Chapter 11: Lighting and Sounds

__________ are small wireless receivers that allow certain audience members to hear the dialogue spoken by performers, sound effects, and songs and music.

Assistive Listening Devices

This Thomas Edison invention allowed for a new era of imaginative stage lighting for the theatre.

Incandescent lamp

The four controllable qualities of light used by a lighting designer are:

Intensity, color, distribution, movement

Which types of theatrical productions have incorporated the visual aesthetic of rock concerts for their performances?

Large-scale musicals

This lighting design collaborator is responsible for the preparation, hanging, and focusing of the lights and all accessories.

Master electrician

What are the ways in which the gun shot sound effect could be created in the theatre?

Recorded sound Blank cartridges in a gun. Hinged pieces of wood slammed together.

_____ _____ have always been an important and necessary element of the sound design of a theatre production whether created live through the use of mechanical devices developed to make sounds or recorded.

Sound effects

This classification of sound design amplifies sounds made by a performer or musical instrument.

Sound reinforcement

This special effect is a very dark blue light that causes costumes and scenery painted with phosphorus to glow.

Ultraviolet light

The successful lighting designer possesses

a broad, creative visual imagination. a background in the technical and mechanical aspects of lighting. an ability to translate words and actions and feelings into color, direction, and intensity.

Sound amplification in theatre is sometimes thought to be controversial because

its detractors believe it is often overdone with the sound being too loud, mechanical or artificial.

Often found climbing on catwalks and ladders in remote areas of the theater, the _____ _____ is responsible for the preparation, hanging, and focusing of the lights.

master electrician

Which type of microphone is attached to the performer's body or clothing?

Body mike

intensity color distribution movement

Brightness can be controlled by dimmers making the lights brighter or darker. Placing a material or "gel" in slots in front of the lighting instrument. The position and type of lighting instrument as well as angle at which the light strikes the performer. Shifting the audience's focus as it is carried from place to place such as when lights go down in one area and comes up in another area.

Numerous lighting changes, from 75 to 150 to many more, created ahead of time that range from blackouts to fades to cross-fades.

Cues

A row of lights located on the stage floor which could tend to cast unflattering shadows on the actor's faces are an example of this property of stage lighting.

Distribution

is the position and type of lighting instrument being used and the angle at which the light strikes the performers on stage.

Distribution

This light instrument is the most widely used conventional fixture.

Ellipsoidal reflector spotlight

True or false: The sound designer is only responsible for sound effects and amplification in a production

False

When the beams of light are aimed at particular area on the stage this is an example of

Focus as it relates to theatre lighting.

Which light instrument is the most popular soft-edged spotlight?

Fresnel

The purpose of this plan is to show the location, color and type of every instrument used in the lighting design.

Light plot

Because early rock concerts were staged in multi-use spaces with pre-existing grids, the lighting design for those concerts during the early days of touring were focused on which elements?

Mood Clear illumination Slight changes of color

Sound reproduction that is called for in the script, or noises of everyday life that are heard as background, or produced by mechanical or human means to create a sound associated with the play.

Motivated sounds Sound effects Environmental sounds

These are the key design elements that together help to create the mood and style of the production.

Sound Scenery Lighting

This form of sound design has been utilized in theatre for several centuries.

Sound effects

Which of the following statements reflect contemporary sound effects practice in theatre?

The use of digitally recorded sound is easily accessible on the Internet and widely used onstage.

Lighting performers from the front, with lights above the audience illuminating the stage, does what?

Visually washes out all three-dimensional objects on stage

Arranged ahead of time, these light changes or _____ can range from blackouts, to fades, to cross-fades.

cues

In addition to reading a script and noting all the places sound might be needed, a sound designer may need to also do what for a large-scale musical?

decide the number and type of microphones to be used decide the placement of speakers throughout the theatre

Dimmers are

devices that are used to control the intensity. devices that can vary the amount of power going to the lights.

Lights positioned near the stage floor can help create a special effect of

exaggerated shadows under the eyes and chin causing a ghost-like quality.

In theatre lighting, ____ refers to the fact that beams of light are aimed at a particular area

focus

The filter materials that are used to change the color of light from a lighting instrument are:

gels

A property of stage lighting is brightness or

intensity

An experienced lighting designer can translate words and actions and feelings into ________, ____________, and ____________.

intensity color direction

The need for sound amplification is a pressing issue where?

large professional theatre spaces

a ____ ____ is a plan that shows the location and color of each lighting instrument as well as the kind of instrument needed for the task and the area on the stage in which it is focused.

light plot

To indicate a production's style is nonrealistic rather than realistic, a lighting designer may use

lights in unnatural colors to create mood or atmosphere shafts of light that cut through the dark a hard-edged spotlight on one performer

In an effort to enhance the visual world of the play by revealing the shape and form of three-dimensional objects, the lighting designer

lights the performers from the side, top, and behind.

Blending sound by balancing all the elements from the various microphones with the master sound recording in order to achieve an overall balance of sound is called

mixing

Using a computerized playback system, the operator blends the sounds from various microphones and the master sound recording to make certain that all the production sounds are balanced. This is called

mixing

Abrupt, staccato changes with stark blackouts; languid, slow fades; gradual cross-fades. These are all examples of how a lighting designer can help create _____ in a production

rhythm

By choreographing shifts in light in a time continuum, the designer can help the director establish __________.

rhythm

A microphone that is highly directional and aimed from a distance at a specific area is called a _____ mike, whereas one that picks up sounds in a general area toward which it is aimed is called a _____ mike.

shotgun general

During the past two thousand years, there have been several sources of stage lighting. Which of the following have been used to illuminate the stage?

sun incandescent lamps gas light oil lamps candles

Colors are chosen by a lighting designer to

support choices made bye the costume designer support choices made by the scenic designer support the varied action of the play

The most important function of lighting design is

visibility

or illumination is the most important function of lighting.

visibility