Chapter 11 Inquizitive: The South and Slavery

Which statements accurately describe the enslaved population distribution in 1820 and 1860? *In 1820, most of the enslaved population lived in large cities. *In 1820, the enslaved population was clustered in areas that grew tobacco and rice. *Between 1820 and 1860, the enslaved population expanded only marginally. *By 1860, slavery had spread west and south.

*By 1860, slavery had spread west and south. *In 1820, the enslaved population was clustered in areas that grew tobacco and rice.

What can be suggested about the impact of population growth on the South over time?

*Cotton production in the larger South increased overall between 1821 and 1859. *The Old Southwest saw both population growth and an increase in cotton production. *The oldest southern states experienced the slowest population growth rate.

Match each rebellion's description to its name and leader. *Denmark Vesey conspiracy *Charles Deslondes revolt *Gabriel Prosser conspiracy *Nat Turner's Rebellion *In 1800, this failed rebellion attempted to arm enslaved people and capture Richmond, Virginia. The rebellion leaders had falsely assumed the "poor White people" would join their effort. *In 1811, a Black overseer and his fellow enslaved workers broke into their owner's plantation house and hacked his son to death before spreading violence en route to New Orleans. This was the largest enslaved revolt in American history. *This rebellion took place in Virginia in 1831, led by a trusted Black overseer who claimed God had told him to lead a revolt. He and a small group of enslaved workers killed their owner's family and continued to do so at other farmhouses, where he recruited other enslaved people to participate. *This plot was hatched in 1822 in South Carolina, led by a Caribbean native who planned to kill all the Whites in the city of Charleston and Blacks who refused to participate in the revolt. The plot never got off the ground.

*Denmark Vesey conspiracy: This plot was hatched in 1822 in South Carolina, led by a Caribbean native who planned to kill all the Whites in the city of Charleston and Blacks who refused to participate in the revolt. The plot never got off the ground. *Charles Deslondes revolt: In 1811, a Black overseer and his fellow enslaved workers broke into their owner's plantation house and hacked his son to death before spreading violence en route to New Orleans. This was the largest enslaved revolt in American history. *Gabriel Prosser conspiracy: In 1800, this failed rebellion attempted to arm enslaved people and capture Richmond, Virginia. The rebellion leaders had falsely assumed the "poor White people" would join their effort. *Nat Turner's Rebellion: This rebellion took place in Virginia in 1831, led by a trusted Black overseer who claimed God had told him to lead a revolt. He and a small group of enslaved workers killed their owner's family and continued to do so at other farmhouses, where he recruited other enslaved people to participate.

Identify some of the different experiences shared by enslaved Blacks living in southern cities than on farms and plantations.

*Enslaved Blacks in cities interacted with the extended interracial community, not solely their White owners. *Enslaved Blacks in cities had better food and clothes. *Enslaved Blacks in cities were sometimes "hired out" and allowed to keep a percentage of their wages.

Why was the proportion of native-born Americans, both Blacks and Whites, higher in the Old South than other regions of the United States?

*Of the immigrants entering America after the Revolution, the South received a smaller percentage because most shipping lanes connected Europe and the Northeast. *After arriving in the United States, most immigrants did not have enough money to travel to the South. *Most immigrants were poor and could not compete with enslaved labor to fulfill the demands of southern planters.

What myths did White southerners wish to convey about the South?

*Plantations contributed to a peaceful, idyllic lifestyle in the South. *Enslaved African Americans lived cheerful and harmonious lives.

Why did many African Americans embrace Christianity?

*The Christian message of helping the poor and oppressed was inspiring. *Christianity assured salvation and a "promised land" after a life of suffering. *

How did Jefferson's decision to ban American involvement in the African slave trade impact the institution of slavery in the United States?

*The average cost of purchasing an enslaved worker multiplied. *Selling enslaved workers for profit within the United States developed into big business.

How does the portrayal of a southern plantation support the racist myths of the Old South?

*The community of enslaved people in the drawing illustrates the belief that Black people were content with enslavement. *The music and dancing illustrate the cultural enrichment White slaveholders bestowed upon enslaved Blacks. *The picturesque, open-air landscape in the drawing illustrates the healthy conditions of life on plantations.

Identify the various activities that were forbidden through formal slave codes in each state.

*The enslaved could not learn to read and write. *The enslaved could not legally marry. *The enslaved could not hit a White man, even in self-defense.

Identify the various ways that enslaved workers resisted slaveholders, aside from attempting to escape the confines of farms or plantations.

*They faked illnesses. *They stole or broke farming tools. *They destroyed crops. *They planned and led rebellions.

What characteristics made the South different from the rest of the United States during the early nineteenth century?

*an extensive system of race-based slavery *a warm, humid climate ideal for growing cotton *an agricultural economy with little industry

Match each description of a given social class with the group of people who occupied it. *poor Whites *planters *plain white folk *Half of southern Whites were included in this social class. They were typically small farmers who owned a few enslaved workers. *This class of White southerners lived on the fringes of society. *This group included members of the most elite social class in southern society.

*poor Whites: This class of White southerners lived on the fringes of society. Half of southern Whites were included in this social class. They were typically small farmers who owned a few enslaved workers. *planters: This group included members of the most elite social class in southern society. *plain white folk: Half of southern Whites were included in this social class. They were typically small farmers who owned a few enslaved workers.

Match each cash crop with the description of its cultivation process. *rice *tobacco *sugar *Cultivation of this crop moved westward to Kentucky and as far as Missouri after fields in states like Virginia lost their fertility. *This crop required expensive machinery to grind the crop so that it would release syrup. *This expensive crop needed to be cultivated in coastal areas because of the amount of water required to flood the fields.

*rice: This expensive crop needed to be cultivated in coastal areas because of the amount of water required to flood the fields. *tobacco: Cultivation of this crop moved westward to Kentucky and as far as Missouri after fields in states like Virginia lost their fertility. *sugar: This crop required expensive machinery to grind the crop so that it would release syrup.

Before the Civil war, almost one million enslaved African Americans were "sold South" or traded "down river" from Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas to the Old Southwest region: Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas. What consequences were commonly faced by enslaved people in this position?

*separation from family and friends *harsher working conditions *difficult travel

What were the environmental consequences of the South's dependency on cotton?

*soil exhaustion *shrinking wilderness

Identify any cash crops that were commonly grown in the American South.

*tobacco *rice *indigo *sugarcane

Identify the statement that accurately describes the shift in the southern economy during the late early and mid-nineteenth century.

Europeans, primarily the British, had high demand for raw southern cotton, which resulted in a shift from rice to cotton as the most profitable cash crop in the South.

True or false: Enslaved workers were offered the sole luxury of being able to practice their religion openly together as a community.

False

True or false: Southern women were held to the same standard of Christian purity as their husbands because of the strict code of honor.

False

True or false: The rise in the enslaved population was a direct result of an increase in American participation in the African slave trade.

False

What role did the plantation elites play in southern society, and what level of influence did they exercise?

Southern elites exercised a profound and disproportionate amount of political, social, and economic influence in southern society.

True or false: During the nineteenth century, the quickest way to wealth and social status in the South was by owning, working, and selling enslaved people.

True

Seeing themselves as the natural, social, political, and economic leaders in the South, White plantations owners sought to behave like ___________ in European nations. Because this culture of the southern planter elite so heavily revolved around defending one's respectability and "honor", _________ were much more common in the South.

aristocrats; duels

Most of the enslaved population across the South were _______. They were divided into work gangs and supervised by either _______ or White overseers. Enslaved people on plantations were usually housed in wooden shacks with dirt floors. Most of them received clothes twice a year with shoes generally distributed only in winter. ________ tended to be better fed and clothed overall, and they interacted more with an extended interracial community and often were allowed to keep a portion of their wages.

field hands; Black drivers; Urban enslaved workers

Just like that of White families, the norm for the enslaved community was the ________ family, with the father regarded as the head of the household. Enslaved marriages had no _______, but many slave owners permitted unofficial marriages as a stabilizing influence on the plantation.

nuclear; legal status

What were the slave codes?

regulations governing the treatment of enslaved people in each state to deter runaways and other rebellions

Free people of color living in the South during slavery held an ambiguous social status. Though not enslaved, many free Blacks were prohibited from _______. In some states, free Blacks relied upon ________ to vouch for their identities and freedom status.

traveling beyond state lines; White guardians

An enslaved person explained that they "had to work all day in de fields an' den come home an' do the housework at night." This quotation best describes the condition of which group of enslaved African Americans?

women