor problem-solving skills C) a biological disadvantage D) mediocre math instruction

A) stereotype threat

Adolescent drug experimentation __________. A) is a normal part of adolescence and, therefore, is not a cause for concern B) should not be taken lightly because a single heavy dose can lead to permanent injury or death C) is less concerning than adolescent drinking because most drugs do not impair perception or thought processes D) is concerning because most teenagers who try alcohol, tobacco, or marijuana are headed for a life of addiction

B) should not be taken lightly because a single heavy dose can lead to permanent injury or death

In the United States and a few European countries, __________ are responsible for a modest, continuing trend toward earlier menarche. A) increased rates of infectious disease B) soaring rates of overweight and obesity C) eating disorders, such as anorexia and bulimia, D) lack of standardized health care and high poverty rates

B) soaring rates of overweight and obesity

The decline in the overall U.S. high school dropout rate since the mid-2000s is largely due to __________. A) the impact of legislation, such as No Child Left Behind B) substantial gains in Hispanic teenagers' graduation rates C) substantial gains in Native-American teenagers' graduation rates D) the availability of high-quality vocational learning opportunities

B) substantial gains in Hispanic teenagers' graduation rates

In making decisions, teenagers __________. A) are more likely than adults to avoid potential losses B) take far greater risks than adults in their twenties C) are more effective than adults under unemotional conditions D) are more effective than adults when they must inhibit emotion

B) take far greater risks than adults in their twenties

School and community programs that reduce drug experimentation __________. A) are aimed at students and teachers, not parents and families B) teach skills for resisting peer pressure C) increase the social acceptability of drug taking D) have surprisingly low relapse rates

B) teach skills for resisting peer pressure

Fourteen-year-old Phil experiences muscle growth and notices the growth of body and facial hair. Which hormone is responsible for this change? A) estrogen B) testosterone C) adrenal androgens D) thyroxine

B) testosterone

Fourteen-year-old Myles is certain he will be a professional baseball player. When his mother makes him stay home from practice because he has strep throat, Myles says, "You are ruining my life! You have no idea how hard it is to miss out on something you love to do!" Myles is experiencing a cognitive distortion known as __________. A) the imaginary audience B) the personal fable C) metacognition D) idealism

B) the personal fable

Binge-eating disorder __________. A) is accompanied by purging, exercise, or fasting B) typically leads to overweight and obesity C) usually leads to restrictive dieting D) leads to delayed menarche or disrupted menstrual cycles

B) typically leads to overweight and obesity

Which statement about sex differences in adolescence is true? A) Girls' legs are longer than boys' in relation to the rest of the body. B) Boys start to add fat on their arms, legs, and trunk. C) The number of red blood cells increases in boys but not in girls. D) By midadolescence, most girls perform better than the average boy in running speed.

C) The number of red blood cells increases in boys but not in girls.

Disturbed eating is highest in __________. A) Asia B) the Middle East C) Western nations D) Africa

C) Western nations

In most tribal and village societies, __________. A) adolescence is divided into three phases: early, middle, and late adolescence B) young people face postponement of sexual gratification while they prepare for a productive work life C) adolescence is only a brief intervening phase between childhood and full assumption of adult roles D) adolescence is extended because young people face prolonged dependence on parents

C) adolescence is only a brief intervening phase between childhood and full assumption of adult roles

Studies show that most adolescents __________. A) are unaware of basic facts about HIV and AIDS B) are better informed about other STIs than about HIV and AIDS C) are poorly informed about how to protect themselves against STIs D) overestimate their own susceptibility to STIs

C) are poorly informed about how to protect themselves against STIs

Compared to students placed in a college preparatory track, students placed in general education and vocational tracks __________. A) are twice as likely to graduate high school B) tend to have more stimulating teachers C) are three times as likely to drop out of high school D) tend to have higher academic self-esteem

C) are three times as likely to drop out of high school

For boys, voice change usually takes place __________. A) 12 to 18 months after puberty ends B) before spermarche C) at the peak of the growth spurt D) before any other signs of puberty

C) at the peak of the growth spurt

The dropout rate in the United States is higher among __________ than __________ and is particularly high among low-SES __________. A) girls; boys; European-Americans B) boys; girls; Asian-Americans C) boys; girls; ethnic minority youths D) girls; boys; ethnic minority youths

C) boys; girls; ethnic minority youths

In industrialized nations, age of menarche __________ per decade from 1900 to 1970. A) increased by about 1 to 2 months B) increased by about 3 to 4 months C) declined by about 3 to 4 months D) declined by about 5 to 6 months

C) declined by about 3 to 4 months

Scientific reasoning __________. A) skills are developed in a nonsequential fashion B) results from an abrupt, stagewise change C) develops gradually out of many specific experiences D) is not influenced by years of schooling

C) develops gradually out of many specific experiences

Jason, a late-maturing boy, is likely to __________. A) be viewed by both adults and peers as self-confident B) report more psychological stress than early-maturing boys C) experience transient emotional difficulties D) be involved in more problem behaviors than early-maturing boys

C) experience transient emotional difficulties

With respect to propositional thought in an entirely verbal mode, young children have great difficulty reasoning from premises that contradict reality or their own beliefs because they __________. A) automatically inhibit activation of well-learned, real-world knowledge B) believe that the accuracy of conclusions rests on the rules of logic C) fail to grasp the logical necessity of propositional reasoning D) show no ability to engage in hypothetico-deductive reasoning

C) fail to grasp the logical necessity of propositional reasoning

Rose suffers from anorexia nervosa. You can tell her parents that the most successful treatment for Rose is probably __________. A) individual therapy and nutrition education B) appetite-control medication and hypnosis C) family therapy and medication to reduce anxiety D) attendance at a support group and nutrition education

C) family therapy and medication to reduce anxiety

If she is like 21 percent of U.S. students, by the end of high school Krystal will __________. A) smoke cigarettes regularly B) have engaged in heavy drinking during the past month C) have tried at least one highly addictive and toxic substance D) moved from substance use to abuse

C) have tried at least one highly addictive and toxic substance

In adolescence, __________. A) attention becomes less selective B) strategies become less effective C) inhibition improves D) metacognition narrows

C) inhibition improves

One of the most common nutritional problems of adolescence is __________ deficiency. A) calcium B) folic acid C) iron D) zinc

C) iron

Far greater intergenerational continuity in adolescent parenting occurs when teenage __________. A) fathers are involved in child rearing B) mothers marry their child's father C) mothers remain unmarried D) fathers have sons

C) mothers remain unmarried

Sixteen-year-old Manuel is going to bed later and later because of increased neural sensitivity to evening light. Manuel's parents should know that he needs about __________ hours of sleep per night. A) five B) seven C) nine D) eleven

C) nine

Adolescents who reach the formal operational stage of cognitive development __________. A) are not capable of hypothetico-deductive reasoning B) can only "operate on reality" C) no longer require concrete things or events as objects of thought D) cannot yet come up with general logical rules through internal reflection

C) no longer require concrete things or events as objects of thought

Early-maturing adolescents of both sexes __________. A) often seek out younger peers B) improve in academic performance C) often seek out older companions D) report feeling little emotional stress

C) often seek out older companions

Occasional drug experimenters are __________. A) seriously troubled young people who commit antisocial acts B) usually impulsive, disruptive, and hostile in early childhood C) usually psychologically healthy, sociable, curious young people D) genetically predisposed to elevated sensation seeking

C) usually psychologically healthy, sociable, curious young people

Which statement about the spread of STIs, including HIV, is true? A) It is nearly impossible to transmit any STI, including HIV, through oral sex. B) It is at least twice as easy for a female to infect a male, as for a male to infect a female. C) It is just as easy for a female to infect a male, as for a male to infect a female. D) It is at least twice as easy for a male to infect a female, as for a female to infect a male.

D) It is at least twice as easy for a male to infect a female, as for a female to infect a male.

Which statement about the onset of puberty is true? A) Like 50 to 60 years ago, today most girls in developed countries are uninformed about puberty. B) Girls usually get information about puberty from reading material or websites, while boys get it from mothers. C) Whereas almost all boys tell a friend about spermarche, far fewer girls tell friends that they are menstruating. D) Overall, boys get much less social support than girls for the changes of puberty.

D) Overall, boys get much less social support than girls for the changes of puberty.

Which statement about adolescent mothers is true? A) They are unlikely to experience pregnancy complications. B) They have unrealistically low expectations of their infants. C) They are less likely to divorce if they do marry. D) Very few give up their infants for adoption.

D) Very few give up their infants for adoption.

Which child is the most likely to evaluate the logic of statements only by considering them against concrete evidence in the real world? A) Chandra, age 15 B) Tyrell, age 13 C) Daniela, age 11 D) Wiley, age 9

D) Wiley, age 9

Brian is a star high school athlete who has recently exhibited severe mood swings and aggressiveness. An initial health screening indicates that Brian has acne, excess body hair, and high blood pressure. Brian's symptoms are consistent with __________. A) delayed puberty B) sexual maturation C) physical self-efficacy D) anabolic steroid use

D) anabolic steroid use

Girls and (less consistently) boys with a history of family conflict tend to reach puberty __________, whereas those with warm, stable family ties tend to reach puberty __________. A) relatively late; early B) on target; late C) around the same age as their mothers; earlier than their mothers D) early; relatively late

D) early; relatively late

Fifteen-year-old Mary, who has become critical of her parents and siblings, envisions a world with no injustice or discrimination. This is typical of the __________ that manifests from adolescents' capacity to think about possibilities. A) personal fable B) imaginary audience C) idealism D) egocentrism

D) egocentrism

Young people from ages 15 to 24 __________. A) are at a very low risk for sexually transmitted infections B) have the lowest rates of sexually transmitted infections of all age groups C) are unlikely to contract a sexually transmitted infection if they are heterosexual D) have the highest rates of sexually transmitted infections of all age groups

D) have the highest rates of sexually transmitted infections of all age groups

Contemporary research suggests that the storm-and-stress notion of adolescence __________. A) neglects biological influence B) is greatly understated C) holds true in the Western world D) is exaggerated

D) is exaggerated

When faced with a propositional reasoning problem, 17-year-old Iris is likely to __________. A) justify her answer using a fictional or egocentric response B) need concrete objects or situations to explain her answer C) have great difficulty reasoning from premises that contradict reality or her own beliefs D) justify her reasoning by explaining the logical rules on which it is based

D) justify her reasoning by explaining the logical rules on which it is based

Differences in __________ skills are believed to be major contributors to a widening gender gap in college enrollments. A) math B) science C) computer D) literacy

D) literacy

Sex education __________. A) that provides specific information about contraceptives encourages early sex B) need only last a few sessions to reduce teenage pregnancy rates C) that catalogs facts about anatomy and reproduction delays the initiation of sexual activity D) must help teenagers build a bridge between what they know and what they do

D) must help teenagers build a bridge between what they know and what they do

Ms. Diehl notices that her son has difficulty making everyday decisions and is sensitive to public criticism. She can help her son by __________. A) making decisions for him when necessary to avoid poor choices B) refraining from making any decisions of her own C) speaking to him honestly both alone and in front of others D) offering information about the likelihood of various outcomes

D) offering information about the likelihood of various outcomes

Leigh is a depressed teenager who shows a persisting pattern of poor self-esteem, motivation, and academic achievement. For students like Leigh, the transition to high school __________. A) often means more personal attention and less whole-class instruction B) tends to give them more chances to participate in classroom decision making C) usually means an increase in grade point average D) often marks a rise in out-of-school problem behaviors

D) often marks a rise in out-of-school problem behaviors

In Canada and Western Europe, where community- and school-based clinics offer adolescents contraceptives and where universal health insurance helps pay for them, __________ than in the United States. A) teenage sexual activity is much higher B) teenage sexual activity is much lower C) pregnancy, childbirth, and abortion rates are much higher D) pregnancy, childbirth, and abortion rates are much lower

D) pregnancy, childbirth, and abortion rates are much lower

In a study of sixth through tenth graders, __________ predicted self-esteem and overall positive adjustment. A) a sensation-seeking personality B) sense of personal uniqueness C) egocentric thought D) sense of omnipotence

D) sense of omnipotence

Kia, age 14, uses hypothetico-deductive reasoning. Therefore, when faced with a problem, Kia probably __________. A) will fail to notice variables that are not obvious B) starts with the most obvious predictions about a situation C) cannot yet think of alternatives when her predictions about an outcome are not confirmed D) starts with a hypothesis from which she deduces logical, testable inferences

D) starts with a hypothesis from which she deduces logical, testable inferences

The first outward sign of puberty is __________. A) steady improvement in gross-motor performance B) extreme moodiness, particularly toward adults C) changes in physical features related to sexual functioning D) the rapid gain in height and weight known as the growth spurt

D) the rapid gain in height and weight known as the growth spurt

In an Israeli study of seventh to ninth graders, after controlling for participants' age, researchers found that __________ fully accounted for early adolescent gains in propositional thought. A) pubertal timing B) real-world knowledge C) their own beliefs D) years of schooling

D) years of schooling