Chapter 11: Families and Intimate Relationships

According to the textbook, identify the factors that contributed to the transition from traditional family forms to nuclear family arrangements in many societies.

Contributing Factor(s) -migration from rural to urban areas -the development of centralized governments -employment in institutions, rather than on the land Not Contributing Factor(s) -widespread interest in retaining religious traditions -the spread of ideas about the utility of marriage

Most children experience short-term negative emotions in response to their parents' divorce, but most recover over time and develop normally.

True

Identify whether or not each trait is true of both the Kazakh family in Mongolia and the family from an industrial society.

True of Both Families -a group of individuals related to one another by kinship bonds -a group in which the adult members are responsible for children Not True of Both Families -an extended family -a nuclear family

Place the countries in order from the one that mandates the least to most paid maternity leave.

United States Mexico Italy Norway

A group of friends get together and talk about their reasons for being child-free. Nivaan says she just never got married, so babies just didn't happen for her. Kevya simply prefers the freedom that comes with a child-free life. Winona worries about bringing a child into an unsafe world. Macha might want a child in the future, but for now, she is focused on stabilizing her emotional and financial resources.

kevya Winona Macha

Whites

lowest rates of intermarriage among all racial/ethnic groups

Asian Americans

lowest rates of nonmarital fertility

Mexican families often face unique challenges due to _________, where fathers will move to the United States first and send ________back to their families, until eventually they can bring their families to the United States. After family members arrive, they face the risk of _________, or forcible removal from the country.

migration remittances deportation

A woman is married to a woman.

monogamy

two adults living in a household with their own or adopted children

nuclear family

Brazil

seventeen weeks

A sociologist conducts a study of multiracial families, modeled on E. Franklin Frazier's 1939 book The Negro Family in the United States. Identify the research questions that follow Frazier's approach.

Correct Answer(s) -How have multiracial families been shaped by racism, politics, and economic changes in American history? -How have multiracial families responded to structural challenges with resilience? Incorrect Answer(s) -In multiracial families, how are instrumental and affective roles typically distributed? -How has sexism, patriarchy, and sexual violence impacted multiracial families?

The decline in median age at first marriage in the United States shows a strong preference for single (or partner-free) adult life over partnered adult life.

False

In Western societies, marriage is typically associated with _____, in which only two romantic partners are joined in marriage at one time. In other parts of the world, however, _________, where one partner can have multiple spouses, is sometimes the norm.

monogamy polygamy

Place the following types of child abuse in order from most to least common, according to studies conducted in the United States.

neglect physical abuse sexual abuse

A woman has two husbands.

polyandry

A man has three wives.

polygyny

Announcing the marriage of Kia and Marc! This union will preserve the land and inheritance of two important extended families. They will carry on the religion of their parents and grandparents. We expect a long, happy life together for Kia and Marc because they are physically compatible and see each other as soul mates.

preserve the land and inheritance carry on the religion

Betty Friedan's major focus was domestic violence in the home, and its impact on women.

true

United States

zero weeks

Following a divorce, all members of the family experience an equally significant financial toll.

False

Sociological research has found that adults who live alone are less happy and fulfilled than those who live in family units.

False

Identify the scenarios that fit with sociological research findings.

Fits with Sociological Research -A young woman dates another woman, which seems normal at their diverse, accepting college. -A college student "hooks up" with a friend, and it turns into a serious relationship. Does Not Fit with Sociological Research -An Asian student dates a Black student, but 95 percent of their school population is made up of White students. -A young man isn't very committed to his religion but feels strong pressure to marry someone of the same religion of his parents.

Identify whether Native Americans have either higher or lower of the following rates compared to other racial/ethnic groups.

Higher Rates -teen births -births outside of marriage -intermarriage by race Lower Rates -overall births

Families are distinguished by unequal power relationships, such that some family members benefit more than others.

How are social problems—such as rape and sexual violence—present in households?

Social institutions like families perform specific functions to ensure continuity and stability.

How did the coronavirus pandemic upset family stability by disrupting the daily routines of parents and children?

Family relationships are contextual, subjective, and continually renegotiated.

How do stay-at-home fathers assert their masculinity at home and in their communities?

Identify the main themes feminists have focused on in their study of family life.

Main Theme(s) -domestic division of labor -care activities -unequal power relationships Not Main Theme(s) -sexual relationships -children's gender socialization

Identify whether or not the following are examples of marital homogamy.

Marital Homogamy -A young man from a working-class background marrying a young woman from a working-class background. -A Harvard graduate marrying another Harvard graduate. Not Marital Homogamy -A Black woman marrying a White man. -Two couples living together in one house as one family.

How does the "marriageable men hypothesis" explain rates of marriage among African Americans?

Marriage rates among Blacks are relatively low, even after a nonmarital birth, because Black men are less likely to earn a living wage.

Lea is a single woman, cohabitating with her partner. Lea has become pregnant. Identify each prediction as more likely, or less likely, in light of sociological research.

More Likely -Lea does not feel very much social pressure to marry her partner. -Lea's mother also had a baby while cohabiting, in the early 1980s. -Lea is a White woman. Less Likely -Lea gets married before the birth of the baby.

cultural

Moynihan described Black families as "disorganized," in which parents pass on poverty generationally through dysfunctional behaviors. Hispanics are often described as adhering to strong "familism" norms, which suggest close ties to and obligations toward family members.

Which ethnic group has higher rates of intermarriage than any other racial or ethnic group?

Native American

U.S. law and social policy toward same-sex marriage has changed markedly over the past two decades. Place the following landmark moments in chronological order.

Passage of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) Windsor v. United States of America Supreme Court decision Supreme Court ruling invalidating state same-sex marriage bans

According to the functionalist perspective, identify the examples of personality stabilization.

Personality Stabilization Two adult brothers keep in touch with weekly phone calls from across the country. A husband comforts his wife after she loses her job. Not Personality Stabilization A mother reminds her child to say "thank you" after receiving a present. A married partner is restrained from cheating on her spouse because of marriage vows.

structural

Poor families have closer relationships to extended family because they tend to live close by and must rely on these kin for occasional financial or practical help. An emerging family form among Black middle-class young adults is the single-person household, due to the lack of employment opportunities for Black men.

Mexican American families have ________ birthrates and often live in _________ households. Economically, Mexican American families tend to be more financially secure than ___________ families but less so than ___________ families.

high multigenerational Puerto Rican Cuban American

Blacks

highest rate of births to unmarried women

Native Americans

highest rates of intermarriage among all racial/ethnic groups

Among the following examples, who would not be considered kin?

an engaged couple who live together

The practice of unmarried couples living together without getting married, known as ______, has ______ in recent decades; presently, roughly _________ of young couples participate in this practice.

cohabitation increased 50 percent

A researcher examines the differences in same-sex couples' adoption practices in the United States vs. Europe.

comparative research

a household comprised of close adult relatives, some of whom are not related by marriage

extended family

A researcher distributes paper questionnaires to same-sex families asking them about their household and children.

survey

What was the major legal change that occurred in the 1960s to make divorce more widely available?

the implementation of the "no-fault divorce"

Place the following statements in order from lowest to highest percentage in the United States.

the percentage of households made up of a married couple and children, at present the percentage of households in which women outearn their husbands the percentage of households that consist of only one person the percentage of households made up of a married couple and children, in 1950

Which of the following terms refers to the family's role in raising a child, according to the functionalist perspective?

primary socialization

Place the following groups in order from lowest to highest percentage of support for legalization of gay marriage.

those who are Republicans those born before 1945 those who are Democrats those born after 1990

For most young adults today, cohabitation does not end in marriage.

true

Today only a small percentage of couples marry quickly due to pregnancy (i.e., a "shotgun wedding").

true

Poland

twenty-six weeks

Italy

twenty-two weeks

More Americans are living in multigenerational households today than ever before. In 2016, a record 64 million Americans, or _______ of the total population, lived in a family household that contained at least two adult generations or a grandparent and at least one other generation. Young _________, in particular, are moving back into their parents' homes in unprecedented numbers as they face bleak job prospects. In 2016, __________ of adults between the ages of twenty-four and twenty-nine lived in multigenerational households. Finally, the number of grandparents living with and raising their grandchildren has increased steadily since the 1990s. These households are often referred to as ________ households because the "middle" generation (parents) is not present.

20 percent college graduates 33 percent skip-generation

Identify the accurate statements about the sociological claim that just 7 percent of White but 34 percent of Black women have yet to be married by age 40.

Correct Answer(s) -Marriage opportunities for heterosexual women are constrained if there are not enough men employed in the formal labor market. -William Julius Wilson argues there are too few marriageable Black men due to incarceration, unemployment, and underemployment. Incorrect Answer(s) -This pattern is equally true of Blacks of all social classes.

What does Eric Klinenberg conclude from his research on people who live alone?

Living alone can be a positive experience for the young and old.

A researcher sends two sets of parents out to interact with others in a coffee shop and find out how people respond to one of two conditions: (1) a gay couple with a crying male baby, and (2) a heterosexual couple with a crying male baby.

experiment

What do sociological studies show about the children of same-sex parents?

The children of same-sex parents fare the same emotionally and academically as children of heterosexual parents.

What is the main reason why children raised by one parent do not do as well as children raised by two parents, on average?

The drop in economic well-being following a divorce appears to explain the majority of the "effect" of divorce on child outcomes.

What is the most common reason couples give for cohabiting in recent years?

They want to spend time together.

Chinese American and Japanese American women have slightly higher rates of birth compared to White American women.

false

the family in which one is brought up

families of orientation

the family in which one enters as an adult and may have one's own children

families of procreation

Montenegro

fifty-two weeks

A researcher conducts a series of interviews with same-sex and heterosexual families to understand choices surrounding insemination, surrogates, and adoption.

ethnography

China

fourteen weeks

Evor is experiencing many social changes, some of which have profound impact on family patterns. In Evor, individuals expect to freely choose their spouse. Accordingly, clans and other kin groups are declining in influence. Evor has a long history of patriarchy which remains unchanged, as men retain power and women often experience repression and abuse.

freely choose their spouse declining in influence

Place the following statements in order from lowest to highest percentage of occurrence.

the percentage of men who have experienced severe violence by an intimate partner during their lifetime the percentage of women who have experienced severe violence by an intimate partner during their lifetime the percentage of child deaths from abuse or neglect that are not recorded the percentage of child abuse or neglect victims who were harmed by their parents

Norway

thirty-five weeks