Chapter 11 Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

Paul of Tarsus was the leading figure in the expansion of Christianity beyond Judaism.

True

Rome's rival in the Punic Wars was Carthage.

True

The Essenes were a Jewish sect that looked for the appearance of a savior

True

The Etruscans were a northern Italian tribe that dominated Rome in its early history.

True

From 66 to 70 C.E. the Romans fought a bloody war with the a. Jews. b. Carthaginians. c. Greeks. d. Antigonids. e. Christians.

a

Gaius Marius a. created an army of common men who were loyal only to him. b. had the support of the patrician class. c. posted a list of enemies who were to be killed on sight. d. was the chief Roman proponent of Stoicism. e. was the greatest writer in Rome before the time of Virgil.

a

In an effort to alleviate social tensions this group was allowed to elect two and then later ten tribunes. a. plebeians b. slaves c. patricians d. consuls e. dictators

a

Latifundia were a. enormous plantations worked by slaves. b. the emperor's elite guard. c. the priestly class devoted to the worship of Mithra. d. the wealthy classes of ancient Rome. e. short lyric poems focused on erotic love.

a

Mithras was a. a Zoroastrian sun god whose cult was popular in Rome. b. the leader of the Essenes. c. a Roman slave who led a dangerous slave revolt in the first century B.C.E. d. the leading Roman Stoic philosopher. e. the wife of Augustus Caesar and an influential religious thinker in her own right.

a

The government established by Augustus Caesar a. was a monarchy disguised as a republic. b. was a dictatorship similar to the one imposed by Julius Caesar. c. carried on the classical republic structure that the Romans had followed for centuries. d. quickly dissolved into anarchy. e. was copied from the successful Persian model.

a

The most important early Roman historian for the empire was a. Tacitus. b. Herodotus. c. Arrian. d. Suetonius. e. Gaius Gracchus.

a

The most prominent school of moral philosophy in Rome was a. Stoicism. b. Epicureanism. c. Legalism. d. Mithraism. e. Neo-Platonism.

a

The phrase "the kingdom of God is at hand" is associated with a. Jesus of Nazareth. b. Paul of Tarsus. c. Cicero. d. St. Augustine. e. St. Anthony.

a

The phrase pater familias refers to a. the patriarchal nature of the Roman family. b. the prolonged period of peace and stability beginning with the reign of Augustus. c. the concept of Jesus of Nazareth's relationship to his god. d. the position of Jupiter as the king of the Roman gods. e. the central role of the Roman emperor in running the state.

a

The testudo was a. a siege formation also known as the "tortoise." b. the official elected by the plebeians. c. an enormous plantation worked by slaves. d. the lengthy introduction to Virgil's Aeneid that stressed the Greek roots of Roman civilization. e. a torture performed on early Christians.

a

After naming himself dictator in 46 B.C.E. Julius Caesar did all of the following except a. launch large-scale building projects in Rome. b. give land to the conservatives to win their favor. c. extend Roman citizenship to peoples in the imperial provinces. d. appoint some Gauls to the Roman senate. e. seize land from the conservatives and distribute it to his army veterans.

b

Augustus was able to reunify the empire after defeating his main rivals, who were a. Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus. b. Mark Antony and Cleopatra. c. Marius and Sulla. d. Pompey and Crassus. e. the Seleucids and Sasanids.

b

Epictetus was a slave who became a leading Roman Stoic philosopher.

True

Gaius Marius was a Roman general who created a common army loyal only to him.

True

The common people in early Rome were called patricians.

F

Julius Caesar was the leader who reunified the Roman world and began the pax romana.

False

The tribunes were the wealthy classes in early Rome.

False

In 73 B.C.E., Spartacus a. assassinated Gaius Graccus. b. raised an army of seventy thousand rebellious slaves. c. fought a bloody civil war with Lucius Cornelius Sulla. d. seized control of Rome under the title "dictator" in an effort to restore order. e. introduced the first Christian heresy.

b

In the early stages of the Roman republic the patricians elected two a. kings. b. consuls. c. tribunes. d. archons. e. senators.

b

Jesus of Nazareth's followers called him "Christ," which meant a. "the son of god." b. "the anointed one." c. "the redeemer." d. "the son of man." e. "the king."

b

The Roman policy toward conquered peoples was a. centered around the policy of forced conversion to the Roman religion. b. generous with the potential for citizenship. c. cruel and despotic. d. successful because citizenship was granted to all from the very beginning of expansion. e. based on immediately turning conquered peoples into slaves.

b

The Romans had a long tradition of written law stretching back to 450 B.C.E. and the creation of the a. Ten Commandments. b. Twelve Tables. c. Etruscan Code. d. Patrician Standards. e. Solonic Reforms.

b

The leader, supported by the Roman aristocrats, who led a slaughter of more than ten thousand of his political enemies was a. Gaius Marius. b. Lucius Cornelius Sulla. c. Julius Caesar. d. Gaius Gracchus. e. Augustus Caesar.

b

The reign of Augustus inaugurated a period known as the a. Punic Wars. b. pax romana. c. mare nostrum. d. carpe deum. e. Augustan reform.

b

The turning point in Roman history was their struggle, in the Punic Wars, with the a. Phoenicians. b. Carthaginians. c. Persians. d. Greeks. e. Sasanids.

b

All of the following were foundations of Roman law with the exception of a. the principle that defendants were innocent until proven guilty. b. the notion that defendants had a right to challenge their accusers before a judge in a court of law. c. the right of a patrician to transfer out of a plebeian court. * d. the ability of judges to set aside laws that were inequitable. e. Both c and d are true.

c

In regard to political philosophy, Julius Caesar a. was a staunch supporter of Lucius Cornelius Sulla. b. followed the example of his uncle Augustus. c. favored liberal policies and social reform. d. had stridently demanded the abolition of the republic. e. proposed the establishment of a theocracy.

c

Octavian was able to restore order to the Roman world with his victory in 31 B.C.E. at a. Rome. b. Marathon. c. Actium. d. Athens. e. Carthage.

c

The Essenes were a. the aristocratic class of Rome. b. the political officials chosen by the plebeians. c. a Jewish sect that looked for the appearance of a savior. d. Rome's main rival in the Punic Wars. e. the followers of the cult of Isis.

c

The Roman policy of toleration and respect for conquered peoples was most similar to the a. Assyrians. b. Greeks. c. Persians. d. Chinese under Qin Shihuangdi. e. Aryans.

c

The Roman thinker Marcus Tullius Cicero was best associated with what Hellenistic school of thought? a. Epicureanism b. Skepticism c. Stoicism d. Legalism e. Platonism

c

The tribune whose call for land reform led to his assassination in 132 B.C.E. was a. Julius Caesar. b. Lucius Cornelius Sulla. c. Tiberius Gracchus. d. Gaius Marius. e. Cincinnatus.

c

Vesta was the Roman goddess of a. the moon. b. fertility. c. the hearth. * d. erotic love. e. the night.

c

Which of the following religions was not popular during the Roman Empire? a. Christianity b. Mithraism c. Islam d. Judaism e. the cult of Isis

c

By the second century C.E., how much of the total population of the Roman Empire was represented by slaves? a. one-hundredth b. one-twentieth c. one-tenth d. one-third e. two-thirds

d

During its early history, Rome was dominated by the a. Greeks b. Persians. c. Minoans. d. Etruscans. e. Assyrians.

d

During the Punic Wars, the Romans first fought the Carthaginians over the most important source of grain in the western Mediterranean. Where was it? a. Britain b. Greece c. Egypt d. Sicily e. Carthage

d

Paul's case was transferred to Rome because a. the empire was in such a deplorable state that Rome was the only court. b. all cases were heard in Rome. c. all cases dealing with Christianity were heard in Rome. d. as a Roman citizen Paul had the right to appeal his case to Rome, which he did. e. Both b and c are true.

d

Rome's monumental struggle with the Carthaginians was known as the a. Phoenician Wars. b. Gracchi Wars. c. Persian Wars. d. Punic Wars. e. Sicilian Wars.

d

The leading figure in the expansion of Christianity beyond Judaism was a. Jesus of Nazareth. b. Mithras. c. Marcus Tullius Cicero. d. Paul of Tarsus. e. St. Augustine.

d

The period known as the pax romana was started by a. the Gracchi brothers. b. Julius Caesar. c. Lucius Cornelius Sulla. d. Augustus Caesar. e. Mark Antony.

d

When the Romans used the words mare nostrum they referred to a. the Roman cavalry. b. the fundamental principles of the Roman law. c. the prolonged period of peace and stability beginning with the reign of Augustus. d. the Mediterranean Sea. e. the Roman senate.

d

According to legend Rome was founded by a. Aeneas. b. Tarquin the Proud. c. Romulus. d. Cincinnatus. e. Both a and c are true.

e

During times of crisis the Romans would appoint an official with absolute power known as a a. consul. b. tribune. c. archon. d. emperor. e. dictator.

e

In the early period of Roman expansion, the principle power in the western Mediterranean was the a. Greeks. b. Etruscans. c. Persians. d. Gauls. e. Carthaginians.

e

The Roman conquest of Gaul, Germany, Britain, and Spain a. led to unprecedented economic devastation. b. led to profound social problems caused by massive Roman slavery. c. reduced these states to nothing more than agrarian villages. d. brought millions more into the latifundia system. e. stimulated the development of the local economies and states.

e

Zeus was to Jupiter as Ares was to a. Janus. b. Juno. c. Minerva. d. Ceres. e. Mars.

e

Tribune Tiberius Gracchus called for land reform; this led to his assassination

true